bio exam 4
what enduces latent viruses to enter the bio synthesis stage
environmental stresses such as UV radiation
clitellum
fused body segment that secretes mucus which protects sperm from drying out
types of fungi
sac fungi: ascomycetes club fungi: basidiomycetes
fruiting bodies
spores release amoebae
latency
(hidden) inside the host cell, new viruses aren't produced but the viral genome is reproduced along with the host cell
porifera (sponges)
-asymmetrical -cellular level of organization -sac like body w/ many pores -multicellular, but lack organized tissues -filter feeders -skeleton or spicules and spongin (proteinaceous skeleton)
flatworms
-bilateral protostomes -incomplete digestive tract -no body cavity -free living planarians -have muscles and exretory, reprod., and digest. systems -freshwater -eyespots -feed on small organisms -parasitic flukes and tapeworms
diatoms
-unicellular -most important photosynthetic organism on earth -glassy cell wall containing silica -freshwater and marine environment -used as filter or in abrasives
land plants
-archaeplastids subgroup -related to algae that moved onto dry land -nearest relatives are charophytes
crustaceans
-arthropod -hard exoskeleton -mainly marine arthropods -some freshwater, crayfish -some terrestrial, sow bugs
similarities between pro and eukaryotic cells
-chromosomes -dna as genetic material -ribosomes -cytoplasm -plasma membrane -sometimes have cell walls -vacuoles
amoebozoans
-closest related to the opisthokonts (animal/fungi group) -constantly change shape -feed by phagocytosis -includes: plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds, and amoeboids
oligochaetes
-earthworms -scavenges on dead or living organic matter -few setae per segment -head not well developed -gas exchange across body wall -evidence of segmentaion -hermaphroditic
ferns
-fronds: leaves and megaphylls -rhizome: horizontal stem -spores found at bottom of frond -no seeds
excavates
-heterotrophic protozoans -feeding grove -euglena -mixotrophy -eyespot for detecting light intensity
opisthokonts
-include fungi, animals, and choanoflagellates -closely related to amoebozoans -fungi are diff from plants (chitin instead of cellulose and glycogen stores carbs)
invertebrates
-lack endoskeleton of bone or cartilage -evolved first -far outnumber vertebrates
brown algae
-large and complex -multicellular -mostly marine -include kelp (attach to sea floor up to 60 meters) -primary producers for diverse and productive community
angiosperm
-means vessel -seeds develop from ovule within an ovary -ovary becomes fruit -produces covered seeds -flowers and fruits
bivalves
-mollusc -2 part shell of protein + calcium carbonate are in mantle -gills in mantle cavity for gas exchange
cephalopods
-mollusc -foot evolved into funnel or siphon -powerful beak for feeding -cephalization is apparent -octopi have no shell, squid have reduced shell
gastropods
-mollusc -includes conchs & snails -foot flattened ventrally -move by muscle contractions along foot -some are herbivores, others are carnvores -existence of shells varies
arthropods
-more than one million species described -more than 30 million may exist
gymnosperms
-most are cone bearing -ovules located on surfaces of cone scales (later become seeds) -"naked seeds" no enclosing tissues around seeds -includes conifers (pine, cedar, etc.) and ginkgoes
bacteria
-most common prokaryote on earth -between 0.2-10 nanometers in size -a few are large -reproduces asexually through binary fission (divides into 2) -3 basic shapes (rod, spherical, and sprial-shaped/helical)
slime mold life cycle
-multinucleate diploid plasmodium -plasmodium develops sporangia -sporangia produce spores -spores release haploid amoebae -haploid amoebae act as decomposers and reproduce or act as gametes and fuse
dinoflagellates
-unicellular algae -cause blooms in polluted coastal water (red tides / bioluminescent ocean)
annelids
-no internal or external skeleton -body segments move independently -locomotion by contraction and expansion of each body segment
moss
-non vascular plant -no vascular tissue or seeds -lives in moist areas -gametophyte generation is dominant -flagellated sperm swim to egg
prokaryotic cells
-nucleoid -circular DNA that freely floats around cell -simpler DNA -no membrane bound organelles -typically much smaller -divide by binary fission -typically unicellular -anaerobic and aerobic
eukaryotic cells
-nucleus -linear DNA that is held in the nucleus -complex DNA -membrane bound organelles -typically much larger -divide by mit/meiosis -typically multicellular -aerobic
cnidarians
-radial symmetry -true tissues -all aquatic -specialized stinging cells that contain nematocysts -include: hydra, anemones, corals, and sea jellies
fungi
-release enzymes into their env and digest food outside of the body -some parasitic forms -most are saprophytic decomposers -many are symbiotic mutalists
lycophytes
-seedless vascular plant -also called club mosses -upright stem -small leaves called microphylls w/ single vein -sporangia are borne on terminal clusters of leaves
characteristics of arthropod succuss
-segmentation -jointed appendages -exoskeleton -variety of respiratory organs -majority undergo metamorphosis
plasmodial slime molds
-single cell -large and multinucleate -feed on decomposers and dead plant matter
seedless vascular plants
-sporophyte generation is dominant -produce windblown spores
ciliates
-unicellular protists including heterotrophs -cilia to move and sweep food in their mouth -contractile vacuole to maintain water balance (ex: paramecium)
archaea
-usually range from 0.1-15 nanometers in size -their genome is a single, closed, circular dna molecule, often smaller, than a bacterial genome - reproduce asexually by binary fission -often have monolayer of lipids w/ branched side chains -ex: halophiles, thermoacidophiles, and methanogens
antibiotics
-work by interfering with cellular processes -interfering w/cell wall synthesis -breaking cell walls -interfering with protein synthesis via ribosomes
sporophyte
2n or diploid that produces spores by meiosis
filter feeders
water enters through incurrent siphon
Origin of Microbial Life
Stage 1: Organic monomers Stage 2: Organic polymers Stage 3: Protobionts Stage 4: Living cells
horizontal gene transfer
The transfer of genes from one genome to another (conjugation, transformation, and transduction)
transformation
a bacterium takes up DNA released into the medium by dead bacteria
conjugation
a doner cell passes DNA to a recipient cell by way of a sex pilus
hydrostatic skeleton
a fluid filled interior that supports muscle contraction (enhances flexibility
roots
absorb water from soil
viruses
acellular parasitic agent consisting of an outer capside of protein and an inner core of nucleic acid (DNA / RNA) and come in a variety of shapes
leaves
allow exchange of gases, photosynthesis
thermoacidophiles
archae that like extreme heat and acid (80-105 C, such as hot springs & geysers)
halophiles
archaea that like high salt conditions (12-15% such as the dead sea)
methanogens
archaea that use CO2 and hydrogen as energy sources, produce mthane as by product (intestines and swamps)
ecdysozoans
arthopods and roundworms, outer covering called cuticle that protects, supports, and sheds to allow growth
Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
blastopore develops into the mouth whereas blastopore develops into the anus
cephalization
brain and sense organs at anterior
the most primitive relative to plants are
charophytes
radial symmetry
circular organization; many longitudinal slices will produce images, usually free floating, sessile, and dont have heads
examples of viral diseases
cold, flu, measles, and herpes
stems
conducts water to leaves
When adapting to land, size of gametophyte ________ and size of sporophyte _________
decreased and increased
bilateral symmetry
definite right and left halves
plant adaptions to land
development of embryo protection, vascular tissue (to grow), megaphylls (large leaves with branching veins), seeds, and flowers
style
elevates stigma
carpel (pistil)
female reproductive structure
spirogyra (charophyte)
filamentous green algae, ribbon like chloroplast, sexual reproduction via conjugation
wind pollination
grasses, oaks, and maples
vertebrates
have an endoskeleton of bone and cartilage
archaeplastids
include land plants and other photosynthetic organisms (ex: green and red algae)
hyphae
individual filaments
prions
infectious protein particles that cause degenerative diseases of the nervous system in humans and other animals, derived from normal proteins of unknown funtion in the brains of healthly individuals, occurs when normal proteins change into the abnormal shape.
chromalveolates
large, diverse, no apicomplexans or water molds. (includes dinoflagellates, ciliates, brown algae, and diatoms)
example of a prion
mad cow disease
stamens
male reproductive structure (anther- pollen production and filament- stalk)
mycelium
mass of hyphae
sepals (calyx)
modified leaves that protect bud
petals (corolla)
modified leaves, may be colorful
seed plants
most plentiful plant and the seed coat has enbryo and stored food.
gametophyte
n or haploid, produces gametes by mitosis. sperm and egg fuse--->diploid zygote
asymmetrical
no particular symmetry
organic polymers
organic monomers were joined/polymerized to form these such as DNA, RNA, and proteins
protobionts
organic polymers became enclosed in a membrane to form the first cell precursors
ovary
ovule production and containment, becomes the fruit
pollination
pollen carried to female part of plant containing ovules and ovules mature into seeds
fertilization
pollen grows a pollen tube to egg and deposits sperm cells
two basic body forms of cnidarians
polyp: mouth and tentacles directed upward (sea anemones and coral) medusa: bell shaped mouth directed downward (jellyfish)
living cells
protobionts acquired the ability to self-replicate, as well as other cellular properties
lichens
relationship between algae or cyanobacteria and fungi
mychorrhizae
relationship between roots of plants and fungi
stigma
receives pollen
animal pollination
showy petals and strong fragrance
organic monomers
simple organic molecules evolved from inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells (amino acids, the basis of proteins/nucleotides, the bldg blocks of DNA and RNA)
bacterial diseases
strep throat, tuberculosis
retrovirus
the genome is RNA, but these viruses are able to convert their genome into DNA because they contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (ex: HIV)
receptacle
tipe of stalk that bears flowers
sac fungi / ascomycetes
uses ascocarp, a cup like sexual repro. structure, reproduces by producing chains of asexual spores called conidia, (ex: cup fungi, morels, truffles)
club fungi / basidiomycetes
uses basidium, a sexual reproductive structure
bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
transduction
viruses carry portions of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another and can transfer antibiotic resistance to other bacteria
3 distinctive parts of molluscs
visceral mass: includes most organs foot: muscular portion used for locomotion mantle:covering that almost encloses visceral mass (includes gastro/cephalopods and bivalves)