BIO EXAM 4
Drier climates tend to prevail
- in a rain shadow
On average, clouds and surfaces, especially snow, ice, and the ocean, immediately reflect away ____% of the solar radiation that falls on Earth.
30
Which of the following is an ideal example of where to study secondary succession?
A volcanic eruption
Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point do the environmental limits begin to slow the growth rate?
C
which of the following applies to the deepest zone of a large lake
anaerobic conditions
density-independent factors
are typically abiotic
which step of the nitrogen cycle is NOT performed by most bacteria
assimiliation
Bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen results in the production of
atmospheric nitrogen.
deforestation in the boreal forests is due primarily to
clear-cut logging for industrial wood
traditionally most ecologists have assumed that community stability is a consequence of
community complexity
The realized niche for the green anole was determined by:
competition
which of the following processes restores nitrogen to the air
dentrification
Headwater streams depend primarily on ____ as an energy input.
detritus
in the united states, the largest group of endangered species is
flowering plants
a linear depiction of energy flow in an ecosystem is a(n)
food chain
The breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches is called
habitat fragmentation.
which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic that makes threatened and endangered species vulnerable to extinction
having a broad range
in which of the following habitat types wold species diversity be expected to be relatively low
high environmental stress
the event in human history that changed the natural balance of the carbon cycle was the
industrial revolution
two members of the same species compete for a limited resource, resulting in equal sharing of the limited resource. What is this called?
intraspecific scramble comepetition
compared to soils of other ecosystems, desert soils are characterized as having:
low amounts of organic material and high mineral content
What term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring?
natality
the ______ contains the greatest volume of ocean water
oceanic province
the best definition of population density is the number of individuals
of one species in a given area at a given time
an example of an animal already extinct as a result of overwhelming is the
passenger pigeon
animals that are being hunted (often illegally) for bush meat value include
primates and anteaters
Generally, r-selected organisms exhibit:
short life spans and early maturity
when r=0.00001, the population size
will increase (bc it is positive)
Which biome has the longest growing season?
(tropical; rain) forest
What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1,000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?
+50
approximately what proportion of the radiant energy entering an ecosystem is used in photosynthesis
1%
based on the temperature range and precipitation, which area in the accompanying figure is dominated by pine trees
7
Which scenario best describes facilitation?
A species interaction that modifies and enhances the local environment for other species
The ____ realm has long been separated from other land masses and is the area in which marsupials are particularly common.
Australian
Climates characteristic of the Mediterranean region are also common in:
California
in accordance with the time hypothesis, which of the following countries would be expected to have the LEAST species richness
Canada
Which action best illustrates in situ conservation?
Designating a large area as a national reserve
researchers report that the Zike virus epidemic of 2015-2016 which spread rapidly from south america to mexico, florida, and puerto rico was aided by ______ and by _______
El Nino ; high temperatures
Which issue is least likely to have been the result of human impact on the nitrogen cycle?
El Niño-Southern Oscillation events
Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following
K-strategists
Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following:
K-strategists
highly developed countries are most likely to be characterized by which of the following
Low GNI PPPs
Many poisonous snakes share warning colors of red, yellow, and black. This is an example of:
Mullerian mimicry
Which endangered species has become so due to its specialized feeding habits?
Pandas
clumped dispersion is often influenced by
Patchy distribution of resources
an example of mutualism is
Rhizobium and legumes
which of the following has increased as a direct result of a stratospheric ozone depletion
UVB
Which of the following is NOT an example of predator-prey relationship
a deer eating grass
what is a typical feature of K-selected organisms
a low reproductive rate
which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool
a population
By the end of the 21st century, it is expected that the human population will:
achieve zero population growth.
which of the following is a characteristic of desert plants
adaptations that conserve water
What ecosystem has the highest rate of primary productivity?
algal beds and reefs
adaptations found in inhabitants of the rocky intertidal zone include
an anchor or some other means of attachment
what environment is characterized by high nutrient inputs and by relatively great fluctuations in salinity and temperature
an estuary
An unprotected area of naturally occurring plant and animal assemblages that is surrounded by unsuitable territory due to development or habitat destruction is referred to by biologists as
an island
which statement best describes a typical food chain
an owl has a positive impact on the grass population
Marine snow is a major source of energy for the ____ region of the ocean.
aphotic
animals with chemical defense are also typically
aposematic
Keystone species:
are typically not the most abundant species in the community
A biodiversity hotspot is a(n)
area rich in endemic species and human population.
in _____, sperm from a male of an endangered species is used to impregnate a female of that same species
artificial insemination
The growth rate of a population is expressed as
b-d
which set of values would result in a population with a growth rate of zero
b=1000, d=500, i=500, i=1000
at zero population growth
b=d
the community found on a rotting log would include
bacteria
which of the following organisms would have the highest intrinsic rate of increase
bacteria
what bird, due to human efforts, has been removed from the endangered species list and is now listed as threatened
bald eagle
a frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit
batesian mimicry
which animal is incorrectly matched with its desired product
bear--liver
sponges and brittle stars are members of the _____ category of organisms
benthos
is an index of the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem.
biological diversity
the introduction of a foreign species into an area where it is not native is called
biotic pollution
dissolved phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems may return to the land via
birds eating fish and mollusks
Stratospheric ozone is important because it
blocks solar UV radiation
which country would be expected to have the greatest species richness per unit area
brazil
Many of the logged boreal forests are replanted, to grow and be harvested in the future
but biodiversity is significantly reduced.
To date, humans have interfered with all of the biogeochemical cycles on Earth, but this interference has been of the greatest magnitude, in terms of human-induced changes in climate, in the
carbon cycle
between 1990 and 2010, which greenhouse gas increased the most to the warming effect of the planet
carbon dioxide
A primary source of carbon for photosynthetic organisms is
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and water
The major components of Earth's atmosphere, from the lowest concentration to the greatest concentration, are
carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen
The ultimate source of energy for the communities of the hydrothermal vents is provided by
chemoautotrophic prokaryotes.
What is perhaps the most common of the dispersal patterns seen in nature?
clumped dispersion
In a lake, a certain native species of zooplankton is found evenly distributed in the water column. After introduction of a different species of zooplankton, the native species is only found in the shallow water zone. This is most likely an illustration of:
competitive exclusion
in a human population with a high proportion of prereproductive individuals, the population will
continue to increase even if the fertility rate is at replacement levels
denitrifying bacteria
convert nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen (N2)
which process is NOT indirectly related to absorption of solar energy by the Earth's surface
coriolis effect
commerical logging
cuts trees primarily for export
when the size of a population begins to approach K, we can expect that the growth rate will
decline
During the cycling of phosphorus, which biological process is critical in cycling dissolved phosphorus?
decomposition
The world human population has increased dramatically during the past few centuries due to:
decreased death rates.
the coriolis effect results in the
deflection of moving air due to the rotation of Earth
which factors are an example of a negative feedback system
density dependent
overgrazing in savannas by domestic animals has contributed to its conversion into
desert
today the major danger to species is
destruction of habitats
headwater streams depend primarily on _____ as an energy input
detritus
the difficulty encountered by many species in reaching and colonizing an isolated geographic location is known as which of the following
distance effect
pyramid of numbers are of limited usefulness because they
do not indicate the biomass of the organisms at a given time
the primary reason that Earth experiences seasons is because of the
earth's tilt on its axis
an organism's role within the structure and function of a particular community is its
ecological niche
a biological community and its abiotic environment together comprise which of the following
ecosystem
a biological community and its abiotic environment together compromise which of the following
ecosystem
an ______ is the transition zone where two ecosystems meet and intergrade
ecotone
the legal definition of a(n) ______ species is a species in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range
endangered
What key factor limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem?
energy loss
The ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is
environment stability
which process plays the most important role in the phosphorus cycle
erosion
when a species dies, the species is said to be
extinct
Characteristics of headwaters include:
fast flow, high oxygen, and streamlined animal bodies.
the potential capacity to produce offspring is called
fecundity
which organism may be a keystone species in a tropical rain forest
fig trees
what is the LEAST LIKELY effect of fires on organisms
fire instigates the growth of shade-tolerant plants
in which of the following lakes would you expect to find the highest species richness
freshwater
Suppose it is ideal for a fish to live in fast-moving water, but the fish can also survive in slow-moving water. Fast-moving water is best described as the fishes':
fundamental niche
mychorrhizae are associations between
fungi and plant roots
based on latitude only, which of the following U.S. states would be expected to have the highest species richness?
georgia
which of the following is a predicted effect of continued global warming
greater impact on plant species in particular
In an ecosystem, which measure of energy is the largest in amount or rate?
gross primary productivity
organisms that eat plants exclusively are known as
herbivores
The tropical rain forest biome is characterized by:
high density of plants, but nutrient poor soil.
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a metapoplulation
homogenous species dispersal
setting aside areas for parks and reserves is an example of
in situ conservation
Large-scale experiments conducted in oak forests of the northeastern United States linked bumper acorn crops to booming mouse populations. The conclusion from these experiments is that:
increased levels of first trophic level productivity cause an increase in disease vector activities
niches apply to
individual species
the moose population on Isle Royale is an example of
intraspecific exploitation competition
GPP or Gross Primary Productivity
is the total energy captured from the sun through photosynthesis
The southern hemisphere has no equivalent of the boreal forest of the north. Why?
it has no land in the corresponding latitudes
the montreal protocol
limited production of CFCs.
One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is:
limiting resources
what is the greatest sink of phosphorus
marine sediments
a population that is divided into several local populations among which individuals occasionally disperse (emigrate and immigrate) is known as a
metapopulation
an example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in
milkweeds and monarch caterpillars
which of the following is an adaptation of black-tailed prairie dogs
modified digestive tracts easily digest seeds of grasses
Some animals are facing extinction as a direct result of deliberate efforts to exterminate them because of their perceived harm to economically useful species. Examples of these include
mountain lions and wolves
The relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as:
mutualism
which of the following would increase population size
natality
a lake in which of the following locations would be expected to have the highest species richness
national forest
which of the following relationships is INCORRECTLY paired
nesting seabirds-random dispersion
The current concept of a climax community states that forest communities:
never reach a state of permanent equilibrium
the enzyme nitrogenase is important in which part of the nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixation
The 'sun's energy is produced by
nuclear fusion reactions
nitrogen is a critical requirement for living organisms because it is a component of
nucleic acids and proteins
Since 1750, which of the following has/have absorbed the most carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
oceans
there are no trees in the tundra because
of limited root penetration due to permafrost
Biotic pollution has been particularly harmful to native species
on islands
primary succession may be seen
on new lava or on sand dunes
a food web is a more realistic depiction than a food chain because
organisms rarely eat just one kind of food
an example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is
parasites
The effect of DDT on birds is a result of which three characteristics of DDT?
persistance, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification
Which of the following is reported to cause deformities in amphibians in the Sierra Nevadas of California?
pesticides
which nutrient cycle does NOT have a gaseous phase
phosphorus cycle
which process does not return carbon to the atmosphere
photosynthesis
fixation of carbon is accomplished by
photosynthetic organisms
microscopic algae typically fall under the classification of
phytoplankton
biologists generally agree that climate change will have an especially severe effect on
plants
which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchial organization within ecology
population-community-ecosystem-bioshpere
solar radiation
powers the hydrologic and other biogeochemical cycles.
Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to uniform population dispersion?
pressure from predation
which pair best represents photosynthetic organisms
primary producer and autotroph
which are the three main roles played by organisms in community life
producer, consumer, decomposer
The atmosphere performs several essential ecological functions. One of these is to
protect Earth from most ultraviolet radiation
organisms such as oysters or fish that produce millions of eggs per year may be characterized as
r-selected and having a type III survivorship curve
In large measure, differences in ____ that are due to variations in the amount of _____ at different locations on Earth drive the circulation of the atmosphere.
rainfall; solar energy
Deforestation
releases carbon dioxide that may contribute to global warming.
Resource Partioning might include which of the following
relocating nesting sites
resource partitioning may include which of the following
relocating nesting sites
suppose a bacterium needs glucose to reproduce. Glucose is defines as the bacterium's
resource
the use of the principles of ecology to return a degraded environment to as functional a state as possible is called
restoration ecology
which factor is most important in determining the distribution of organisms in aquatic biomes
salinity
What is the third trophic level of a food chain?
secondary consumers
Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to clumped population dispersion?
severe competition among individuals
Which of the following have local reproductive success that is less than the local mortality?
sink habitats
what is the practice in which farmers often follow loggers' access roads, cut down trees, burn the area, and plant crops immediately
slash and burn agriculture
a human population that is shrinking is would be characterized by a
small proportion of prereproductive individuals
A group of cacti on a sun-exposed slope have greater reproductive success than cacti on a shaded slope. The habitat on the sun-exposed slope can be classified as which of the following?
source habitat
when the structural complexity of the vegetation is more complex, what can generally be said of the species richness
species richness increases
the problems associated with slash-and-burn agriculture are most closely related to
subsistence agriculture
the orderly replacement of one community by another is known as
succession
the logistic equation
takes into account the carrying capacity of the environment
the greatest proportion of which two biomes have been converted to agriculture
temperate deciduous forest and temperate grassland
Currently, much commercial lumber and wood products come from which biome?
temperate rain forest
Near the poles, what is generally the overriding climate factor?
temperature
what two abiotic factors are considered to most affect organisms
temperature and water
Perhaps the biggest problem associated with the Endangered Species Act as it currently stands is that it
tends to protect a limited number of organisms.
transpiration is most closely associated with
terrestrial plants
which trophic level would contain the lowest quantity of energy (kcal per m2)?
tertiary consumers
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) represents
the amount of biomass in excess of that needed to support plant cell respiration.
If you were to study all of the insect-eating birds in a forest, you would see that many birds eat insects, yet you may not see any evidence of competition. What is the most probable explanation?
the birds are exhibiting resource partitioning
fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are derived from which biogeochemical cycle
the carbon cycle
habitat is best described as
the local environment in which a species lives
the idea that older, more stable habitats have greater species richness than habitats subjected to frequent, widespread disturbances is known as:
the time hypothesis
Which statement reflects a key concept about ecosystems?
there is a one-way flow of energy through the food webs of ecosystems
Which of the following is most characteristic of desert animals?
they are primarily active at night
which of the following characteristics applies to biomes
they encompass interacting landscapes
when the death of species is less imminent, but the population of a particular species is quite small, it is defined as being
threatened
what did Stephen carter and his team from University of Madison-Wisconsin study
tipping points for endangered food webs
The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime is known as:
total fertility rate
Much precipitation in the tropical rain forest is derived from:
transpiration
which habitat would most likely have the greatest species richness
tropical rain forest
Which biome is characterized by weasels, gray wolves, ptarmigan, musk oxen, and lemmings?
tundra
From the following pairs which is incorrectly matched
united states---doubling time 100 years
The Earth's carrying capacity is:
unknown
which of the following will prevent the further buildup of greenhouse gases
use your automobile less, and ride a bicycle more
the clockwise gyre of surface ocean currents in the North Atlantic results in
warmer water on Atlantic beaches of North American than Pacific beaches of the same latitude
when r=-0.0057, the population size
will decrease
which of the following directly drives ocean surface circulation patterns
winds
an example of ex situ conservation is a
zoo
For coral reefs to form in tropical waters, it is necessary for the coral animals to live in symbiosis with:
zooxanthellae
