BIO EXAM

What is the role of interleukin in the immune response?

Regulate the general immune responses

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase II phase of meiosis II?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible?

Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.

Which of the following would you find in a healthy diet and in energy drinks?

Vitamins

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

a killed version of the virus or antigens specific to the virus.

Cancer cells __________.

all of the answer choices are correct

Cells have checkpoints to regulate cell division. The G1 checkpoint

all of the answer choices are correct

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils.

The main difference between Stage 0 and Stage 1 cancer is that in Stage 1, the cancer cells have

begun to spread to a few lymph nodes.

The three nucleotide segments found on mRNA, which code for amino acids, are called ______.

codon

You are reading an article about a person being diagosed with a type of sarcoma. This type of cancer affects __________.

connective tissue

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

The process of evolution of the influenza virus that results from the infection of two viruses in the same cell is called Antigenic ______.

drift

The ______ law of thermodynamics explains the transfer of solar energy into chemical energy.

first

The ______ process to make influenza vaccines, only uses a small portion of the H spike protein that helps the immune system identify the actual virus.

recombinant

In cancer vaccines, macrophages that display tumor antigens are designed to

stimulate cytotoxic T cells to attack tumor cells.

During translation, the ______ reads the codon on the mRNA and brings in the cooresponding amino acid.

tRNA

There are two stages of gene expression. The first stage, ______, produces mRNA that is used in the second step.

transcription

In gene expression, step two, also known as ______, converts mRNA into a structural protein.

translation

From the list provided, select the two obstacles of gene expression.

DNA is in the nucleus, Proteins are composed of amino acids.

When a macrophage presents an antigen with an MHC-II protein,

it interacts with helper T cells.

Trials of the universal influenza vaccine, H1ssF_3928, began in

2019

Individuals receive ______ (how many) chromosomes from their mother?

23

The pedigree shown displays the inheritance of a recessive genetic disease. In the fourth generation, what is the likelihood that the next child of the two heterozygous parents will be impacted by the disease?

25%

Stage 3 breast cancer is divided into levels based on the size of the tumor and the degree to which it has spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes. In which level has the tumor spread to the collar bone or more than ten lymph nodes?

3C

Which of the following characteristics of life are present in viruses?

Ability to evolve over time

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

Absorption of water

PCR is important because it allows scientists to

All of the answer choices are correct.

You are studying the rate of growth of different nut plants. One vitamin of interest is the B vitamin involved in metabolism of glucose. Which B vitamin would you be studying in these plants?

B1

Which of the following best describes enzymatic activity?

Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

Some medications bind to the active site of enzymes. This blocks the ______ from binding.

chemical pathways

The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a ______ over time.

population

Ribosomes are located on the __________.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

The information contained in genes is expressed

All of these are required for gene expression to be complete.

In which of these molecules would you most likely find carboxyl groups?

Amino acids and fatty acids

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

Hemoglobin is composed of FOUR globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Nucleotides forming DNA

Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.

Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

You are observing a protein structure model that has pleated sheets. Which level of protein structure does this represent?

Secondary

DNA replication is considered to be ______ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

Select three of the components that were proposed by Darwin for natural selection to occur.

Populations experience differential reproductive success, Variation within a population is heritable, Populations experience competition for resources.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure and function of hemoglobin in the respiratory and circulatory systems?

The hemoglobin molecule consists of TWO alpha globin and TWO beta globin polypeptide chains and iron molecules that are involved in gas exchange between the blood capillaries and the alveoli capillaries.

In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the ______.

nucleus

Which B vitamin is involved in making acetyl CoA and is readily available in nuts, beans, and green leafy vegetable?

Pantothenic acid

Which of the following best describes the action of B cells?

All of the answer choices relate to the actions of B cells.

The role of the immune system is to

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following statements describes DNA?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which is an example of potential energy?

An apple of stored energy-rich macromolecules

Which of the following statements differentiates spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Both processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis occurs through meiosis. The outcome is the production of four sperm, in spermatogenesis, and ONE egg in oogenesis.

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 2 of breast cancer?

Cancer begins invading more lymph nodes and tissue

______ energy is energy found in the bonds of ingested nutrients.

Chemical

Which plant structure provides the initial capture of solar energy?

Chloroplasts

Which event (or events) occur in the prophase I phase of meiosis I?

Condensing of the chromosomes, homologous chromosomes form tetrads, crossing over occurs

Which of the following statements is true regarding energy drinks?

Energy drinks claim to increase energy levels, mental awareness, and reduce muscle fatigue.

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

Enzymatic activity

After transcription, the entire mRNA is translated into a polypeptide.

False

In the stomach, ______ denatures proteins and ______ starts the digestion of proteins.

HCl; pepsin

PCR mimics DNA replication. Which of the following steps of PCR corresponds with the denaturing process in DNA replication?

Helicase breaking the hydrogen bonds

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase I phase of meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles

Which of the following disorders are in response to the immune system's inablility to differentiate self from non-self?

Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis

From the list provided, select all viruses that have DNA as the genetic material. (Check all that apply.)

Smallpox, chickenpox, herpes

Which structure on the influenza virus provides attachment to the surface of the targeted host cell?

The H spikes

You are given an assignment to identify a pair of human sex chromosomes from a karotype. How would you differentiate the sex chromosomes from the autosomal chromosomes?

The sex chromosomes will be labeled XX or XY.

From the following list, select all that are needed to make a karyotype. (Check all that apply.)

Unreplicated chromosomes, DNA fluorescent marker, Different wavelengths of light

From the following list, select all that describe vitamins. (Check all that apply.)

Vitamins are used in high-energy pathways, Certain vitamins can protect cells from damage, Certain vitamins act as hormones.

The overall goal of gene expression is to make

a structural protein that can be used by the cell.

Which of the following is not likely to be found in large quantities in an energy drink?

fats

______ are the basic unit of inheritance that can be passed on from one generation to the next.

genes

Normally, cancer cells can evade an immune response because the immune system

has a difficult time identifying cancerous cells.

Crossing-over produces genetic variation during prophase I of meiosis I. This occurs when

homologous chromosomes come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs.

Monomers are linked together by removing a ______ from one monomer, and a ______ from another monomer.

hydroxyl group; hydrogen

The contents of genes in viruses are ______ that of living organisms.

less than

The chickenpox virus can remain latent in host cells by integrating its DNA into the host cell genome. This virus uses the ______ cycle as its main life cycle pathway.

lysogenic

Glucose molecules are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form starch. Based on this description, glucose is a __________ and starch is a __________.

monomer; polymer

In eukaryotes, the ______ is the site of the genetic information of the cell.

nucleus

The source of all energy is provided by __________.

the sun

Which of these best describes a virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

One of the four mechanisms of the innate immune defenses is the inflammatory response. Its role is to

All the answer choices are correct.

DNA is the only nucleic acid found in cells.

False

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Which of the following structures are associated with the lymphatic system? (Check all that apply.)

Thymus, Spleen, Red bone marrow, Lymph nodes

In genetic testing, DNA sequencing

is used to identify the incorrect nucleotide or nucleotides that caused the mutation and the disease to occur.

If a breast cancer patient has not responded to treatment and the cancer has spread to the brain, the patient is classified as having Stage ______ cancer.

4

B cell activation, through antibody-mediated immunity, results in the

All of the answer choices are correct.

Biologists, who study ______, are interested in understanding evolution as process of life.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

All of the answer choices are correct.

From the list below, select the two ingredients that contribute to the effectiveness of an energy blend.

B vitamins, Caffeine

From the list provided, select all the functions of the circulatory system. (Check all that apply.)

Delivery of oxgen to all cells of the body, Delivery of nutrients to all cells of the body, Removal of waste from the blood

The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell. What process would be used to move a noncharged molecule across the membrane?

Diffusion

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

Which process is responsible for moving bulk cellular wastes across the cell membrane?

Exocytosis

An organic nutrient that contains a hydrophilic functional group would have difficulty dissolving in water.

False

Energy drink manufacturers falsely advertise their products as being all derived from natural sources.

False

Genes are always influenced by the environment. This influence determines the trait that is shown by the individual.

False

If there were no solar energy, humans would not be affected because they rely on chemical energy.

False

Inorganic molecules are important nutrients used in cellular processes to produce energy.

False

Polymers are formed by hydrolytic reactions of monomers.

False

The BRCA1 gene is involved in producing a protein that activates DNA repair enzymes, stopping the cell cycle, and putting the cell in G0 phase.

False

The energy driving substance in soft drinks is caffeine.

False

Which of the following is a likely physiological effect of caffeine ingestion?

Increased metabolic rate

From the list provided, select all characteristics of the influenza envelope. (Check all that apply.)

It contains parts of the host cell's plasma membrane, It contains N and H spikes.

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a genetic disease?

It is a change in the genetic information that may be passed on from one generation to the next.

From the following list, choose all that relate to caffeine. (Check all that apply.)

It is a psychoactive drug, It is a stimulant, It influences many metabolic pathways.

Griffith's experiment was one of the first that suggested there was a "factor" that was transferred between different bacteria. In the series of steps of his experiment, what was injected into the mouse in step "c" and what did this prove?

Killed S strain bacteria were injected into the mouse and the mouse lived. This proved the "factor" could only work in live cells.

Cell division occurs in ______ phase.

M

There are several scanning techniques physicians use to determine the extent of tumors. What type of scan, shown here, can be used to determine the extent of the tumor in the breast?

MRI

Which of the following best outlines the path of influenza through the body?

Nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, lungs, alveoli

Telophase and cytokinesis is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during telophase and cytokinesis?

Nuclear envelopes form and a cleavage furrow forms

Which event (or events) occur in the telophase I phase of meiosis I?

Nuclear membrane begins to form, and a cleavage furrow begins to develop

Which event (or events) occur in the telophase II phase of meiosis II?

Nuclear membrane begins to form, and a cleavage furrow begins to develop

Which of the following scanning tools is used to look for abnormalities in the breast that could be associated with cancer?

Screening mammogram

From the following list, select those that are characteristics of life. (Check all that apply.)

The ability to reproduce, The ability to acquire materials and energy

At which point of the respiratory system would sickle-cell disease cause an impact?

The diffusion of gases across the alveoli into the capillaries

Which of the following processes would be most directly impacted from a lack of niacin in the body?

The movement of high-energy electrons with the help of NAD+ to the electron transport chain

Which of the following statements best describes the orientation of the two strands of DNA?

The two strands of DNA are anti-parallel. One strand is oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3'.

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?

eye color

In the influenza strain name HongKong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2019 in this region.

forty-fifth

The most common flu vaccine is called a trivalent vaccine because

it contains three different strains of inactivated viruses.

One benefit of radiation over chemotherapy is that radiation

limits the number of healthy cells affected.

Like all nutrient class, carbohydrates are broken down at multiple points throughout digestion. In the small intestines,

monosaccharides and disaccharides are absorbed.

If a person has a cancer that interferes with organs of the urinary system, that person may have trouble

with regulating the water-salt balance of the blood.

The two different classes of cells are ______ and ______.

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

There are several ways a person can be tested to assess their risk of cancer. One is genetic testing. What genetic testing technique is shown in the image provided?

PCR

The enzyme ______ does not have a high degree of fidelity, and therefore more mutations can be introduced in the genetic material of RNA viruses.

RNA polymerase

During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual?

Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA.

______ vaccine creation is similiar to using a chicken egg but requires the used of a mammalian cell to replicate the virus.

cell-based

The role of vectors in gene therapy is to

deliver the genetic material to the cells of interest.

If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this indicates the pattern of inheritance to be __________.

incomplete dominance

The monomers that link together to form DNA are called ______.

nucleotides

When referring to cancer, the two most associated tumor-suppressor genes are BRCA1 and ______.

p53

This list contains the characteristics of the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation. Select all that contributed to Mendel's law of segregation. (Check all that apply.)

During meiosis, only one factor is passed on in a gamete, An individual receives one factor from each parent, Fertilization results in a new individual with two factors

If you were observing embryonic structures of a tortoise, a chick, and a human, which of the following would not be a similiar structure?

Five finger digits

Organic molecules contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. How many bonds can form with each carbon atom?

four

Consuming energy drink in excess can cause an overabundance in B vitamins. One consequence of excess B vitamins is a strain on the __________.

kidneys

Cancer ______ are used to protect against some forms of cancer and can be used to warn the body of existing cancers.

vaccines

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?

Directional selection

Which of the following statements about the component of the flu vaccine and its intended function is true?

Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from the virus or bacteria that may have been present during production.

Chemicals, radiation, and viruses can cause ______ to occur in genes. This may lead to the cell becoming cancerous.

mutations

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

Which of the following vitamins is categorized as water-soluble?

B

A method of genome editing that uses the Cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific nucleotides from the genome is called __________.

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)

Which of the following statements best describes the effects of caffeine on the body?

Caffeine is considered a psychoactive drug because it changes brain function.

From the list of organ systems, select the ones that play a major role in homeostasis. (Check all that apply.)

Cardiovascular system, Urinary system, Digestive system

If you added the following vitamins to a glass of water, which one would float to the top and not dissolve?

D

Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and in proto-oncogenes can result in cancer. If both are mutated,

DNA damage will go unrecognized and cell division will increase.

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand?

DNA polymerase

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein.

To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, i.e., if the original is DNA, the transcribed copy is also DNA.

False

Normal cell division is highly regulated by proteins to prevent mutations from occuring. If the cell division is stalled due to excessive DNA damage, the cell is placed in ______ phase in an attempt to repair the DNA.

G0

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Antiviral medicines target specific stages of the viral life cycle. Which of the following is not a stage of the life cycle that is targeted?

Maturation

Lipids are broken down by lipase enzymes. In which organ, or accessory organ, of the digestive tract, would lipase be initially provided?

Mouth

From the list provided, select all techniques that are used to analyze DNA for mutations. (Check all that apply.)

PCR, Gene cloning, Karotypes

DNA nucleotides consist of several parts. From the list below, select the parts that would be found in DNA nucleotides. (Check all that apply.)

Phosphate group, Adenine, Deoxyribose

Chemotherapy can interact with different phases of the cell cycle. What are the main phases that these drugs target?

S, G2, and M

Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the __________.

South Pacific Islands

In which stage of breast cancer would a physician most likely use radiation and chemotherapy to treat a cancer patient?

Stage 4

Telomere length can change with age and the type of cell. Which of the following correctly describes telomere length?

Telomeres are the longest in stem cells.

Which of the following best distinguishes viral genetic material from the genetic material of a living organism?

The viral genome is either DNA or RNA and encodes for fewer proteins.

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Oswald Avery contribute?

Transformation of bacteria did not occur with the addition of DNase enzyme, suggesting DNA is the genetic material

From the list provided, select all that are provided by studying transitional fossils. (Check all that apply.)

Transitional fossils provide evidence of how a species has changed over time, Transitional fossils provide an estimated timeline of changes, Transitional fossils help calibrate the fossil record by comparing amounts of radioactive compounds.

Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation.

True

In genome editing the mutated gene is either replaced with the correct gene or completely removed.

True

DNA microarrays use enzymes to convert mRNA obtained from the cell into cDNA. This cDNA is hybridized with known DNA from specific genes isolated from the organism. If hybridization occurs, this indicates the cDNA has

bound to the corresponding gene and it is being expressed in the cell.

At the cellular level, solar energy is harvested in the __________.

chloroplast

______ is the class of lipids that consists of carbons arranged in a ringlike structure and functions in the plasma membrane and in hormone production.

cholesterols

The second law of thermodynamics states that

during the transfer of energy, some energy is lost as heat.

The process of ______ helps biologists relate the natural world and how organisms have changed over time in response to the natural world.

evolution

The oxygen exchange between the red blood cells and the alveoli is driven by diffusion. This diffusion is due to the

lower amount of oxygen found in the red blood cells.

Cells are specialized to form tissues and organs through the control of gene expression. Gene expression is regulated (turning on and off genetic instructions) by

nearby cell signals and environmental factors.

The cytochrome c protein is sometimes used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species. This is because

the closer the DNA sequences are between species, the closer they are related on an evolutionary scale.

Erwin Chargaff's research determined the percentage of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that

the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.

There are two main steps in gene expression. This first step produces mRNA, and the second step, ______, converts the mRNA into a protein.

translation

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in __________.

two monomers

In a hydrolysis reaction, ______ is added to the polymer to break the bond between the monomers.

water