Geology Final Exam Prep

The .... layer in soil contains the most amount of organic and mineral matter

"O"

Sediment within a meandering river is most likely to be deposited uniformly on either side of the meander? (True/false)

False

Ridge-push is a greater force than slab-pull that drives plate motion. (True/False)

False

S waves can move through the outer core. (True/False)

False

The garnets in the picture to the right are called...

porphyroblasts

Volcanic Islands such as the big island of Hawaii form as a result of....

mantle plumes

In the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, the oxygen:silicon ratio is...

4:1

How are a continental volcanic arc and a volcanic island arc different from each other?

A continental volcanic arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is the result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate

When did faulting occur?

After the deposition of unit c and before the deposition of unit B (Faulting occurs before the first unbroken layer appears)

..... originally proposed the theory of Plate Tectonics.

Alfred Wegener

Which of the following is a mechanism to melt the mantle?

All of the above (increase temperature, lower pressure, add water)

A trap is a geological configuration that holds oil and gas. A(n)... trap is formed via a structural arch.

Anticline

... load occurs when material moves via saltation, sliding, or rolling along the channel bed

Bed

In order of increasing silica content, three common extrusive igneous rock types are....

Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite

The ... is/are made up of a series of high-angle normal faults producing nearly parallel mountain ranges known as horsts and grabens.

Basin and Range Province

The biggest clasts of sediments are known as....; the smallest clasts of sediments are known as....

Boulders; mud

The types of fossils shown below are in the following order, from left to right:

Carbonization, coprolite, amber

The crust, mantle, and core are divided based on their...... behavior. Whereas, the lithosphere, asthenosphere, outer core, and inner core are divided based on their ...... behavior.

Chemical, Mechanical

Which style of metamorphism will be generated by a magmatic intrusion?

Contact

Which of the following statements best describes Wegener's idea of continental drift?

Continents were formerly in different positions on the Earth and have shifted to their present locations over time.

... plate boundaries move towards each other; ... plate boundaries move past each other; and ... plate boundaries more away from each other.

Convergent, transform, divergent

What are the three major layers of earth, from the center to the exterior?

Core (iron-nickle allow), mantle (mainly composed of peridotite), and crust (with a granitic or basaltic composition

The valence electrons for.... bonds are shared. The valence electrons for .... are transferred. The valence electrons for .... are shared in a common pool.

Covalent, Ionic, Metallic.

Which of the following is not a major feature located on the ocean floor?

Cratons

The discharge of a stream (Q) is calculated by multiplying a stream's....

Cross-sectional area (A) by the force of gravity (g)

The ... is the threshold temperature at which magnetism is "frozen" in the rock.

Curie Point

...'s Law predicts the volume of water passing through an area of an aquifer at any given time.

Darcy

Put the following regions of a subduction zone in order from the convergent boundary toward the continental interior.

Deep-ocean trench forearc region volcanic arc backarc region

Fine-grained surface sediments are eroded by wind during....

Deflation

Which of the following events happened last (Youngest feature)

Deposition of Unit A (the top most layer)

A .... has a drier climate than a steppe.

Desert

The three basic categories of sedimentary rocks are....

Detrital rocks, which are composed of solid particles; chemical rocks, which are composed of ions that precipitated from solution; and organic rocks, which form from the carbon-rich remains of organisms

The igneous intrusion shown to the right is a...

Dike

The glacial features in the picture to the right are examples of a .... Based on it's shape, ice was flowing from the ..... (Note: the landscape is made from glacial till and the top is north)

Drumlin, North (made of till, appears in a field of like features. Steep side to the north.)

What is meant by elastic rebound?

Elastic rebound refers to how the slippage along a fault allows the deformed rock to regain its original shape in a new location

Outside of earth, which body in the solar system is likely to have liquid water beneath its icy surface?

Europa.

Which of the following does not support the continental drift hypothesis as outlined by Wegener?

Evidence for glacial ice near the north pole.

A 100-year flood only happens every 100 years. (True/False)

False

A true desert is defined by how hot it is. (True/False)

False

A tsunami is a large ocean wave generated when a strike-slip fault suddenly lifts a slab of seafloor. (True/false)

False

Aluminum and oxygen are the two most common elements found in the Earth's crust. (True/False)

False

Groundwater migrates from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure. (True/False)

False

Minerals, such as gold, are considered renewable resources. (true/false)

False

Permeability is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas porosity is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid. (True/false)

False

The whole-mantle model of convection describes how the interior of the earth is divided into several levels of convection cells. (True/False)

False

A scientist can create diamonds using high-pressure laboratory experiments. These diamonds are classified as Minerals. (True/False)

False.

What is the term used to describe the increase in temperature with depth in the earth?

Geothermal gradient

The volcanic textures in the figure below are ordered in the following from left to right:

Glassy, vesicular, aphanitic

The four basic compositional groups of igneous rocks, ordered from the highest silica content to the lowest silica content is:

Granitic, basaltic, andesitic, ultramafic

Which of the following was the main cause of the debris flow in Oso, Washington?

Heavy rains saturated the surface materials on the slope.

When potassium feldspar reacts with water it forms a clay mineral: this is an example of....

Hydrolysis

Which two continents collided that eventually caused uplift of the Himalayas and the M7.8 Earthquake as seen on the NOVA documentary?

India and Eurasia

What is isostay? and what does it indicate about a floating object that has a weight added or removed?

Isostay is the concept that Earth's crust is floating within the mantle in a gravitational balance. Thus, if weight it added, the crust would dink until it reaches the bottom of the mantle. Conversely, if weight is removed from the crust, it would rise until it reached a new isostatic balance.

Most comets originate in the...

Kupier Belt and Oort cloud

A....is a volcanic hazard associated with the mixture of volcanic debris and water

Lahar

What is the difference between magma and lava?

Magma is molten rock located below the surface; lava is molten rock erupted above ground.

.... are the two basic categories of weathering.

Mechanical and Chemical

The periodic changes in Earth's Orbital eccentricity and magnitude, as well as in the direction (procession) of Earth's axial tilt, affect the advance and retreat of ice sheets was first proposed by....

Milankovitch

The "M" period in the Paleozoic Era stands for....

Mississippian

The ... is a seismic boundary between the crust and the mantle where there is a dramatic increase in seismic wave velocity.

Moho

The ... explains the formation of the solar system by describing how the sun and planets formed from a rotating cloud of interstellar gas.

Nebular Theory.

The nucleus of an atom consists of a(n)

Neutron (with no charge) and proton (with a positive charge)

Which type of nonconformity is displayed in the picture? (a jagged boundary with an intrusion [not completely horizontal layers])

Non-conformity

Which of the following is associated with an active continental margin?

None of the above (Shelf, slope, or rise)

What type of fault is present in the image to the right? (the layer half is being pushed down from the other half) What type of stress generated it?

Normal Fault, tensional stress

Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?

Oldest rocks on the inside of the fold, youngest rocks on the outside.

According to Bowen's reaction series.... is the first mineral to crystalize from a melt, whereas .... is the last mineral to crystalize.

Olivine, Quartz

The "O" period in the Paleozoic era stands for...

Ordovician

A(n) ... wave travels the fastest

P

Contrast Pahoehoe and 'a'a lava flows

Pahoehoe flows exhibit smooth surfaces, are hotter, and are more fluid than 'a'a flows, which exhibit jagged surfaces with sharp edges

What is the definition of orogenesis?

Processes that collectively form a mountain belt

The ... scale calculates the magnitude of an earthquake by measuring the amplitude of waves recorded on a seismograph.

Richter

What is a planetismal?

Rocky material accreted through repeated collisions.

..... refers to the bouncing motion sands will display when transported by moving water or wind.

Saltation

How do sand dunes migrate?

Sand moves up the gentler side of the dune by saltation and accumulates just beyond the crest of the dune. As more sand collects, the slope steepens, and some of the sand slides down the slip face of the dune, shifting the 'peak'.

An impermeable rock is a good candidate to serve as a ... in an oil-producing scenario.

Seal Rock

The big island of Hawaii is an example of a.... volcano.

Shield

If rock Unit E were an igneous intrusion, it would be called a....

Sill (it is parallel to the other layers, not cross-cutting)

The order of foliated metamorphic rocks.

Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss

Which of the following types of mass movement always travels down a curved surface?

Slump

The yellow symbols, in general, strike to the.... and dip to the...

South-East South-West (Follow the thumb test-- if the thumb following dip is down, the direction is south)

What is the difference between strain and stress?

Strain is the change in rock shape that results from stress, which is the force that deforms the rock.

A ... is constructed by the accumulation of rock debris at the terminus of a glacier.

Terminal moraine.

What is refraction?

The bending of waves due to a change in wave velocity.

A mineral's streak is....

The color of a mineral in powdered form.

All of the following statements about the Earth's core are true except:

The density of the material comprising the core is about the same as granite.

Why does wave height increase as waves enter shallow water?

The energy of the wave must be contained in a smaller water column in shallow water.

For the glacial budget, if ablation is greater than accumulation, the following statement is true:

The glacial front retreats

How are faults, hypocenters, and epicenters related?

The hypocenter is the exact point underground along a fault where the slippage of the two blocks of rock occurs. The epicenter is the point on Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocenter.

Regional metamorphism corresponds to...

The mountain building process

All of the following are evidence that Earth's global climate is presently warming except:

The observation that the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth is more than it used to be.

What is the definition of lithification?

The process by which sediments are made into rock.

Why does the east pacific ride lack a rift valley?

The rate of seafloor spreading at the east pacific rise is very fast

Which of the four choices below distinguishes the four concepts of shore, shoreline, coast, and coastline?

The shoreline marks the contact between the sea and land and migrates as tides rise and fall. The shore extends between the lowest tide level and the highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves. The coast extends as far as ocean-related features can be found. The coastline marks the coast's seaward edge.

Which of the choices below accurately describes Earth's Mantle from top to bottom?

The upper mantle contains the lithospheric mantle, the asthenosphere, and the transition zone; the lower mantle is Earth's thickest layer and is made of perovskite; the D" if the lowest mantle layer that is rather weak

One part of the hydrologic cycle includes Runoff, which is....

The variety of ways that water moves across the land.

If i have a granite rock and a sandstone rock, which statement is most true, concerning their relative ages?

Their relative ages cannot be determined from the given information

The .... which later became known as Plate Tectonics, stated that oceanic crust is made at oceanic ridges and destroyed at oceanic trenches.

Theory of continental drift

Rank the following storms in order of increasing strength:

Tropical disturbance Tropical depression, Tropical storm Hurricane

A(n).... is a common soil type located in Colorado, including Gunnison.

Ultisol

"The present is the key to the past" best describes which geological concept?

Uninformatarianism

Which is the oldest unit in the cross-section shown above?

Unit F (the bottom most layer)

How does water move as waves pass?

Water moves in a circle in the same direction as wave movement.

How does wave amplitude change with depth in water?

Wave amplitude decreases as depth increases

The Wadati-Benoiff Zone is...

a planar region of concentrated earthquake activity that dips beneath a volcanic arc and outlines the down going oceanic crust in a subduction zone

Cleavage in minerals refers to...

a tendency to break along planes of weak bonding

Rocks are ... when they are scratched by sediment particles moved by wind

abraded

A(n) ... forms when sediments from the ocean floor and pieces of oceanic crust are scraped from a subducting oceanic plate and adhere to an overriding tectonic plate.

accretionary wedge

The magnetic field of the earth is....

all of the above (properly described as a dipole field, generated by movement of the liquid outer core, what creates the northern and southern lights)

The red strike and dip symbols (all pointing away from each other) form a(n)....

anticline

One part of the hydrologic cycle includes precipitation, which is....

condensed water vapor that falls to Earth's surface

A common mechanical weathering process that takes place at high latitude or high altitude is...

frost wedging

Two atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ... of that element.

isotopes

The Saffir-Simpson Scale is numbered 1 to 5 with .... wind speeds

larger numbers indicating lower pressure and higher windspeeds

Pumping vast quantities of water locally....

lowers the local water table by forming a cone-shaped depression

Coal, natural gas, and oil are examples of....

non-renewable natural resources

A gold prospector who pans for gold in a streambed is exploiting a ... deposit.

placer

The difference between a breccia and a conglomerate is that a conglomerate....

possesses more rounded grains than breccia

The headwater region of a river is located in the zone of sediment....

production

The Enhanced Fujita Scale...

quantifies tornado magnitude based on estimated maximum wind speed.

A permeable and porous rock is a good candidate to serve as a ... in an oil-producing scenario.

reservoir rock

.... climates are a type of dry climate that contain more water than arid climates.

semi-arid

In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, when younger layers overlie older layers, this is called the principle of....

superposition

The blue strike and dip symbols (all pointing towards each other) form a(n)....

syncline

One part of the hydrologic cycle includes Infiltration, which is...

the flow of water from the surface into the ground

If a layer of slate overlies a layer of sandstone, then...

the sandstone must be older, according to the principle of superposition

The solidus temperature is....

the temperature at which a rock first begins to melt.

One part of the hydrologic cycle includes Evaporation, which is....

the transformation of water from the liquid state to the gas state

Grains or clasts become rounded primarily during....

transportation

The breakdown of exposed rock into small fragments and dissolved ions is termed....

weathering

the force of wind pushes particles up the... slope of the dune as it moves.

windward