Bio Exam #2

Place the classes of vertebrae in order as they are situated in the vertebral column from superior to inferior. 1. cervical vertebrae 2. coccygeal vertebrae 3. lumbar vertebrae 4. sacral vertebrae 5. thoracic vertebrae

1,5,3,4,2

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the vertebral column? 7 5 12 3-5

12

How many phalangeal bones are in each hand? 14 7 19 12

14

Place the following steps of bone repair in the correct sequence. 1. The bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone. 2. A hematoma fills the gap between bone fragments. 3. Osteoblasts build a new bone callus. 4. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate the hematoma and a soft callus form

2,4,3,1

From proximal to distal, what bones form the upper limb? 1. carpals 2. humerus 3. metacarpals 4. phalanges 5. ulna and radius

2,5,1,3,4

How many lumbar vertebrae exist in the vertebral column? 7 5 33 12

5

Why are collagen fibers a critical component of bone? Collagen fibers act as "glue" to bind components together. Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting, pulling, or stretching forces. Collagen fibers help the bone resist compression. Collagen fibers help trap water in the ECM.

Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting, pulling, or stretching forces.

Why are collagen fibers a critical component of bone? Collagen fibers act as "glue" to bind components together. Collagen fibers help the bone resist compression. Collagen fibers help trap water in the ECM. Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting, pulling, or stretching forces.

Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting, pulling, or stretching forces.

What role do the dermal papillae play in the dermis? Dermal papillae house blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the avascular epidermis. Dermal papillae house many collagen fibers to strengthen the dermis. Dermal papillae house melanocytes that produce the skin pigment melanin. Dermal papillae house lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles that detect deep pressure and vibrations applied to the skin.

Dermal papillae house blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the avascular epidermis.

Despite the strength of the dermis, it is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn? The skin will darken due to increased melanin accumulation. Flexure lines appear where the skin has been stressed. Tension, or cleavage, lines disappear. Generally permanent stretch marks, or striae, appear.

Generally permanent stretch marks, or striae, appear

What is NOT an effect of growth hormone? Growth hormone promotes the closure of the epiphyseal plate. Growth hormone increases the activity of osteogenic cells. Growth hormone increases the rate of mitosis in the epiphyseal plate of growing bones. Growth hormone directly stimulates osteoblasts in the periosteum to promote appositional growth.

Growth hormone promotes the closure of the epiphyseal plate.

A hypothetical drug causes blood vessels to grow from the dermis into the superficial stratum granulosum of the epidermis. What effect would you see in the most superficial epidermal layers? Superficial epidermal layers will increase in thickness while the deeper layers will stay the same. There will be no effect. The layers of the epidermis would thin out. It will thicken the epidermis.

It will thicken the epidermis The growth of blood vessels means that there will be increased nutrient exchange. It will increase the rate of growth of the surrounding the vessels

How do melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage? Keratinocytes maintain the proper pH for melanocytes to synthesize melanin granules. Keratinocytes provide the melanocyte with nutrients critical for melanin synthesis. Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocyte's DNA. Keratinocytes maintain the appropriate temperature so the melanin will not denature.

Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocyte's DNA.

Which of the following does NOT correctly depict the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? PTH stimulates osteoclast activity. PTH stimulates the intestines to absorb calcium ions. PTH weakens the bones. PTH decreases blood calcium ion concentration.

PTH decreases blood calcium ion concentration.

Which of the following is not a major difference between primary and secondary bone? Primary bone is not as strong as secondary bone. Primary bone has irregularly arranged collagen bundles, while secondary has regularly arranged ones. Primary bone has large amounts of inorganic matrix, while secondary doesn't. Primary bone does not have fully formed lamellae while secondary bone does.

Primary bone has large amounts of inorganic matrix, while secondary doesn't. Primary bone has very little inorganic matrix, while secondary bone has large amounts, which contributes to its strength.

Which of the following statements about third- degree burns is INCORRECT Third-degree burns are often treated with skin grafts. Third-degree burns decrease perspiration, so there is no danger of dehydration. Third-degree burns burn through the epidermis, dermis, and into the subcutaneous layer. Third-degree burns destroy hair follicles and nerves.

Third-degree burns decrease perspiration, so there is no danger of dehydration. Dehydration is a common and serious problem in patients with third-degree burns.

What effects occur to the bones of astronauts who spend a prolonged period in space? Osteoblast activity is stimulated due to the weightlessness of space and the astronaut will continually remodel his bones to account for the weightlessness. Weight-bearing exercises are minimal due to the weightlessness of space, leading to the decreased amount of compression and tension on bones and decreased osteoblast activity. Weight-bearing exercises are easier due to the weightlessness of space, leading to the increased amount of compression and tension on bone and increased osteoblast activity. Weightlessness will strengthen the muscles and increase bone mass while stimulating osteoblast activity.

Weight-bearing exercises are minimal due to the weightlessness of space, leading to the decreased amount of compression and tension on bones and decreased osteoblast activity.

Glands that release sweat into hair follicles are called __________. sebaceous glands mammary glands eccrine sweat glands apocrine sweat glands

apocine sweat glands The secretions from apocrine glands are metabolized by microbes and create a characteristic odor.

Humans often purchase antiperspirants and deodorants to suppress and mask the odors of secretions from the: eccrine glands. mammary glands. apocrine glands. sebaceous glands.

appocrine glands

What structure stands hairs on end, causing piloerection? dermal papillae epidermal ridges epithelial root sheath arrector pili muscle

arrector pili muscle

What is the most common type of skin cancer, which results in the formation of a nodule with a central "crater" that ulcerates? Basal cell carcinoma Lipoma Malignant melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma

basal cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis. It is typically found on skin that is regularly exposed to UV radiation

word root melan means

black

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? communication blood cell formation protection of internal organs mineral storage

blood cell formation

Appositional growth produces: bone growth in length. bone growth in width. endochondral ossification. intramembranous ossification.

bone grow in width

The rule of nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by: malignant melanoma. burns. melanin. basal cell carcinoma.

burns

What term implies bone deposition via osteoblasts? calcification keratinization degradation resorption

calcification

Bone deposition involves __________. bone resorption calcification bone remodeling replacing secondary bone with primary bone

calcification Bone deposition is the process of building new bone and involves calcification of the bone matrix.

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? calcitriol calcitonin thyroid hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH)

calcitonin Yes, calcitonin is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in children and pregnant women.

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone? thyroid hormones calcitriol calcitonin vitamin D

calcitrol

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels? calcitriol parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitonin

calcitrol

What accounts for the majority of bone (osseous) tissue matrix? bone marrow collagen fibers calcium salts osteoid

calcium salts

What canals connect lacunae together? perforating (Volkmann's) canals canaliculi central canals central (Haversian) canals

canaliculi

Which of the following is a yellow-orange skin pigment? melanin hemoglobin carotene cyanide

carotene

Which of the following best describes holocrine gland secretion? cell rupture and die to secrete their product secretory vesicles release products via exocytosis involves glands that lack ducts and secrete products directly into the bloodstream portions of a cell's cytoplasm are pinched off with the products being secreted

cell rupture and die to secrete their product In holocrine secretion, secretory cells accumulate their product in the cytosol, which is released when the cell ruptures and dies.

Which of the following bones functions like a brace in a building that support two opposing beams? femur clavicle vertebra patella

clavicle The clavicle sits between the shoulder and thoracic cage and braces the upper limb so that it rests laterally to the trunk.

The major organic component of bone extracellular matrix is __________. collagen calcium proteoglycans hydroxyapatite crystals

collagen The predominant protein fiber in osteoid is collagen.

The hard, dense bone that forms the outer surface of bones is: spongy bone. articular cartilage. compact bone. cancellous bone.

compact bone

The hard, dense bone that forms the outer surface of bones is: spongy bone. compact bone. articular cartilage. cancellous bone.

compact bone

The rounded end of a bone that is used for articulation is called a __________. condyle foramen fossa process

condyle Examples include the occipital condyles, which allow the skull to articulate with the atlas; and the condyles of the femur, which allow it to articulate with the tibia

What is the most distal and lateral bone of the tarsals? cuboid lateral cuneiform calcaneus talus

cuboid The cuboid is the most distal and lateral of the tarsal bones and articulates with metatarsals 4 and 5.

What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis? dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue loose connective tissue hyaline cartilage.

dense irregular connective tissue

Which of the following is an appropriate skin response to cold? Sebaceous gland secretions increase. Vitamin D production increases. Dermal blood vessels vasodilate. Dermal blood vessels vasoconstrict.

dermal blood vessels vasoconstrict

What type of intercellular junction bands together adjacent cells, making the epidermis stronger? gap junction tight junction desmosome occluding junction

desmosome

What type of intercellular junction bands together adjacent cells, making the epidermis stronger? occluding junction gap junction desmosome tight junction

desmosome

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the: articular cartilage. diaphysis. epiphyses. periosteum.

diaphysis

We have unique patterns on our fingers, toes, palms, and soles created by: cleavage lines. epidermal ridges. Merkel cells. dendritic (Langerhans) cells.

epidermal ridges

We have unique patterns on our fingers, toes, palms, and soles created by: epidermal ridges. cleavage lines. Merkel cells. dendritic (Langerhans) cells.

epidermal ridges

The most superficial component of the skin is the: epidermis. dermis. loose connective tissue. hypodermis.

epidermis

The region of skin that provides a tough barrier against pathogens and trauma is the: subcutaneous layer. dermis. hypodermis. epidermis.

epidermis

The region of skin that provides a tough barrier against pathogens and trauma is the: subcutaneous layer. epidermis. hypodermis. dermis.

epidermis

What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length? epiphyseal line osteon epiphyseal plate lacunae

epiphyseal plate

A patient comes into the emergency department. During the physical exam, you note that a clear fluid is leaking from the nose. You notice that this is cerebrospinal fluid. Which bone has been likely fractured to allow for leakage? Zygomatic bone Ethmoid Vomer Sphenoid

ethmoid Ethmoid divides cranial cavity and nasal cavity. Fracture of this bone will allow fluid to leak out from the brain into the nose.

The roof of the nasal cavity and the superior portion of the nasal septum are formed by the __________. nasal bones vomer ethmoid bone zygomatic bones

ethmoid bones The ethmoid bone also contributes to the orbits and forms the superior and middle nasal conchae.

A burn that only damages the epidermis is classified as a __________. full thickness burn second-degree burn first-degree burn third-degree burn

first degree burn The most minor burns are first-degree burns, in which only the epidermis is damaged. Typically present are erythema of the skin and minor pain, but no blisters or permanent damage.

Thin, broad bones should be classified as: irregular bones. long bones. short bones. flat bones.

flat bones

What part of the scapula articulates with the humerus? acromion coracoid process supraspinous fossa glenoid cavity

glenoid cavity

Appositional growth allows bones to __________ grow in length stop growing repair a fracture grow in width

grow in width Appositional growth allows bones to grow in width. In actively growing bones, appositional growth is primarily responsible for thickening the compact bone of the diaphysis.

Thick skin lacks: stratum granulosum. sweat glands. stratum lucidum. hair follicles.

hair follicles

What do dead keratinized cells form? hair root arrector pili muscle hair shaft hair bulb

hair shaft

What is the first step of bone repair? hematoma formation primary bone is replaced with secondary bone soft callus formation bone callus formation

hematoma formation

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as: ossification. bone resorption. hematopoiesis. osteoporosis.

hematopoiesis

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as: ossification. hematopoiesis. bone resorption. osteoporosis.

hematopoiesis

What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification? fibrocartilage compact bone spongy bone hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage

What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification? spongy bone fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage compact bone

hylaline cartilage

Which part of the coxal bone articulates with the sacrum? ilium pubis ischium both ischium and pubis

ilium

Calcitonin functions to: increase bone deposition. increase blood calcium ion levels. stimulate bone resorption. stimulate osteoclast activity.

increase bone deposition

Which of the following is not one of the effects of growth hormone on bones? stimulation of osteoblasts in the periosteum increase in the rate of mitosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate increase in the activity of osteoclast increase in the activity of osteogenic cells

increase in the activity of osteoclast Increase in osteoclast activity leads to bone resorption, not growth. It is one of the effects of parathyroid hormone, not growth hormone.

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?) increase reabsorption of calcium in the kidney increase osteoclasts increase osteoblasts on bone

increase osteoblasts in bone

Which of the following will most likely cause a greasier scalp and dandruff? increased cerumen production increased lanugo increased testosterone increased melanin production

increased testosterone Increased testosterone leads to increased sebum secretion from the sebaceous glands, which can result in greasy skin and scalp and the condition known as dandruff.

The term diploë refers to the: internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones. double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone. fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue. two types of marrow found within most bones.

internal layer of spongy bones in flat bones

Flat bones such as the bones of the skull form via __________. appositional growth intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification bone resorption

intramembranous ossification During intramembranous ossification, embryonic connective tissue called mesenchyme is replaced with bone

The patella is classified as a sesamoid bone since it: is located within tendons. has a diaphysis and epiphyses. is longer than it is wide. has an irregular shape.

is located within the tendons

The epidermis is: keratinized cutaneous membrane. nonkeratinized mucous membrane. keratinized mucous membrane. nonkeratinized cutaneous membrane.

keratinized cutaneous membrane

What tissue composes the epidermis of the skin? nonkeratinized simple squamous epithelium transitional epithelium nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What tissue composes the epidermis of the skin? nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium transitional epithelium keratinized stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized simple squamous epithelium

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as: irregular bones. long bones. short bones. flat bones.

long bones

Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as: long bones. irregular bones. flat bones. short bones.

long bones

Small cavities that are located between lamellae and contain osteocytes are called __________ lacunae central canals canaliculi trabeculae

lucanae Lacunae are filled with extracellular fluid and connected by canaliculi.

What part of the femur articulates with the tibia to form the knee joint? medial condyle and lateral condyle medial malleolus and lateral malleolus greater trochanter and lesser trochanter medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle

medial and lateral condyles

Exposure to UV radiation causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of: melanin. collagen. hemoglobin. keratin.

melanin

The ABCDE rule is used to distinguish normal moles from: melanoma. basal cell carcinoma. freckles. squamous cell carcinoma.

melanoma

The nail body covers the: lunula. nail root nail bed. cuticle.

nail bed

Part complete The soft, jelly-like substance inside intervertebral disks is called ________. anulus fibrosus centrum dens nucleus pulposus

nucleus pulposus The nucleus pulposus is a resilient shock absorber.

The large hole in the coxal bone is the: ischial tuberosity. greater sciatic notch. acetabulum. obturator foramen.

obturator foramen

Thin skin contains: one less layer of keratinocytes than thick skin. two more layers of keratinocytes than thick skin. one more layer of keratinocytes than thick skin. the same layers of keratinocytes as thick skin

one less layer of keratinocytes than thick skin

Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition? lacuna osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes

osteoblasts

Cells that develop into osteoblasts are called: osteogenic cells. osteons. osteoclasts. osteocytes.

osteogenic cells

The structural units of mature compact bone are called: osteons. canaliculi osteocytes. lacunae.

osteons

The structural units of mature compact bone are called: osteons. lacunae. canaliculi. osteocytes.

osteons

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the: stratum basale. papillary layer. reticular layer.

papillary layer

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts? estrogen testosterone calcitonin parathyroid hormone (PTH)

parathryoid hormone

Which of the following bones is NOT from the axial skeleton? atlas pelvic bone sternum mandible

pelvic bone The pelvic bone, or os coxa, is part of the pelvic girdle and therefore part of the appendicular skeleton.

What does cyanosis signify? A person has been exposed to too much sun. A person has oxygen-starved skin A person has been exposed to cyanide. A person has been kept out of the sun.

person who has oxygen starved skin

word root derm means

pertaining to the skin

What do vellus hairs lack? cuticle keratin pigment cortex

pigment

Which bone marking provides a site where bones articulate or to which ligaments and tendons attach? depression opening projection foramen

projection

What part of the radius articulates with the humerus? olecranon radial tuberosity radial head radial styloid process

radial head

What bones form the pectoral girdle? clavicle and humerus scapula and humerus scapula, humerus, and clavicle scapula and clavicle

scaplula and clavicle

Frequent handwashing removes the antimicrobial secretions of sebaceous glands. ceruminous glands. sweat glands. holocrine glands.

sebaceous glands

word root cutan means

skin

Intramembranous ossification occurs in: long bones. skull bones. arm and leg bones. secondary bone.

skull bones

Which bone is not formed by intramembranous ossification? sternum occipital bone clavicle frontal bone

sternum Most flat bones are formed by intramembranous ossification. Although a flat bone, the sternum is formed via endochondral ossification.

Dividing stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes are located in the __________ stratum granulosum stratum basale stratum corneum stratum lucidum

stratum basale The stem cells are called basal cells and are in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale.

From deep to superficial, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis? stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum granulosum

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Eccrine glands produce: hormones. sweat containing mostly water. cerumen. sebum.

sweat containing mostly water

Which tarsal bones of the foot are proximally situated? medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform cuboid and scaphoid talus, calcaneus, navicular scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform

talus, calcaneus, navicular

To what part of the tibia does the patellar ligament attach? medial condyle lateral condyle tibial tuberosity medial malleolus

tibial tuberosity

word root crine means

to secrete

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the integumentary system? vitamin C synthesis excretion protection sensation

vitamin c synthesis

Within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae? zone of reserve cartilage zone of hypertrophy zone of proliferation zone of ossification

zone of proliferation