BIO EXAM 4

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Drier climates tend to prevail

- in a rain shadow

On average, clouds and surfaces, especially snow, ice, and the ocean, immediately reflect away ____% of the solar radiation that falls on Earth.

30

Which of the following is an ideal example of where to study secondary succession?

A volcanic eruption

Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point do the environmental limits begin to slow the growth rate?

C

which of the following applies to the deepest zone of a large lake

anaerobic conditions

density-independent factors

are typically abiotic

which step of the nitrogen cycle is NOT performed by most bacteria

assimiliation

Bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen results in the production of

atmospheric nitrogen.

deforestation in the boreal forests is due primarily to

clear-cut logging for industrial wood

traditionally most ecologists have assumed that community stability is a consequence of

community complexity

The realized niche for the green anole was determined by:

competition

which of the following processes restores nitrogen to the air

dentrification

Headwater streams depend primarily on ____ as an energy input.

detritus

in the united states, the largest group of endangered species is

flowering plants

a linear depiction of energy flow in an ecosystem is a(n)

food chain

The breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches is called

habitat fragmentation.

which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic that makes threatened and endangered species vulnerable to extinction

having a broad range

in which of the following habitat types wold species diversity be expected to be relatively low

high environmental stress

the event in human history that changed the natural balance of the carbon cycle was the

industrial revolution

two members of the same species compete for a limited resource, resulting in equal sharing of the limited resource. What is this called?

intraspecific scramble comepetition

compared to soils of other ecosystems, desert soils are characterized as having:

low amounts of organic material and high mineral content

What term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring?

natality

the ______ contains the greatest volume of ocean water

oceanic province

the best definition of population density is the number of individuals

of one species in a given area at a given time

an example of an animal already extinct as a result of overwhelming is the

passenger pigeon

animals that are being hunted (often illegally) for bush meat value include

primates and anteaters

Generally, r-selected organisms exhibit:

short life spans and early maturity

when r=0.00001, the population size

will increase (bc it is positive)

Which biome has the longest growing season?

(tropical; rain) forest

What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1,000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?

+50

approximately what proportion of the radiant energy entering an ecosystem is used in photosynthesis

1%

based on the temperature range and precipitation, which area in the accompanying figure is dominated by pine trees

7

Which scenario best describes facilitation?

A species interaction that modifies and enhances the local environment for other species

The ____ realm has long been separated from other land masses and is the area in which marsupials are particularly common.

Australian

Climates characteristic of the Mediterranean region are also common in:

California

in accordance with the time hypothesis, which of the following countries would be expected to have the LEAST species richness

Canada

Which action best illustrates in situ conservation?

Designating a large area as a national reserve

researchers report that the Zike virus epidemic of 2015-2016 which spread rapidly from south america to mexico, florida, and puerto rico was aided by ______ and by _______

El Nino ; high temperatures

Which issue is least likely to have been the result of human impact on the nitrogen cycle?

El Niño-Southern Oscillation events

Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following

K-strategists

Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following:

K-strategists

highly developed countries are most likely to be characterized by which of the following

Low GNI PPPs

Many poisonous snakes share warning colors of red, yellow, and black. This is an example of:

Mullerian mimicry

Which endangered species has become so due to its specialized feeding habits?

Pandas

clumped dispersion is often influenced by

Patchy distribution of resources

an example of mutualism is

Rhizobium and legumes

which of the following has increased as a direct result of a stratospheric ozone depletion

UVB

Which of the following is NOT an example of predator-prey relationship

a deer eating grass

what is a typical feature of K-selected organisms

a low reproductive rate

which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool

a population

By the end of the 21st century, it is expected that the human population will:

achieve zero population growth.

which of the following is a characteristic of desert plants

adaptations that conserve water

What ecosystem has the highest rate of primary productivity?

algal beds and reefs

adaptations found in inhabitants of the rocky intertidal zone include

an anchor or some other means of attachment

what environment is characterized by high nutrient inputs and by relatively great fluctuations in salinity and temperature

an estuary

An unprotected area of naturally occurring plant and animal assemblages that is surrounded by unsuitable territory due to development or habitat destruction is referred to by biologists as

an island

which statement best describes a typical food chain

an owl has a positive impact on the grass population

Marine snow is a major source of energy for the ____ region of the ocean.

aphotic

animals with chemical defense are also typically

aposematic

Keystone species:

are typically not the most abundant species in the community

A biodiversity hotspot is a(n)

area rich in endemic species and human population.

in _____, sperm from a male of an endangered species is used to impregnate a female of that same species

artificial insemination

The growth rate of a population is expressed as

b-d

which set of values would result in a population with a growth rate of zero

b=1000, d=500, i=500, i=1000

at zero population growth

b=d

the community found on a rotting log would include

bacteria

which of the following organisms would have the highest intrinsic rate of increase

bacteria

what bird, due to human efforts, has been removed from the endangered species list and is now listed as threatened

bald eagle

a frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit

batesian mimicry

which animal is incorrectly matched with its desired product

bear--liver

sponges and brittle stars are members of the _____ category of organisms

benthos

is an index of the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem.

biological diversity

the introduction of a foreign species into an area where it is not native is called

biotic pollution

dissolved phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems may return to the land via

birds eating fish and mollusks

Stratospheric ozone is important because it

blocks solar UV radiation

which country would be expected to have the greatest species richness per unit area

brazil

Many of the logged boreal forests are replanted, to grow and be harvested in the future

but biodiversity is significantly reduced.

To date, humans have interfered with all of the biogeochemical cycles on Earth, but this interference has been of the greatest magnitude, in terms of human-induced changes in climate, in the

carbon cycle

between 1990 and 2010, which greenhouse gas increased the most to the warming effect of the planet

carbon dioxide

A primary source of carbon for photosynthetic organisms is

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and water

The major components of Earth's atmosphere, from the lowest concentration to the greatest concentration, are

carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen

The ultimate source of energy for the communities of the hydrothermal vents is provided by

chemoautotrophic prokaryotes.

What is perhaps the most common of the dispersal patterns seen in nature?

clumped dispersion

In a lake, a certain native species of zooplankton is found evenly distributed in the water column. After introduction of a different species of zooplankton, the native species is only found in the shallow water zone. This is most likely an illustration of:

competitive exclusion

in a human population with a high proportion of prereproductive individuals, the population will

continue to increase even if the fertility rate is at replacement levels

denitrifying bacteria

convert nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen (N2)

which process is NOT indirectly related to absorption of solar energy by the Earth's surface

coriolis effect

commerical logging

cuts trees primarily for export

when the size of a population begins to approach K, we can expect that the growth rate will

decline

During the cycling of phosphorus, which biological process is critical in cycling dissolved phosphorus?

decomposition

The world human population has increased dramatically during the past few centuries due to:

decreased death rates.

the coriolis effect results in the

deflection of moving air due to the rotation of Earth

which factors are an example of a negative feedback system

density dependent

overgrazing in savannas by domestic animals has contributed to its conversion into

desert

today the major danger to species is

destruction of habitats

headwater streams depend primarily on _____ as an energy input

detritus

the difficulty encountered by many species in reaching and colonizing an isolated geographic location is known as which of the following

distance effect

pyramid of numbers are of limited usefulness because they

do not indicate the biomass of the organisms at a given time

the primary reason that Earth experiences seasons is because of the

earth's tilt on its axis

an organism's role within the structure and function of a particular community is its

ecological niche

a biological community and its abiotic environment together comprise which of the following

ecosystem

a biological community and its abiotic environment together compromise which of the following

ecosystem

an ______ is the transition zone where two ecosystems meet and intergrade

ecotone

the legal definition of a(n) ______ species is a species in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range

endangered

What key factor limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem?

energy loss

The ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is

environment stability

which process plays the most important role in the phosphorus cycle

erosion

when a species dies, the species is said to be

extinct

Characteristics of headwaters include:

fast flow, high oxygen, and streamlined animal bodies.

the potential capacity to produce offspring is called

fecundity

which organism may be a keystone species in a tropical rain forest

fig trees

what is the LEAST LIKELY effect of fires on organisms

fire instigates the growth of shade-tolerant plants

in which of the following lakes would you expect to find the highest species richness

freshwater

Suppose it is ideal for a fish to live in fast-moving water, but the fish can also survive in slow-moving water. Fast-moving water is best described as the fishes':

fundamental niche

mychorrhizae are associations between

fungi and plant roots

based on latitude only, which of the following U.S. states would be expected to have the highest species richness?

georgia

which of the following is a predicted effect of continued global warming

greater impact on plant species in particular

In an ecosystem, which measure of energy is the largest in amount or rate?

gross primary productivity

organisms that eat plants exclusively are known as

herbivores

The tropical rain forest biome is characterized by:

high density of plants, but nutrient poor soil.

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a metapoplulation

homogenous species dispersal

setting aside areas for parks and reserves is an example of

in situ conservation

Large-scale experiments conducted in oak forests of the northeastern United States linked bumper acorn crops to booming mouse populations. The conclusion from these experiments is that:

increased levels of first trophic level productivity cause an increase in disease vector activities

niches apply to

individual species

the moose population on Isle Royale is an example of

intraspecific exploitation competition

GPP or Gross Primary Productivity

is the total energy captured from the sun through photosynthesis

The southern hemisphere has no equivalent of the boreal forest of the north. Why?

it has no land in the corresponding latitudes

the montreal protocol

limited production of CFCs.

One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is:

limiting resources

what is the greatest sink of phosphorus

marine sediments

a population that is divided into several local populations among which individuals occasionally disperse (emigrate and immigrate) is known as a

metapopulation

an example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in

milkweeds and monarch caterpillars

which of the following is an adaptation of black-tailed prairie dogs

modified digestive tracts easily digest seeds of grasses

Some animals are facing extinction as a direct result of deliberate efforts to exterminate them because of their perceived harm to economically useful species. Examples of these include

mountain lions and wolves

The relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as:

mutualism

which of the following would increase population size

natality

a lake in which of the following locations would be expected to have the highest species richness

national forest

which of the following relationships is INCORRECTLY paired

nesting seabirds-random dispersion

The current concept of a climax community states that forest communities:

never reach a state of permanent equilibrium

the enzyme nitrogenase is important in which part of the nitrogen cycle

nitrogen fixation

The 'sun's energy is produced by

nuclear fusion reactions

nitrogen is a critical requirement for living organisms because it is a component of

nucleic acids and proteins

Since 1750, which of the following has/have absorbed the most carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

oceans

there are no trees in the tundra because

of limited root penetration due to permafrost

Biotic pollution has been particularly harmful to native species

on islands

primary succession may be seen

on new lava or on sand dunes

a food web is a more realistic depiction than a food chain because

organisms rarely eat just one kind of food

an example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is

parasites

The effect of DDT on birds is a result of which three characteristics of DDT?

persistance, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification

Which of the following is reported to cause deformities in amphibians in the Sierra Nevadas of California?

pesticides

which nutrient cycle does NOT have a gaseous phase

phosphorus cycle

which process does not return carbon to the atmosphere

photosynthesis

fixation of carbon is accomplished by

photosynthetic organisms

microscopic algae typically fall under the classification of

phytoplankton

biologists generally agree that climate change will have an especially severe effect on

plants

which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchial organization within ecology

population-community-ecosystem-bioshpere

solar radiation

powers the hydrologic and other biogeochemical cycles.

Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to uniform population dispersion?

pressure from predation

which pair best represents photosynthetic organisms

primary producer and autotroph

which are the three main roles played by organisms in community life

producer, consumer, decomposer

The atmosphere performs several essential ecological functions. One of these is to

protect Earth from most ultraviolet radiation

organisms such as oysters or fish that produce millions of eggs per year may be characterized as

r-selected and having a type III survivorship curve

In large measure, differences in ____ that are due to variations in the amount of _____ at different locations on Earth drive the circulation of the atmosphere.

rainfall; solar energy

Deforestation

releases carbon dioxide that may contribute to global warming.

Resource Partioning might include which of the following

relocating nesting sites

resource partitioning may include which of the following

relocating nesting sites

suppose a bacterium needs glucose to reproduce. Glucose is defines as the bacterium's

resource

the use of the principles of ecology to return a degraded environment to as functional a state as possible is called

restoration ecology

which factor is most important in determining the distribution of organisms in aquatic biomes

salinity

What is the third trophic level of a food chain?

secondary consumers

Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to clumped population dispersion?

severe competition among individuals

Which of the following have local reproductive success that is less than the local mortality?

sink habitats

what is the practice in which farmers often follow loggers' access roads, cut down trees, burn the area, and plant crops immediately

slash and burn agriculture

a human population that is shrinking is would be characterized by a

small proportion of prereproductive individuals

A group of cacti on a sun-exposed slope have greater reproductive success than cacti on a shaded slope. The habitat on the sun-exposed slope can be classified as which of the following?

source habitat

when the structural complexity of the vegetation is more complex, what can generally be said of the species richness

species richness increases

the problems associated with slash-and-burn agriculture are most closely related to

subsistence agriculture

the orderly replacement of one community by another is known as

succession

the logistic equation

takes into account the carrying capacity of the environment

the greatest proportion of which two biomes have been converted to agriculture

temperate deciduous forest and temperate grassland

Currently, much commercial lumber and wood products come from which biome?

temperate rain forest

Near the poles, what is generally the overriding climate factor?

temperature

what two abiotic factors are considered to most affect organisms

temperature and water

Perhaps the biggest problem associated with the Endangered Species Act as it currently stands is that it

tends to protect a limited number of organisms.

transpiration is most closely associated with

terrestrial plants

which trophic level would contain the lowest quantity of energy (kcal per m2)?

tertiary consumers

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) represents

the amount of biomass in excess of that needed to support plant cell respiration.

If you were to study all of the insect-eating birds in a forest, you would see that many birds eat insects, yet you may not see any evidence of competition. What is the most probable explanation?

the birds are exhibiting resource partitioning

fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are derived from which biogeochemical cycle

the carbon cycle

habitat is best described as

the local environment in which a species lives

the idea that older, more stable habitats have greater species richness than habitats subjected to frequent, widespread disturbances is known as:

the time hypothesis

Which statement reflects a key concept about ecosystems?

there is a one-way flow of energy through the food webs of ecosystems

Which of the following is most characteristic of desert animals?

they are primarily active at night

which of the following characteristics applies to biomes

they encompass interacting landscapes

when the death of species is less imminent, but the population of a particular species is quite small, it is defined as being

threatened

what did Stephen carter and his team from University of Madison-Wisconsin study

tipping points for endangered food webs

The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime is known as:

total fertility rate

Much precipitation in the tropical rain forest is derived from:

transpiration

which habitat would most likely have the greatest species richness

tropical rain forest

Which biome is characterized by weasels, gray wolves, ptarmigan, musk oxen, and lemmings?

tundra

From the following pairs which is incorrectly matched

united states---doubling time 100 years

The Earth's carrying capacity is:

unknown

which of the following will prevent the further buildup of greenhouse gases

use your automobile less, and ride a bicycle more

the clockwise gyre of surface ocean currents in the North Atlantic results in

warmer water on Atlantic beaches of North American than Pacific beaches of the same latitude

when r=-0.0057, the population size

will decrease

which of the following directly drives ocean surface circulation patterns

winds

an example of ex situ conservation is a

zoo

For coral reefs to form in tropical waters, it is necessary for the coral animals to live in symbiosis with:

zooxanthellae


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