Bio Final - All Quizzes (Week 1 - 15)

Temperature, rainfall, and wind are not controlled variables

A company is testing the effects of an additive to candles that is supposed to repel mosquitoes (this is the hypothesis). They predict that mosquito traps will catch fewer mosquitoes over the course of four hours when the traps are place near a candle with the additive added compared to traps near candles without the additive. The company tests their prediction by placing fifty candles with the additive around a large, outdoor space with traps near each candle. After four hours they collect the traps and count the mosquitoes. Two weeks later, they repeat the procedure using candles without the additive. What is wrong this scenario? 1. The prediction does not follow from the hypothesis if the hypothesis is correct 2.There is no control group in the experiment 3.Temperature, rainfall, and wind are not controlled variables 4.There is too small of a sample size to draw any conclusions from the experiment

All Apply

A heterozygous person with Type A blood and a heterozygous person with Type B blood have a child. What are the possible blood types the child could have? Check all the apply. 1. Type A blood 2. Type B blood 3. Type AB blood 4. Type O blood 5. All Apply

There will be no change in frequencies

A population of cats that is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium has 75% long-haired cats and 25% short haired. Hair length is controlled by two alleles, with the dominant long-hair allele having a frequency of 50%. Over the next several generations... 1. The frequency of long-haired cats will increase 2. The frequency of the long-hair allele will increase 3. There will be no change in frequencies 4. It is impossible to predict how the frequencies will change

There will be no change in frequencies (Correct! If the population is in HWE, as the question states, then allele frequencies and genotypic frequencies will stay constant.)

A population of cats that is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium has 75% long-haired cats and 25% short haired. Hair length is controlled by two alleles, with the dominant long-hair allele having a frequency of 50%. Over the next several generations... 1. The frequency of long-haired cats will increase 2. The frequency of the long-hair allele will increase 3. There will be no change in frequencies 4. It is impossible to predict how the frequencies will change

Type I survivorship curve (Correct! These are all traits associated with K-selection.)

A species is iteroparous, has a high degree of parental care, has a small number of offspring at each reproductive event, and has low mortality early in life. What survivorship curve does this species most likely have? 1. Type I survivorship curve 2. Type II survivorship curve 3. Type III survivorship curve 4. Impossible to predict

25% (2 out of 8)

A woman with type AB blood and normal vision had a color-blind father. She has a child with man who is heterozygous for type A blood and has normal vision. If the child is a son, what is the probability he will be color-blind and have type A blood? What is the percent chance? (or how many out of 8?)

1 out of 16 (6.25%)

A woman with type AB blood and normal vision had a color-blind father. She has a child with man who is heterozygous for type A blood and has normal vision. What is the chance the child will be color-blind and have type B blood? What is the chance out of 16?

Homologous

According to the information below, is bilateral symmetry homologous or convergent in bilateral animals? 1. Homologous 2. Convergent

Haploid cells

Across all of life, what does meiosis of a diploid parent cell always produce? 1.Gametes 2.Haploid cells 3.Spores 4.Zygotes

Amount of cholesterol added to the diet

As an undergraduate, I studied the effects of low temperature on insects. One experiment I did was to test the effects of cholesterol on the ability of fruit flies to survive high sub-zero temperatures. Insects cannot make cholesterol on their own, and must consume it as part of their diet. Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes, and we thought that cholesterol might be important in keeping cell membranes working properly at low temperatures. I had several vials of fruit flies. In some vials, I fed the flies their normal diet with no cholesterol added. In other vials, I added 5 mg/mL of cholesterol to the flies' diet, and in others I added 10 mg/mL to their diet. After several generations of flies had grown up on these diets, I took flies from each vial and slowly cooled them to -5°C for two hours. After returning them to room temperature, I counted how many flies survived. 1. Amount of cholesterol added to the diet 2.Number of flies surviving low temperature 3.Temperature the flies were exposed to 4.Time the flies were exposed to the low temperature

Acantobdellida, Branchiobdellida, and Hirudinea (Correct! These three groups can be traced back to a common ancestor, and that common ancestor's only descendants are these three groups.)

Based on the phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationships among annelids, which of the following collection of lineages form a monophyletic group within the annelids? 1. Acantobdellida, Branchiobdellida, and Hirudinea 2. Naididae, Aelosomatidae, and Lumbricidae 3. Neidae, Glyceridae, and Siboglinidae 4. Sabellidae and Echiuridae

One time

Beetles, butterflies, and wasps all exhibit complete metamorphosis, meaning they have a pupa stage during development. This trait in considered to be homologous in these insects. Based on this information, how many times did complete metamorphosis evolve in insects? 1. One time 2. Two times 3. Three times 4. Never

Loss of setae (Loss of setae appears twice on the phylogenetic tree, meaning that this trait evolved more than once and is not homologous)

Below is a phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationships among groups of annelids, with the evolution of several traits marked on the tree. Which of the following traits is NOT an example of a homology within the annelids? 1. Clitellum 2. Bicellular eyes 3. Direct development 4. Loss of setae

Behavioral isolation (Correct! The different calls of the frogs are a part of their courtship behaviors.)

Courtship and reproduction in green frogs (Lithobates clamitans) involve male frogs returning to a pond and calling. Female green frogs locate and choose males to mate with on the basis of the call. All frogs must mate in the water, and so there are frequently many species of frogs and toads calling from the same pond at the same time as the green frog. What reproductive isolation mechanism helps keep green frogs distinct from other species of frogs? 1. Behavioral isolation 2. Habitat isolation 3. Hybrid sterility 4. Temporal isolation

Behavioral isolation

Courtship in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is characterized by a series of actions on the part of the male: antennal probing, wing movements, rotating around the female, chasing the female, and licking. Eventually, the female may permit the male to proceed with copulation. Mating in these flies usually occurs on rotting fruit, where other species of Drosophila may be feeding as well. What type of reproductive isolation keeps these species separate from one another? 1. Behavioral isolation 2. Habitat isolation 3. Hybrid infertility 4. Temporal isolation

1 out of 4 (25%)

Cystic fibrosis is a serious disease caused by a ressive allele at a single gene. People with cystic fibrosis produce a thick, sticky mucus in their tracheae that can obstruct air flow to their lungs. Two people, who both have relatives with cystic fibrosis, are planning on have a child together. They are both healthy, but they worry that they might be carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele (i.e. be heterozygous). IF they are both carriers, what is the probablity that their child will have cystic fibrosis? 1. 0 out of 4 (0%) 2. 1 out of 4 (25%) 3. 2 out of 4 (50%) 4. 3 out of 4 (75%) 5. 4 out of 4 (100%)

2 out of 4 (50%)

Cystic fibrosis is a serious disease caused by a ressive allele at a single gene. People with cystic fibrosis produce a thick, sticky mucus in their tracheae that can obstruct air flow to their lungs. Two people, who both have relatives with cystic fibrosis, are planning on have a child together. They are both healthy, but they worry that they might be carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele (i.e. heterozygous). IF they are both carriers, what is the probablity that their child will healthy, but be a carrier of the cystic fibrosis allele? 1. 0 out of 4 (0%) 2. 1 out of 4 (25% 3. 2 out of 4 (50%) 4. 3 out of 4 (75%) 5. 4 out of 4 (100%)

Cross a red flower and a white flower (Correct! Red and white flowers are both homozygous, so all offspring would be heterozygous pink flowers.)

Flower color is a particular flower is controlled by a gene with two alleles: a red allele and a white allele. These alleles show incomplete dominance. What type of cross would you perform to generate offspring that all had pink flowers? 1. Cross two red flowers 2. Cross two white flowers 3. Cross two pink flowers 4. Cross a red flower and a white flower 5. Cross a red flower and a pink flower

Shared traits through convergent evolution (Correct! Grasshoppers and fleas are relatively distantly related, and both have much closer relatives that don't have strong jumping ability. The most likely scenario is large hind legs for jumping evolved separately in the immediate ancestors of grasshoppers and fleas. They arrived at this trait independently, through convergent evolution.)

Grasshoppers and fleas are two types of insects with relatively large hind legs and strong jumping abilities. The evolutionary tree below shows the hypothesized relationships among the major groups of insects. The groups containing grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and fleas (Siphonaptera) are marked on the tree. Which statement best describes this evolution of jumping ability in these insects? 1. Divergent Evolution 2. Homologous Traits 3. Shared traits through convergent evolution 4. Shared traits through simultaneous evolution

Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 800,000 years

How does the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere compare to historical concentrations? 1. Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 800,000 years 2. Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 200 million years 3. Currently the same as it has been in earth's recent history 4. Current concentrations fall within the normal variation of atmospheric carbon dioxide

4

How many chromosomes are pictured the in this cell? 1. 2 2. 4 3. 14 4. 8

8

How many chromosomes are pictured the in this cell? 1. 2 2. 4 3. 8 4. 14

It would continue to increase

If humans were to immediately eliminate all carbon dioxides contributions from farming and burning plant matter, how would that affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? 1. It would continue to increase. 2. It will decrease to two-thirds of it's current concentration 3. It will slowly start to decrease 4. It will remain at its current concentration

Two cells with are large and a small chromosome, one cell with only a small chromosome, and one cell with a small chromosome and a replicated large chromosome

Imagine a parent cell with two sets of chromosomes. Each set consists of one large and one small chromosome. Imagine that this cell goes through meiosis, but there is a nondisjunction during anaphase II of meiosis involving the large chromosome in one of the cells. What is the chromosomal composition of the four daughter cell resulting form this? Ignore crossing over for the purposes of this question. 1.Two cells with two large and one small chromosome, and two cells the only a small chromosome 2.All four cells with one large and one small chromosome 3.Two cells with are large and a small chromosome, one cell with only a small chromosome, and one cell with a small chromosome and a replicated large chromosome 4.Two cells with with a large and a small chromosome, one cell with two large and two small chromosomes, and one cell with no chromosomes

Divergence or variation between the populations is low

Imagine two lakes that are connected by a stream. The very rare unicorn catfish lives in the lakes, but can swim between the lakes using the stream. There are about 1000 unicorn catfish in each lake. What is the likely degree of divergence or variation between the two populations in the two lakes? 1. Divergence or variation between the populations is high 2. Divergence or variation between the populations is low 3. Impossible to predict

0.42 (Correct! The frequency of the a allele is 0.7 (that is 1-0.3), and so the expected frequency of the Aa genotype is 2*0.3*0.7)

In a population, there are 10 individuals with the AA genotype, 10 with the Aa genotype, and 30 with the aa genotype. What is the expected frequency of Aa heterozygotes, assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? 1. 0.09 2. 0.21 3. 0.42 4. 0.91

0.3 (Correct! (2*10+10)/(2*50) = 0.3)

In a population, there are 10 individuals with the AA genotype, 10 with the Aa genotype, and 30 with the aa genotype. What is the frequency of the A allele in this population? 1. 0.2 2. 0.3 3. 0.4 4. 0.6

3 out of 16 (18.75%)

In cats, all white fur is dominant to colored fur, and short hair is dominant to long hair. Suppose two white, short-haired cats mate. If they are both heterozygous both genes, what is the probability that one of their kittens will have short, colored fur? What is the chance out of 16?

Change in the allele frequencies of a population over generations (The is the re-framing of our original definition of evolution in light of the discoveries about inheritance, genes, and alleles. The integration of discoveries in genetics with evolution is what we call the Modern Synthesis.)

In terms of the Modern Synthesis, evolution can be defined as the... 1. Improvement of a species over time 2. Change in the characteristics of a species over time 3. Change in the allele frequencies of a population over generations 4. Process of becoming adapted to an environment

The ability to digest milk in adulthood gave a greater fitness advantage

Mammals are born with an active lactase gene that helps digest the lactose in milk while they are nursing. When they stop nursing, the lactase gene turns off, lactase is no longer produce, and they can no longer digest milk. Approximately 10,000 years ago, some populations of cattle-rearing prehistoric humans began to be able to digest milk as adults, and this ability spread through a large segment of the human species. What happened 10,000 years ago to begin this process? 1. The ability to digest milk in adulthood gave a greater fitness advantage 2. Behavioral isolation evolved separating populations that could digest milk for those that couldn't 3. Gene flow brought a lactase allele that stayed on through adulthood into the population 4. Genetic drift caused the lactase allele to increase in frequency

Flies carrying the resistant allele were more likely to survive to adult hood and pass that allele to a greater proportion of the offspring in the next generation.

Many Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) populations around the world have evolved to be resistant to the insecticide DDT. Which of the following statements most accurately describes how this evolution happened? 1. Female fruit flies choose mates on the basis of insecticide resistance. 2. Flies needed to be able to withstand DDT in the environment, so resistance alleles appeared and evolved. 3. Flies carrying the resistant allele were more likely to survive to adult hood and pass that allele to a greater proportion of the offspring in the next generation. 4. The evolution of resistance alleles ensured that the species would survive in an environment with DDT.

No, a mutation rate of zero will ultimately result in an inability adapt to new environments

Many scientists have conjectured that mutation rate is a selectable parameter. This would mean that the rate at which mutations occur in a population can evolve through natural selection. If this is true, would we expect to see populations with naturally selected mutation rates of zero? (I.e. populations where no mutations ever occur due to natural selection) 1. Yes, eliminating mutations will keep a population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 2. Yes, mutations are harmful and eliminating them increases fitness 3. No, a mutation rate of zero will ultimately result in an inability adapt to new environments 4. No, mutations are always beneficial and more mutations will increase fitness

Character displacement (Correct! The minks were likely competing over the same food and/or shelter resources. The biggest European minks and the smallest American minks were not overlapping in size, and had access to resources without competion. They were the minks most likely to reproduce, and so passed their respective size alleles to their offspring. The species diverged in size, effectively partitioning the resources in their habitat.)

Minks are weasel-like predators. When American minks (Mustela vison) were introduced in eastern Europe, it found itself co-existing with the native European mink (Mustela lutreola). Over the course of ten years, the native European minks increased in size, and the introduced minks decreased in size. The size of a weasel is related to what prey it takes. What is this an example of? 1. Character displacement 2. Commensalism 3. Disruptive selection 4. Mutualism

r-selected (Correct! The large number of eggs and lack of parental care is consistent with r-selection)

My father often goes on a trout fishing trips in West Virginia, something we did together for many years. During spawning season, female rainbow trout lay about 2000-3000 eggs. She covers them with gravel, but otherwise provides no care for the eggs or the hatched juveniles. Are rainbow trout most likely r-selected or K-selected species? 1. r-selected 2. K-selected

Increase

Now imagine people have filled in the stream to build a shopping center. The construction also destroyed some of the unicorn catfish habitat in the two lakes, and there are now only 50 catfish in each lake. What will happen to the genetic variation between each of the two populations? 1. Increase 2. Decrease 3. Stay the same 4. Impossible to predict

Decrease

Now imagine people have filled in the stream to build a shopping center. The construction also destroyed some of the unicorn catfish habitat in the two lakes, and there are now only 50 catfish in each lake. What will happen to the genetic variation within each of the two populations? 1. Increase 2. Decrease 3. Stay the same 4. Impossible to predict

Intersexual selection

On the island of Trinidad, there are many streams flowing out of the mountainous center of the island down to the sea. These streams consist of a series of pools separated by small waterfalls as the streams flow down the mountainsides. Trinidad is famous for the guppies that inhabit many of these pools. Guppies are rather small fish, and guppies in a given pool cannot traverse the waterfalls to reach higher pools upstream, and they carefully avoid being washed over the falls to lower pools downstream. This means that each pool has a more or less isolated population of guppies inhabiting it. As a result, the streams and fish of Trinidad are particularly famous among biologists for the opportunities they present to conduct evolutionary experiments that can be replicated in different pools. In pools where the guppies live with no larger fish species, the male guppies often have brilliantly colored strips or spots during the mating season. This is a result of... 1. Balancing selection 2. Intrasexual selection 3. Intersexual selection 4. Natural selection

Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Once inside a hot cell, what does a virus first do during a lytic cycle? 1. Burst out of the host cell 2. Find another virus in the cell to exchange genetic information with 3. Incorporate itself into the host genome and allow it to reproduce 4. Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

The number of spots would decrease because the new environment with predators has a greater fitness cost for colorful spots.

One experiment that scientists have conducted with these guppies is to introduce predators to some of the pools that previously had only guppies. They counted the number of colorful spots on male guppies over several generations. How would you predict that number of spots would change when predators are introduced to the ponds? 1. The number of spots would decrease because the new environment with predators has a greater fitness cost for colorful spots. 2. The number of spots would decrease because female guppies would no longer be attracted to colorful fish. They would not want their offspring to inherit the very visible spots. 3. The number of spots would increase as a warning to the predators 4. The number of spots would increase through gene flow from nearby ponds 5. The number of spots fluctuate up and down through genetic drift

Perpetual change and gradualism (Correct! The fossil record shows the pelecypods are steadily changing over time)

Paleontologists have measured the dimensions of fossils of a pelecypod species (similar to clams) from a layers of limestone that span approximately ten million years. They have documented that over the ten million years, the shells of this species have steadily grown narrower, but have increased in depth. This is evidence for which theories of evolution? 1. Common descent and multiplication of species 2. Gradualism and natural selection 3. Natural selection and common descent 4. Perpetual change and multiplication 5. Perpetual change and gradualism

Males with longer legs were more likely to acquire and defend territory from other males to display their trains

Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) are well-known birds native to southern Asia. Males, called peacocks have long tails or "trains" patterned with numerous eyespots they they can hold upright in a display, and have long claws on their legs. Females, called peahens, have much short, undecorated tails. In a 2005 study, a researcher named Loyau and her colleagues examined the role of intrasexual selection in peafowl. Which of the following pieces of evidence from their study support the presence of intrasexual selection among male peacocks? 1. Females showed preference for males with a greater density of eyespots on their trains 2. Males with longer legs were more likely to acquire and defend territory from other males to display their trains 3. The length of a claw on the legs of males was unrelated to mating success 4. Shorter trains in males tended to have a greater density of eyespots

0% (Correct! All of the children would inherit an X chromosome with a normal vision allele from the mother. This is the dominant allele, so all offspring would have normal vision.)

Red-green color-blindness is a recessive, X-linked trait in humans. Suppose a color-blind male and female homozygous for normal vision have a child together. What is the probability the child will be color-blind? 1. 0% 2. 25% 3. 50% 4. 75% 5. 100%

Allopatric speciation (Correct! Allopatric speciation results in related species living in different geographic areas.)

Species of southern beech trees in the genus Nothofagus can be found in South America, Australia, New Zealand, and in other Pacific islands. The presence of related, but distinct, species on these different continents and islands is likely the result of... 1. Allopatric speciation 2. Coevolution 3. Convergent evolution 4. Sympatric speciation

Cannot determine dominance from provided information

The Ok blood type system is another blood type system controlled by a different gene than the ABO blood type system, but does not seem to affect transfusions, so it is rarely tracked. The most common allele in Ok systems is called Ok1 or Oka. Based on the information provided, is the Ok1 allele dominant, co-dominant, or recessive? 1.Dominant 2.Codominant 3.Recessive 4.Cannot determine dominance from provided information

Controlled Variables

The table below is from a study on fecal transplant as a treatment of recurrent C-diff infections. What role do the factors in the table play in the study? 1. Control groups 2. Controlled variables 3. Dependent variables 4. Independent variables 5. Treatment groups

There is no variation for darker colored fur in the population (Correct! If a brown fur color variant does not exist in the population, natural selection cannot select for brown fur color, no matter how beneficial it might seem.)

There is a population of saber-toothed mice living in Greenland. Their fur is white, and so they can blend into the consistently snowy ground. Like in all mice, there are several interacting genes that control fur color. Due to global warming, snow cover on Greenland is reducing, revealing brown soil or gray bedrock. Using your time machine, you go 200 years into the future. The mice in Greenland are still white and are being heavily eaten by predators. Why do you think they have they not evolved brown fur to blend in? 1. There is no variation for darker colored fur in the population 2. Fur color is not heritable 3. Darker fur color does not affect survival and reproduction 4. There was not enough time for natural selection to occur.

Increase (Correct! The smaller populations are now experiencing strong genetic drift, which tends in increase variation between populations.)

There two lakes with no connection between them. Both lakes harbor a population of rare unicorn catfish. Recent construction in the area has damage some of the unicorn catfish environment in the lakes. There used be over one thousand unicorn catfish living in the lakes, now the population size in each is only 50 catfish. What will happen to the amount of genetic variation between the two populations? 1. Increase 2. Decrease 3. Stay the same 4. Impossible to predict

Photosynthesized glucose

What benefit do mycorrhizal fungi receive from their mutualistic partner? 1. Organic material that the fungus can break down for food 2. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus 3. Photosynthesized glucose 4. Structural support or framework for fungal mycelial growth

Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the water acidifies the ocean, removing carbonate ions that the mollusc need to make their shells

What effect does increased carbon dioxide levels have on mollusc shells? 1. Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the water acidifies the ocean, removing carbonate ions that the mollusc need to make their shells 2. Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the water means more carbonate ions that the molluscs can use to make their shells 3. The warmer temperature from the carbon dioxide will stress the molluscs 4. Carbon dioxide would have no effect on mollusc shells

Serves as hydrostatic skeleton for circular and longitudinal muscles to contract against

What function does the fluid-filled coelom provide in annelids in particular? 1. Protect against dehydration 2. Reservoir of dissolved oxygen for the annelid 3. Serves as hydrostatic skeleton for circular and longitudinal muscles to contract against 4. Transport nutrients from intestines to body cells

Waste products cannot diffuse out of the egg on land, so they are stored by the allantois away from the embryo

What is one way that the amniotic egg was important in the evolution of fully terrestrial vertebrates? 1. Amniotic eggs are carried internally by the mother, so there is no need to return to water to lay the eggs 2. Waste products cannot diffuse out of the egg on land, so they are stored by the allantois away from the embryo 3. The chorion contains a food source for the developing embryo 4. The amnion protect the embryo from predators

A significant percentage of species that are endangered or threatened, if not extinct in the wild

What is the "biodiversity crisis"? 1. A significant percentage of species that are endangered or threatened, if not extinct in the wild 2. Large number of invasive or non-native species establishing around the world 3. More and more species of bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics 4. Humans are in danger of being overwhelmed by other species in the environment.

Mutation

What is the ultimate source of all genetic variation? 1. Gene flow 2. Genetic drift 3. Mutation 4. Natural selection 5. Mutation and natural Selection 6. Gene flow and mutation 7. Genetic Drift and natural selection

Mutation (Correct! All variation can be traced back to a mutation that occurred at some point in the past.)

What is the ultimate source of all genetic variation? Check all that apply. 1. Mutation 2. Natural selection 3. Genetic drift 4. Gene flow

Natural selection to does not create variation to fill a perceived need.

What is wrong with the statement "Early hominins needed to use tools to advance, so natural selection gave them proportionally larger brains to develop and utilize tools"? 1. Natural selection to does not create variation to fill a perceived need. 2. Humans and our ancestors escaped and were no longer subject to natural selection 3. Brain size evolved through genetic drift, not natural selection. 4. Nothing is wrong, it is a perfectly accurate statement

Sexual populations can adapt more quickly Sexual reproduction allows beneficial mutations in different individuals to be brought together in the same individual (the offspring) Sexually reproducing individuals are more likely to have some of their offspring survive despite changes to their environment

What potential evolutionary advantages does sexual reproduction offer? Check all that apply. 1. Sexual populations can adapt more quickly 2.Sexual populations can grow much more quickly 3.Sexual reproduction allows beneficial mutations in different individuals to be brought together in the same individual (the offspring) 4.Sexually reproducing individuals are more likely to have some of their offspring survive despite changes to their environment

The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize. (Correct! Conversion of nitrogen from one from to another as it moves through the nitrogen cycle is almost entire done by various prokaryotes. They are the drives of the nitrogen cycle.)

What role do bacteria that utilize nitrogen in energy acquisition play in ecosystems? 1. They can form the basis of ecosystems where no other energy source is available, such as deep-sea vents. 2. They converted the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of prehistoric earth to oxygen. 3. The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize. 4. They can clean up nitrogen pollution

Choanocytes

What special type of cell to sponges have to create water movement and filter food? 1. Choanocytes 2. Cnidocytes 3. Goblet cells 4. Plasmatocytes

Metaphase

What stage of mitosis is picture here? 1. Interphase 2.Prophase 3.Pro-metaphase 4.Metaphase 5.Anaphase 6.Telophase 7.Cytokinesis

Anaphase

What stage of mitosis is pictured here? 1. Interphase 2.Prophase 3.Pro-metaphase 4. Metaphase 5.Anaphase 6.Telophase

1 or 2

What will happen when two species are attempting to co-exist on a limiting resource? 1. One will be eliminated from that environment 2. Natural selection will result in morphological change in one or both of the species so that they are no longer attempting to use the same limiting resource 3. They will be in a permanent cycle of competition for the resource 4. 1 or 2 5. 1 or 3 6. 2 or 3

Common descent

When studying the sequence of a particular gene in gorillas, scientists found that the sequence was very similar to sequence of the same gene in chimpanzees. Horses had a sequence that was slightly less similar. Snapping turtles had a gene sequence that was also similar, but with a few more differences than the horse. This is evidence for which evolutionary theory? 1. Perpetual change 2. Gradualism 3. Natural selection 4. Common descent

Area A (Correct! The greater net primary productivity provides a larger foundation that will support larger food webs.)

Which area on Earth most likely has the longest and most complex food webs? 1. Area A 2. Area B 3. Area C 4. Area D

Medusa

Which body form in cnidarians usually engages in sexual reproduction? 1. anemone 2. Medusa 3. Polyp 4. Sessile

1, 2, 3, and 4

Which groups of organisms have at least some members that can reproduce using mitosis or binary fission? Check all the apply; you must check all the correct answers to receive points. 1.Bacteria 2.Single-celled organisms 3. Plants 4.Animals 5.No organism can reproduce through mitosis 6. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Chemoheterotrophic

Which of the following characteristics is common to ALL animals? 1. Chemoheterotrophic 2. Gastrulation during development 3. Nervous system 4. All of the above

A fox that lived for 7 years and had 10 offspring

Which of the following foxes has the greatest fitness? 1. A fox that lived for 7 years and had 10 offspring 2. A fox that lived for 13 years and had 8 offspring. 3. A fox that can run faster than any other fox. 4. A fox that is young and just entering reproductive age.

Backbone

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the phylum Chordata? 1. Backbone 2. Hollow dorsal nerve cord 3. Notochord 4. Pharyngeal slits 5. Post-anal tail

Mitosis happens before adulthood, meiosis happens after adulthood is reached.

Which of the following is NOT a difference between mitosis and meiosis? 1.Mitosis happens before adulthood, meiosis happens after adulthood is reached. 2.Mitosis produces two daughter cells, meiosis produces four. 3.The daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical; the daughter cells in meiosis are genetically different from each other. 4.In animals, the daughter cells in mitosis are diploid; the daughter cells in meiosis are haploid.

Population will have harmful traits selected for by natural selection (Correct! Natural selection may be weakened by lack of variation, or be overpowered by strong drift in very small populations. However, natural selection itself will never directly select for or increase the frequency of harmful traits.)

Which of the following is NOT a step in the extinction vortex? 1. Small populations tend to lose genetic variation through genetic drift 2. Natural selection is hindered or limited in populations with less genetic variation 3. Population will have harmful traits selected for by natural selection 4. Population in an extinction vortex experience a gradual reduction in fitness

Gypsy moth caterpillers defoliating trees in New England

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ecosystem service? 1. Gypsy moth caterpillers defoliating trees in New England 2. The biting midge Forcipomyia pollinating cacao flowers in Central and South America 3. Populations of native damsel bugs eating aphids feeding on soybean plants in farm fields 4. Butterfly species visiting flowers in a garden

Create conservation area with the largest size possible (Correct! The larger size will support a larger population, minimizing genetic drift and its reduction of genetic variation.)

Which of the following is a good way to preserve genetic variation in endangered populations? 1. Create conservation area with the largest size possible 2. Create conservation areas as far apart as possible in case something happens to one 3. Contain individuals in their own local populations to prevent spread of disease 4. Allow invasive species, habitat fragmentation, and climate change to continue. The challenges this places on species will spur evolution and adaptation

Water vascular system

Which of the following is a unique feature of echinoderms? 1. Deuterostome development 2. Mantle 3. Pentaradial larvae 4. Water vascular system

Eukaryotic cells have nuclei, prokaryotic cells do not

Which of the following is an accurate differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 1. Prokaryotic cells are larger 2. Eukaryotic cells have nuclei, prokaryotic cells do not 3. Eukaryotic cells have ribosomes, prokaryotic cells do not 4. Eukaryotic cells have DNA, prokaryotic cells do not 5. Prokaryotic cells have cell walls, eukaryotic cells do not

Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms (Correct! Two of the three domains consist of prokaryotes)

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the 3 domains of life? 1. All single-celled forms of life are grouped into one domain 2. The division of life into three domains dates back to the ancient Greeks 3. Prokaryotic organisms are not included among the 3 domains 4. Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms

None of the above (Correct! Genetic drift is a necessary consequence of finite populations. All populations that are not infinitely large will experience genetic drift. It may be weak, or its effects may be over-powered by other evolutionary processes, but drift will always still be happening.)

Which of the following populations will not experience any genetic drift? 1. Populations experiencing large amount of gene flow 2. Populations under strong selection 3. Very large populations 4. All of the above 5. None of the above

Primary producers will always have more energy/biomass; the pyramid can never be inverted (Correct! There is always a loss of energy due to indigestibility of some biomass and the spending of energy by species before it is converted into biomass. As a result, there can never be more energy in a higher trophic level than one below it.)

Which of the following statements about productivity pyramids in terrestrial ecosystems is true? 1. Primary producers will always have more energy/biomass; the pyramid can never be inverted 2. Tertiary consumers will always have more energy/biomass; the pyramid can never be inverted 3. There is an average of 50% loss of energy or biomass with each trophic level 4. Mutualistic interactions will always outnumber other types of interactions in a community, since both parties are more productive as a result of the interaction.

Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between natural selection and evolution? 1. They are synonymous terms 2. Evolution is the formation of two new species due to natural selection 3. Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution 4. Natural selection is the only mechanism of evolution

Jointed appendages can increase the potential movement speed of species

Which of the following statements regarding the jointed appendages of arthropods is correct? 1. The jointed appendages are the same shape in all arthropods 2. The jointed appendages are identical along the body of individual arthropods 3. Jointed appendages can increase the potential movement speed of species 4. Jointed appendages are only found in insects

Phylum (Correct! All of the the other choices are subgroups with in phyla. A phylum would include the widest variety of species.)

Which of the following taxonomic ranks is the most inclusive (potentially includes the most species) 1. Class 2. Genus 3. Order 4. Phylum

Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Which two phyla are the most important endoparasites of humans? 1. Arthropoda and Nematoda 2. Nematoda and Platyhelminthes 3. Cnidaria and Echinodermata 4. Cnidaria and Mollusca

Stable environments

Which type of environment is likely to be the most suitable for an asexually reproducing species? 1.Cold environments 2. Dry environments 3. Species-rich environments 4.Stable environments

Virus vector vaccine (Correct! These vaccines carry the gene for the spike protein inside a virus capsid. The virus brings the gene into a person's cell, and the gene is incorporated into the cells DNA. It will then be used to make the spike proteins the immune system will learn to recognize.)

Which type of vaccine requires certain viral genes (such as for a spike protein in a viral capsid) to be incorporated into genome of the individual receiving the vaccine? 1. Attenuated or weakened virus 2. Inactivated virus vaccine 3. mRNA vaccine 4. Virus vector vaccine

They experience more genetic drift and less gene flow (Correct! They are small (more genetic drift) and isolated (less gene flow), and this combination of evolutionary mechanisms is going to lead to the greatest decrease in genetic variation.)

Why are small, isolated populations at greatest risk of extinction? 1. They experience more genetic drift and more gene flow 2. They experience less genetic drift and more gene flow 3. They experience more genetic drift and less gene flow 4. They experience less genetic drift and less gene flow

Organisms cannot take in enough energy to ensure survival to adulthood and to produce large numbers of offspring (Correct! Such a combination of traits in not possible with energy and resources available to most species.)

Why do we not see species with both high survivorship to sexual maturity and high fecundity? 1. Competition for food resources would be too great 2. Organisms cannot take in enough energy to ensure survival to adulthood and to produce large numbers of offspring 3. Populations would get too large too fast 4. None of the above; there are species with high survivorship and high fecundity

Individuals with higher reproductive rates were more likely to have at least some offspring successfully locate and infect a new host.

Why has a high reproductive rate been selected for in parasitic platyhelminthes? 1. Hosts are much larger than the parasites, so there are enough resources to support a large number offspring in the host. 2. Individuals with higher reproductive rates were more likely to have at least some offspring successfully locate and infect a new host. 3. Individuals with higher reproductive rates are more likely to evade the immune system of the host 4. Large number of offspring create more opportunities for cooperation among offspring in finding hosts

Most likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do (Correct! The goal is to re-populate the natural gut microbiome, and a person living with would likely have a similar natural microbiome)

Why is a family member that lives with you the best source for a stool sample for fecal transplant? 1. Considered to be the most ethical source 2. Less chance of transplant rejection by your body 3. Most convenient source 4. Most likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

Antibiotic resistance can spread in a population by conjugation (Correct! If an F plasmid contains an antibiotic resistance gene, it will be transferred to the other cell during conjugation along with the plasmid.)

Why is bacterial conjugation relevant to the medical field? 1. Antibiotic resistance can spread in a population by conjugation 2. How plasmids function in the nuclei of human cells can be studied in conjugating bacteria 3. Mechanisms of conjugation may provided clues to the treatment of infertility 4. Vertical transmission is more easily studied in conjugating bacteria.

It acknowledges that resources are not infinite (Correct! The fact that resources are limited is modeled by the carrying capacity in the logistic model.)

Why is the logistic growth model a more realistic model for population growth? 1. It acknowledges that resources are not infinite 2. It does not make any assumptions about predator/prey cycling 3. It does not place any limitations on population growth 4. It is not a more realistic model

Pseudocoelomate

You are studying a new type of animal. This animal has a body cavity with mesoderm-derived muscle on the on outside of the cavity. The digestive tract runs through middle of the cavity, but only connected to the body at the mouth and anus; there is not connection between the gut and the muscle on the outside. This animal is... 1. Acoelomate 2. Coelomate 3. Pseudocoelomate

Photoheterotrophic (Correct! This metabolic strategy captures solar energy (light) to acquire energy for itself, and takes in pre-existing carbon-carbon bonds in order to make its own building material)

You are studying a species of bacteria that requires light and access to complex organic molecules to grow. It cannot survive only on carbon dioxide (CO2). Which term best describes its metabolic strategy? 1. Chemoheterotrophic 2. Chemoautotrophic 3. Photoheterotrophic 4. Photoautotrophic

Complex organic molecules (Correct! It's energy comes from chemical reactions converting ammonia to nitrate (chemotrophic could also cover the use the chemical bonds in organic molecules for energy, but this species in this question is described as using ammonia, not organic molecules). Autotrophic means that it can use single-carbon molecules like carbon dioxide to build organic molecules, and doesn't need to ingest pre-existing carbon-carbon bonds.)

You are tasked with culturing a chemoautotrophic bacteria that metabolizes ammonia into nitrite in order to make ATP. Which of the following resources does it NOT need to survive? 1. Complex organic molecules 2. Ammonia 3. Carbon dioxide

Arthropoda

You discover a new species. It has bilateral symmetry, the blastopore develops into a mouth, two gut openings, a layer of mesoderm-derived tissue surrounding the gut, a body made of repeating subunits, and it sheds its cuticle during development. What phylum is it most likely a member of? 1. Arthropoda 2. Chordata 3. Nematoda 4. Annelida

Look for females tending to choose males who have larger mandibles (Correct! Intersexual selection favors traits that make one sex more attractive to the other sex.)

You find a new species of insect with very large mandibles (jaws) in the males of the species. You hypothesize that they evolved through intersexual selection. What evidence would you look for to support that hypothesis? 1. Look for males using the mandibles to fight each other 2. Look for higher mortality among males with small mandibles 3. Look for females tending to choose males who have larger mandibles 4. Look for males using the mandibles to capture much bigger prey than females

Odorous house ants lay down a chemical trail that other ants are able to detect and follow along the same path

You observe that the tiny black ants around your house (probably odorous house ants) always seem to move in large groups following the same path. You wonder (pose a research question), "How are the ants able to all follow the same trail?" You know from previous observation and research that odorous house ants have very small eyes, but well-developed antennae. You also know that other insects use antennae for chemosensory reception (smell and taste). What would be a valid scientific hypothesis in this situation? 1. Odorous house ants are attracted to sugary food sources, and it is beneficial to help other members of their colony find food sources. 2.Odorous house ants lay down a chemical trail that other ants are able to detect and follow along the same path 3.Odorous house ants are using visual landmarks to guide them along the same path 4.Experimentally removing antennae from ants will make the unable to follow the same path as the rest of the colony