bio exam 4

what enduces latent viruses to enter the bio synthesis stage

environmental stresses such as UV radiation

clitellum

fused body segment that secretes mucus which protects sperm from drying out

types of fungi

sac fungi: ascomycetes club fungi: basidiomycetes

fruiting bodies

spores release amoebae

latency

(hidden) inside the host cell, new viruses aren't produced but the viral genome is reproduced along with the host cell

porifera (sponges)

-asymmetrical -cellular level of organization -sac like body w/ many pores -multicellular, but lack organized tissues -filter feeders -skeleton or spicules and spongin (proteinaceous skeleton)

flatworms

-bilateral protostomes -incomplete digestive tract -no body cavity -free living planarians -have muscles and exretory, reprod., and digest. systems -freshwater -eyespots -feed on small organisms -parasitic flukes and tapeworms

diatoms

-unicellular -most important photosynthetic organism on earth -glassy cell wall containing silica -freshwater and marine environment -used as filter or in abrasives

land plants

-archaeplastids subgroup -related to algae that moved onto dry land -nearest relatives are charophytes

crustaceans

-arthropod -hard exoskeleton -mainly marine arthropods -some freshwater, crayfish -some terrestrial, sow bugs

similarities between pro and eukaryotic cells

-chromosomes -dna as genetic material -ribosomes -cytoplasm -plasma membrane -sometimes have cell walls -vacuoles

amoebozoans

-closest related to the opisthokonts (animal/fungi group) -constantly change shape -feed by phagocytosis -includes: plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds, and amoeboids

oligochaetes

-earthworms -scavenges on dead or living organic matter -few setae per segment -head not well developed -gas exchange across body wall -evidence of segmentaion -hermaphroditic

ferns

-fronds: leaves and megaphylls -rhizome: horizontal stem -spores found at bottom of frond -no seeds

excavates

-heterotrophic protozoans -feeding grove -euglena -mixotrophy -eyespot for detecting light intensity

opisthokonts

-include fungi, animals, and choanoflagellates -closely related to amoebozoans -fungi are diff from plants (chitin instead of cellulose and glycogen stores carbs)

invertebrates

-lack endoskeleton of bone or cartilage -evolved first -far outnumber vertebrates

brown algae

-large and complex -multicellular -mostly marine -include kelp (attach to sea floor up to 60 meters) -primary producers for diverse and productive community

angiosperm

-means vessel -seeds develop from ovule within an ovary -ovary becomes fruit -produces covered seeds -flowers and fruits

bivalves

-mollusc -2 part shell of protein + calcium carbonate are in mantle -gills in mantle cavity for gas exchange

cephalopods

-mollusc -foot evolved into funnel or siphon -powerful beak for feeding -cephalization is apparent -octopi have no shell, squid have reduced shell

gastropods

-mollusc -includes conchs & snails -foot flattened ventrally -move by muscle contractions along foot -some are herbivores, others are carnvores -existence of shells varies

arthropods

-more than one million species described -more than 30 million may exist

gymnosperms

-most are cone bearing -ovules located on surfaces of cone scales (later become seeds) -"naked seeds" no enclosing tissues around seeds -includes conifers (pine, cedar, etc.) and ginkgoes

bacteria

-most common prokaryote on earth -between 0.2-10 nanometers in size -a few are large -reproduces asexually through binary fission (divides into 2) -3 basic shapes (rod, spherical, and sprial-shaped/helical)

slime mold life cycle

-multinucleate diploid plasmodium -plasmodium develops sporangia -sporangia produce spores -spores release haploid amoebae -haploid amoebae act as decomposers and reproduce or act as gametes and fuse

dinoflagellates

-unicellular algae -cause blooms in polluted coastal water (red tides / bioluminescent ocean)

annelids

-no internal or external skeleton -body segments move independently -locomotion by contraction and expansion of each body segment

moss

-non vascular plant -no vascular tissue or seeds -lives in moist areas -gametophyte generation is dominant -flagellated sperm swim to egg

prokaryotic cells

-nucleoid -circular DNA that freely floats around cell -simpler DNA -no membrane bound organelles -typically much smaller -divide by binary fission -typically unicellular -anaerobic and aerobic

eukaryotic cells

-nucleus -linear DNA that is held in the nucleus -complex DNA -membrane bound organelles -typically much larger -divide by mit/meiosis -typically multicellular -aerobic

cnidarians

-radial symmetry -true tissues -all aquatic -specialized stinging cells that contain nematocysts -include: hydra, anemones, corals, and sea jellies

fungi

-release enzymes into their env and digest food outside of the body -some parasitic forms -most are saprophytic decomposers -many are symbiotic mutalists

lycophytes

-seedless vascular plant -also called club mosses -upright stem -small leaves called microphylls w/ single vein -sporangia are borne on terminal clusters of leaves

characteristics of arthropod succuss

-segmentation -jointed appendages -exoskeleton -variety of respiratory organs -majority undergo metamorphosis

plasmodial slime molds

-single cell -large and multinucleate -feed on decomposers and dead plant matter

seedless vascular plants

-sporophyte generation is dominant -produce windblown spores

ciliates

-unicellular protists including heterotrophs -cilia to move and sweep food in their mouth -contractile vacuole to maintain water balance (ex: paramecium)

archaea

-usually range from 0.1-15 nanometers in size -their genome is a single, closed, circular dna molecule, often smaller, than a bacterial genome - reproduce asexually by binary fission -often have monolayer of lipids w/ branched side chains -ex: halophiles, thermoacidophiles, and methanogens

antibiotics

-work by interfering with cellular processes -interfering w/cell wall synthesis -breaking cell walls -interfering with protein synthesis via ribosomes

sporophyte

2n or diploid that produces spores by meiosis

filter feeders

water enters through incurrent siphon

Origin of Microbial Life

Stage 1: Organic monomers Stage 2: Organic polymers Stage 3: Protobionts Stage 4: Living cells

horizontal gene transfer

The transfer of genes from one genome to another (conjugation, transformation, and transduction)

transformation

a bacterium takes up DNA released into the medium by dead bacteria

conjugation

a doner cell passes DNA to a recipient cell by way of a sex pilus

hydrostatic skeleton

a fluid filled interior that supports muscle contraction (enhances flexibility

roots

absorb water from soil

viruses

acellular parasitic agent consisting of an outer capside of protein and an inner core of nucleic acid (DNA / RNA) and come in a variety of shapes

leaves

allow exchange of gases, photosynthesis

thermoacidophiles

archae that like extreme heat and acid (80-105 C, such as hot springs & geysers)

halophiles

archaea that like high salt conditions (12-15% such as the dead sea)

methanogens

archaea that use CO2 and hydrogen as energy sources, produce mthane as by product (intestines and swamps)

ecdysozoans

arthopods and roundworms, outer covering called cuticle that protects, supports, and sheds to allow growth

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

blastopore develops into the mouth whereas blastopore develops into the anus

cephalization

brain and sense organs at anterior

the most primitive relative to plants are

charophytes

radial symmetry

circular organization; many longitudinal slices will produce images, usually free floating, sessile, and dont have heads

examples of viral diseases

cold, flu, measles, and herpes

stems

conducts water to leaves

When adapting to land, size of gametophyte ________ and size of sporophyte _________

decreased and increased

bilateral symmetry

definite right and left halves

plant adaptions to land

development of embryo protection, vascular tissue (to grow), megaphylls (large leaves with branching veins), seeds, and flowers

style

elevates stigma

carpel (pistil)

female reproductive structure

spirogyra (charophyte)

filamentous green algae, ribbon like chloroplast, sexual reproduction via conjugation

wind pollination

grasses, oaks, and maples

vertebrates

have an endoskeleton of bone and cartilage

archaeplastids

include land plants and other photosynthetic organisms (ex: green and red algae)

hyphae

individual filaments

prions

infectious protein particles that cause degenerative diseases of the nervous system in humans and other animals, derived from normal proteins of unknown funtion in the brains of healthly individuals, occurs when normal proteins change into the abnormal shape.

chromalveolates

large, diverse, no apicomplexans or water molds. (includes dinoflagellates, ciliates, brown algae, and diatoms)

example of a prion

mad cow disease

stamens

male reproductive structure (anther- pollen production and filament- stalk)

mycelium

mass of hyphae

sepals (calyx)

modified leaves that protect bud

petals (corolla)

modified leaves, may be colorful

seed plants

most plentiful plant and the seed coat has enbryo and stored food.

gametophyte

n or haploid, produces gametes by mitosis. sperm and egg fuse--->diploid zygote

asymmetrical

no particular symmetry

organic polymers

organic monomers were joined/polymerized to form these such as DNA, RNA, and proteins

protobionts

organic polymers became enclosed in a membrane to form the first cell precursors

ovary

ovule production and containment, becomes the fruit

pollination

pollen carried to female part of plant containing ovules and ovules mature into seeds

fertilization

pollen grows a pollen tube to egg and deposits sperm cells

two basic body forms of cnidarians

polyp: mouth and tentacles directed upward (sea anemones and coral) medusa: bell shaped mouth directed downward (jellyfish)

living cells

protobionts acquired the ability to self-replicate, as well as other cellular properties

lichens

relationship between algae or cyanobacteria and fungi

mychorrhizae

relationship between roots of plants and fungi

stigma

receives pollen

animal pollination

showy petals and strong fragrance

organic monomers

simple organic molecules evolved from inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells (amino acids, the basis of proteins/nucleotides, the bldg blocks of DNA and RNA)

bacterial diseases

strep throat, tuberculosis

retrovirus

the genome is RNA, but these viruses are able to convert their genome into DNA because they contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (ex: HIV)

receptacle

tipe of stalk that bears flowers

sac fungi / ascomycetes

uses ascocarp, a cup like sexual repro. structure, reproduces by producing chains of asexual spores called conidia, (ex: cup fungi, morels, truffles)

club fungi / basidiomycetes

uses basidium, a sexual reproductive structure

bacteriophage

virus that infects bacteria

transduction

viruses carry portions of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another and can transfer antibiotic resistance to other bacteria

3 distinctive parts of molluscs

visceral mass: includes most organs foot: muscular portion used for locomotion mantle:covering that almost encloses visceral mass (includes gastro/cephalopods and bivalves)