bio exam 2

F + G -> H If the product has less energy available to do work than the reactants, then the chemical reaction has a:

+ ΔG

H -> F + G If the chemical reaction is exergonic, then the reaction H <- F + G has a...

+ ΔG

chloroplast anatomy

thylakoid is the vesicle like structure, there are stacks of thylakoids called a granum, the solution that floats around the grana is the stroma (the liquid on the inside of a chloroplast)

which component of the electron transport chain has the highest redox potential? a. cytochrome a b. cytochrome b c. cytochrome c d. coenzyme q

d. coenzyme q (refer to free energy diagram on slide 9 of week 7)

you've identified a circular piece of dna from a bacterial cell that you are interested in, but you are having a hard time deciding if you have a plasmid or chromosomal dna. what key difference should you focus on? a. the size b. the base composition c. the amount of supercoiling d. whether or not it is essential

d. whether or not it is essential (the size also somewhat matters)

what goes in and what comes out of each step in cellular respiration?

glycolysis: going in - 6 carbon, glucose, atp, going out - NADH, atp, pyruvate pyruvate processing: going in - pyruvate (SC), going out - NADH, CO2 (1C), Acetyl CoA (2C) citric acid cucle: going in -Acetyl CoA (2C), going out - CO2 (1C), ATP, NADH, FADH2 electron transport & oxidative process: going in - NADH, FADH2, O2, going out - H2O, ATP (PICTURE: CARBON=BLUE, ENERGY=GREEN)

which organelle is considered the shipping center of eukaryotic cells?

golgi apparatus

calvin cycle

is the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. contains carbon

which organelle is considered the recycling center of eukaryotic cells?

lysomes

below is an image collected by electron microscopy of multiple cells from a heart. These cells use large amounts of carbohydrates and ATP. which organelle would you expect to be overrepresented?

mitochondria (explaining: powerhouse of the cell, so it would make sense for it to be overrepresented)

In the chemical reaction, Aluminum (Al) is...? Al -> Al (3+)

oxidized - it is losing electrons

carbon dioxide + water + input of energy -->

potential energy increase, CH2OH

what function can be assigned to ribosomes?

protein synthesis (only on rough endoplasmic reticulum)

at the end of glycosis, but before pyruvate oxidation, where is the greatest amount of energy?

pyruvate

In the chemical reaction, iron (FE) is...? Fe (3+) + e- -> Fe (2+)

reduced - because it is gaining an electron

calvin cycle phase 2

reduction 3PGA + ATP + NADPH --> G3P (to step 3) or G3P yeild

calvin cycle phase 3

regeneration G3P + ATP ---> RuBP

below is an image of a cell from a pancreas. pancreas cells specialize in the secretion of digestive enzymes. which organelle would you expect to be overrepresented?

rough ER - digestion inside of the cell, and then digestion in the stomach (stomach would serve as a lysosome outside of the cell because it is breaking things down with stomach acids)

In this chemical reaction, carbon is..... H O=C=O -> H-C-H H Carbon = 2.55 (electronegativity) Hydrogen = 2.20 Oxygen= 3.44

3.44(2)+2.55 -> 2.55+2.20(4) REDUCED, because O=C=O is smaller than the other

after glycolysis has ended, list the products and the count of each product that contains energy

4 NADH 3 pyruvate

light capturing reactions

ATP and reduced electron carriers come from here. chemical energy to move the calvin cycle forward is made here!!!!

H -> F + G If the products have less free energy than the reactant, then the chemical reaction has a...

- ΔG

If cells did not have actin, they would be unable to: A. organize proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. B. transport vesicles throughout a cell C. organize cytoskeleton around an MTOC D. All of these choices are correct.

A. organize proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane (B & C are related to microtubules)

Below is a biochemical pathway. each step in the pathway is catalyzed by a different enzyme. A -> B -> C -> D -> E

C is both a reactant and product

Diffusion

Moving from higher concentration to lower concentration

what is the reduced form of the two major electron carriers

NADH and FADH2

If a graph of the free energy in a chemical reaction looks like the graph on the left, then addition of an enzyme to the reaction would cause it to look like ... SLIDE 19 FOR IMAGES

Neither sample because there would be no ΔG change. The line should have a lower activation energy, but will start and end at the same spot.

the calvin cycle starts and ends with ______________________?

Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP)

imagine two chemical reactions: F -> G + H I + H -> K The one on the left has a ΔG=-7 and the one on the right has a ΔG=6. Can the coupled reaction proceed?

Yes, because ΔG is negative and H is shared between two reactions. It can be simplified to F + I -> G + K.

A beaker contains two solutions of salt dissolved in water. The two solutions have different concentrations (measured by molarity, M) and are separated by a membrane that is permeable to salt and water. Side A has 0.3 M of salt while side B has 0.8 M of salt. The water is level on both sides at this time. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) Side A is hypotonic relative to Side B b) Side A is isotonic relative to Side B c) Slide A is hypertonic relative to Side B

a) Side A is hypotonic relative to Side B

The reactions in the pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle break down glucose into smaller molecules. Therefore these pathways: A) are catabolic pathways B) are anabolic pathways C) take place in animal cells, but not in plant cells D) involve the reduction of glucose and its metabolic intermediates

a) are catabolic pathways (breaking something larger down into smaller substances)

H -> F + G This reaction is likely... a. exergonic and an example of catabolism b. endergonic and an example of catabolism c. exergonic and an example of anabolism d. endergonic and an example of anabolism

a. exergonic and an example of catabolism

green color of leafs is due to the

absorption of all other colors except green

Which one of the following is least likely to cross a membrane using simple diffusion? a) O2 b) CO2 c) ATP d) H2O e) N2

c) ATP

A beaker contains two solutions of glucose dissolved in water. The two solutions have different concentrations (measured by molarity, M) and are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water, but not to glucose. Side A has 0.3 M of glucose while side B has 0.8 M of glucose. The water is level on both sides at this time. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) There will be net movement of glucose from B to A. b) The system will not reach equilibrium. c) The volume will increase in side B of the beaker. d) There will be net movement of water from B to A.

c) the volume will increase in side B of the beaker *focus on osmosis

You are studying the transport of a particular substance into epithelial cells grown in culture. You notice that you can only find the substance inside the cell when ATP is present. How is the protein moving through the membrane? A. Diffusion B. Passive transport C. Active transport D. Facilitated diffusion

c. Active transport

In certain cells, a transport protein moves one calcium ion out of the cell against its concentration gradient while allowing the movement of three sodium ions into the cell down sodium's electrochemical gradient. Which of the following correctly describes this cotransport of calcium and sodium? A. Secondary active transport by a symporter B. Primary active transport by an anti porter C. Secondary active transport by an anti porter D. Primary active transport by a symporter

c. Secondary active transport by an anti porter

you are studying an organism that normally grows in the presence of oxygen and is also a facultative anaerobe, what form of cellular respiration is this organism capable of?

c. either aerobic respiration or fermentation

in classifying organisms according to their source of energy and carbon, how would you classify humnan?

chemoheterotrophs

below is an image of a cell from a leaf. these cell types specialize in the manufacture of sugar. which organelle would you expect to be overrepresented?

chloroplasts - responsible for the production of sugars via photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

In this chemical reaction, carbon is..... H O=C=O -> H-C-H H Carbon = 2.55 (electronegativity) Hydrogen = 2.20 Oxygen= 3.44

endergonic - ΔG would be positive

calvin cycle phase 1

fixation - the addition of carbon dioxide to an organic molecule RuBP + CO2 --> 3PGA

below is an image of a cell from a testis. these cells specialize in the EXPORT of lipids. which organelle would you expect to be overrepresented?

smooth ER

which organelle is involved in lipids synthesized in eukaryotic cells?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

in photosynthesis, where are the electrons pulled in to?

the CH2OH and reducing that electron

in photosynthesis, where are the electrons pulled out of?

the O2 and oxidizing that electron

which part of the f1f0 atp synthase spins as protons move with the electrochemical gradient?

the f0 subnit

which organelle could be considered the powerhouse of the cell?

the mitochondria - ATP is synthesized here!

which organelle could be considered the control center of the cell?

the nucleus

even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reaction in cellular respiration are endergonic. true or false

true

below is an image of a cell from a plant seed. these cells must store large amounts of proteins for germination. which organelle would you expect to be overrepresented?

vacuoles - responsible for storage, digestion, and recycling in eukaryotic cells - can also absorb water, adding to the plant's height