BIO Final Exam Review (CH 3)

Prion

A _____ is an infectious agent composed only of proteins. A. capsid B. virus C. bacteria D. prion

Disease causing microorganism

A pathogen is a _____. A. disease always present within a population B. prion, composed only of proteins C. specialist in the study of disease D. disease-causing microorganism

Opportunistic

A weakened patient, such as one with a weakened immune system, is an ideal target for an _____ pathogen. A. emerging B. reemerging C. isolation D. opportunistic

True

Contaminated inanimate objects are called fomites, and these can also transmit infection.

True

Antibiotic resistance arises when bacteria adapt to antibiotics.

Bacterial

Antibiotic resistance plays an important role in the increased incidence of _____ infections. A. protozoan B. fungual C. bacterial D. viral

Walls and membranes

Antifungal drugs target fungal _____. A. DNA and RNA B. cell organelles C. cell nuclei D. walls and membranes

True

Handwashing prevents foodborne illnesses as well as those transmitted by respiratory droplets.

True

Health care workers who have antibodies to HBV either from preexposure vaccination or prior infection are not at risk for contracting Hepatitis B.

True

Healthcare facilities are a major reservoir for opportunistic pathogens that can cause nosocomial infections.

True

If a disease occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area, it is said to be epidemic.

Vaccinations

Of all methods, _____ may be the most effective way to protect personal and public health from infectious diseases, such as the elimination of smallpox. A. antibiotics B. vaccinations C. fomites D. nosocomials

Cilia

One classification of protozoa move by means of numerous hairlike projections called _____. A. cilia B. flagellates C. mycelia D. spores

The cell wall and are especially useful in controlling gram-positive bacteria

Penicillin and related drugs act on _____. A. the cell nucleus and are especially useful in controlling gram-positive viruses B. the cell nucleus and are especially useful in controlling gram-negative viruses C. the cell wall and are especially useful in controlling gram-positive bacteria D. the cell wall and are especially useful in controlling gram-negative bacteria

Carriers

People who harbor an infectious agent but do not have signs or symptoms are known as _____. A. reservoir B. carriers C. prions D. fomites

AIDS

Pneumocystis jirovecii causes an opportunistic form of pneumonia, one of the diagnostic indicator diseases for _____ A. HBV B. SLE C. IgG D. AIDS

True

Prion diseases usually progress rapidly and are currently untreatable and fatal.

Much larger than bacteria

Protozoa are _____. A. much larger than helminths B. much smaller than viruses C. much larger than bacteria D. much smaller than bacteria

True

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms.

True

Punctures, injections, bites, and surgery that allow microorganisms to be deposited directly into the tissue below the skin is known as the parenteral route of infection.

False

The OSHA bloodborne Pathogens Standard is aimed at protecting healthcare workers from exposure to and infection by bloodborne pathogens.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The _____ estimates that 5.6 million healthcare workers in the United States are at risk work-related exposure to bloodborne pathogens. A. World Health Organization B. Occupational Safety and Health Administration C. Department of Health and Human Services D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

True

The average risk of HIV infection after needlestick exposure or cut exposure to HIV-infected blood is 0.3%.

Cervical

The human papillomavirus is linked to _____ cancer. A. thyroid B. cervical C. skin D. brain

Urinary tract infections

The most common type of nosocomial infections are _____. A. surgical site infections B. bloodstream infections C. respiratory infections D. urinary tract infections

False

The number of existing cases of a disease is known as its incidence.

Nosocomial

The principle routes of transmission of _____ infections are contact with healthcare staff, contact with contaminated instruments, and through the hospital's ventilation system A. nosocomial B. microbiota C. endemic D. cilia

True

The source of an infectious agent is known as a reservoir.

Pathogen

The word _____ is derived from Greek words that mean "to cause suffering." A. infection B. pathogen C. contagious D. disease

True

There are certain antibiotics that may be used to treat protozoal infections.

Incidence

Tracking the _____ of a disease is tracking the number of new cases of a disease in a population. A. pandemic B. prevalence C. incidence D. outbreak

True

Transmission by direct contact also occurs when infectious agents are expelled in droplets produced by sneezing or coughing.

True

Treatment for systemic fungual infections entail risky side effects.

False

Vertical transmission of infectious diseases can occur either directly or indirectly.

False

Viral infections can be treated with a variety of antibiotics.

Capsid

Viruses are infectious particles with a core of genetic material wrapped in a _____. A. capsid B. virus C. bacteria D. prion

True

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they do not independently grow, metabolize, or reproduce.

Endemic

When a disease always occurs at low levels in a population, it is said to be _____. A. epidemic B. pathodemic C. endemic D. pandemic

Standard precautions

Where bloodborne pathogens are likely to be encountered, a workplace must adopt the practice of _____. A. isolation techniques B. sterilization standards C. standard precautions D. quarantine precautions

Respiratory

_____ etiquette controls the spread of influenza, cold, tuberculosis, and other pulmonary disease. A. digestive B. cardiac C. respiratory D. urinary

Measles

_____ is a highly contagious disease caused by the rubeola virus. A. rubella B. mumps C. measles D. tetanus

Mumps

_____ is caused by the paramyxovirus. A. rubella B. mumps C. measles D. tetanus

Quarantine

_____ is the separation of persons who may or may not be infected from healthy people until the period of infectious risk is passed. A. infestation B. quarantine C. isolation D. disinfection

Viruses

_____ must carry out their life processes by entering cells and directing the cell's energy, materials, and organelles. A. capsids B. viruses C. bacteria D. prions

Isolation

_____ of infected persons in hospitals, such as a person with influenza remains home in bed, can be an effective way to control infectious diseases. A. infestation B. quarantine C. isolation D. disinfection

Disinfection

_____ of potentially infectious materials, like surfaces in patient's rooms and linens, is necessary to prevent transmission. A. infestation B. quarantine C. isolation D. disinfection

Horizontal

_____ transmission describes transmission of an infectious disease from a reservoir to a susceptible human. A. horizontal B. oblique C. vertical D. diagonal

Indirect transmission

_____ transmission of an infectious disease occurs when a pathogen can withstand the environment outside of its host for a long period of time before infecting another individual. A. direct horizontal B. indirect vertical C. indirect transmission D. direct vertical

Direct horizontal

_____ transmission of an infectious disease occurs when an individual is infected by contact with the reservoir. A. direct horizontal B. indirect vertical C. indirect horizontal D. direct vertical

True

Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms.

True

Bacteria that are comma-shaped are called vibrios.

Cocci

Bacteria that have spherical (round) shapes are called _____. A. spirochetes B. bacilli C. vibrios D. cocci

Direct

Diseases that are transmitted primarily by _____ contact include ringworm, HIV/AIDS, the common cold, and influenza. A. indirect B. direct C. horizontal D. vertical

Thick-walled cells turn purple and thin-walled cells become pink

During the gram stain process, _____. A. thick-walled cells turn orange and thin-walled cells become yellow B. thick-walled cells turn pink and thin-walled cells become purple C. thick-walled cells turn yellow and thin-walled cells become orange D. thick-walled cells turn purple and thin-walled cells become pink

True

Food and beverages can transmit infectious disease, such as through the fecal-oral route.

True

Fungi can be single-celled or multi-celled organisms.

Contagious or communicable

Infectious diseases transmitted directly by human contact are said to be _____. A. incidence or prevalence B. horizontal or vertical C. contagious or communicable D. endemic or epidemuc

Indirect

Intravenous drug users who share needles can transmit infectious diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV via _____ contact. A. indirect B. direct C. horizontal D. vertical

Do not harm us and in some cases help us

Normal flora _____. A. always cause disease and are highly contagious B. have diagnostic principles to help identify disease C. do not harm us and in some cases help us D. are used to develop drugs used to fight infections

True

Normal flora microorganisms may become harmful and become opportunistic pathogens.

Virus

Rubella (German measles) is caused by the rubella _____. A. virus B. protozoan C. fungi D. bacteria

True

Some antiviral drugs act as nucleic acid analogues, substances that mimic DNA or RNA bases.

Endospores

Some species of bacteria produce _____ that permit these bacteria to survive drying, lack of nutrients, and harsh conditions such as extreme heat. A. prion B. capsid C. endospores D. cilia

Lyse

Some viruses cause infected cells to _____, or rupture, as when HIV infects and reproduces within T cells. A. spore B. lyse C. disinfect D. reservoir