BIO Exam 3

About how much blood does a typical human adult have?

5 liters

How do allergens elicit allergy symptoms?

Allergens bind to antibodies embedded in the surface of mast cells, which triggers the mast cells to release histamine.

Which is not a function of the circulatory system? A - To distribute heat throughout the body B - To produce and store all of the immune system cells C - To transport nutrients to the cells and to remove wastes from the cells D - To carry chemical signals, such as hormones, throughout the body

B

Which type of white blood cells produces defensive proteins called antibodies?

B cells

T/F: Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries, while oxygen diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar sacs.

False

T/F: If you cut your skin, damaged cells release chemicals to initiate blood clotting. Formation of a blood clot stimulates additional chemical release, which accelerates the clotting process. This is an example of a negative feedback mechanism.

False

T/F: Proteins are made from 20 different amino acids. All 20 are essential as part of a healthy diet

False

T/F: Urine leaves the kidney though the renal vein.

False

How is it that red blood cells can bind oxygen in the lungs but then offload it near body cells that need it?

Oxygen diffuses into or out of the blood following its concentration gradient.

What moves the food from your mouth to your stomach when you swallow?

Peristaltic muscle contractions

In what way can the human circulatory system be described as double circulation?

The human cardiovascular system includes the pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit.

What is the purpose of dialysis treatments?

To detoxify dangerous chemicals in the bloodstream

T/F: Animals regulate their internal environments in a way that maintains relative stability in response to changes in their external environments. This tendency, called "homeostasis," is most often maintained by negative feedback mechanisms.

True

T/F: Blood clotting depends on bits of cells pinched off from larger cells in the bone marrow.

True

T/F: During diastole, the heart muscles relax; during systole, the atria and ventricles contract sequentially

True

T/F: Epithelial tissues cover most body surfaces and form the inner lining for most body cavities

True

T/F: This is the correct pathway of blood through the heart: Body → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Lungs → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Body

True

Scurvy is caused by a lack of which nutrient?

Vitamin C

What causes a stomach ulcer?

a bacterial infection

Heartburn is actually __________

acid reflux

What is the condition called when your body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign particle?

allergy

The term interface can be used to describe the surface across which molecules and ions are exchanged, often diffusing between external and internal environments or between organ systems. What part of the respiratory system forms the interface between the respiratory system and the circulatory system?

alveolli

The human circulatory system constitutes _________

an organ system

The main function of this substance is to aid in the digestion of fat

bile

An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body _______

cannot make by itself

Which are the thinnest blood vessels?

capillaries

What is the role of the epithelium?

covers exposed body surfaces

what feature is not directly involved in the clotting process.

hemoglobin

Maintaining a steady state internal environment, despite a changing external environment, is called ________

homeostasis

There are many organs and glands of the endocrine system, but which one is the master controller?

hypothalamus

What type of disorder is AIDS?

immunodeficiency

Most of the absorption of food nutrients takes place ________

in the small intestine

Blood clotting depends on bits of cells pinched off from larger cells in the bone marrow.

inflammatory disease

The pulmonary circuit specifically circulates blood to the _______

lungs

Which of the following is NOT part of your innate immune system?

lymphocytes

Vaccines can convey long-term immunity because they stimulate the production of _________

memory cells

Which accessory organ's secretions neutralize stomach acid before it reaches the intestines?

pancreas

What is the role of the epiglottis?

prevents food from entering the windpipe

Identify the primary role of the lymphatic system

produce and store large numbers of white blood cells

Most of the absorption of nutrients (besides water) takes place in the _______

small intestine

Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms?

the inflammatory response

Choose the defining characteristic of all arteries.

they only carry blood away from the heart

What is the role of the villi?

to move food along the digestive tract

T/F: Insulin and glucagon work together to regulate blood glucose levels. This is an example of a negative feedback circuit.

true

Which form of diabetes would require regular injections of insulin?

type 1

What is the name of the tubes that run from the kidneys to the bladder?

ureters

Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?

vaccine

Urine contains mostly ________

water