Bio final exam

The Blue Mountains Water Skink (Eulamprus leuraensis) is restricted to less than forty small mountain swamps in Australia. This species is classified as endangered. You are given some values for "r" and you must match one of them to this population. Which of the following is the most likely "r" for this population? Select one: a. 2.9 b. -1.25 c. 0 d. 1.25 e. None would be applicable

-1.25

At the beginning of 1984, the little town of Malburg had a population of 1000 inhabitants. During that year, 27 babies were born at the small hospital and 47 persons died of diverse causes. 15 persons left the town and went to live in a bigger city. A family of 5 moved in Malburg. What was the growth rate (r) of the Malburg population in 1984? Select one: a. 3 % b. - 10 % c. - 3% d. - 175 % e. 150 % f. 0 % g. 10 %

-3%

A groundhog eats plant material, such as grasses and other vegetation, equal to 700J of energy and 350J goes to feces, 230J goes to cellular respiration.

120

A groundhog eats plant material, such as grasses and other vegetation, equal to 700J of energy and 350J goes to feces, 230J goes to cellular respiration.

120/350

A groundhog eats plant material, such as grasses and other vegetation, equal to 700J of energy and 350J goes to feces, 230J goes to cellular respiration. How much energy is assimilated by the rabbit?

350

Considering that the phytoplankton and the seaweeds are the primary producers in this ecosystem, how many tertiary consumers are depicted in this food web? Select one: a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 3 e. 1 f. 5

4

If a lion needs 4000 calories a day and eats only big herbivores (giraffes, antelopes, water buffalos, etc.), how many calories of plants are required to feed these herbivores? Select one: a. 40,000 b. 4,000 c. 400,000 d. 400 e. 4,000,000

400,000

From the base of grass net primary productivity (6000J), about how much of energy will be passed on to the tertiary consumer level? Select one: a. 0.06 J b. 6 J c. 6000 J d. 0.6 J e. 600 J

6J

A groundhog eats plant material, such as grasses and other vegetation, equal to 700J of energy and 350J goes to feces, 230J goes to cellular respiration.

700

An ecological niche is best defined as: Select one: a. where the organism lives b. where the organism can live c. An organism's use of the abiotic and biotic resources in its environment d. An organism's response to competition e. Patchily distributed areas that have optimal and suboptimal locations

An organism's use of the abiotic and biotic resources in its environment

What is one of the processes that led to the evolution of dogs from wolves? Select one: a. A band of ancestral wolf pups migrated from afar to live closer to humans. b. Ancestral wolf pups were domesticated intentionally by early humans through natural selection. c. Ancestral wolf pups were domesticated intentionally by early humans through artificial selection. d. Ancestral wolf pups were left alone when the adult wolves fell into a crevice (a narrow opening in a rock wall). e. Both a and d f. Both b and c g. Both c and d h. None of the above

Ancestral wolf pups were domesticated intentionally by early humans through artificial selection.

Primary producers acquire the carbon necessary for photosynthesis from: Select one: a. Carbon monoxide released from the burning of fossil fuels b. Carbon sources in the soil c. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere d. Decomposing plant material e. Carbon making the tissues of other organisms Feedback

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Demonstrates high levels of parental investment. Selection Type:

K selection

Extended embryonic development, long maturation to reproductive age, large body size. Selection Type:

K selection

Slowly rising population growth that stabilizes and levels off when it gets very close to the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support. Selection Type:

K selection

Giraffes, horses, and whales are good examples of _____ selected species. They don't have many offsprings at once but provide good parental care. Select one: a. X b. r c. type III d. carrying capacity e. K f. anagenesis

K-selected

I am a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among fungal filaments in a mutualistic relationship. I can live anywhere from sea level to high alpine elevations, in many environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface. Who am I? Select one: a. parasite b. protist c. lichen d. haustoria e. mycelia f. moss g. hyphae h. pteridophyte

Lichen

Among all these terminal taxa, which one is the sister group of birds

Other theropods

I belong to a group called choanoflagellates and composed of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes. I am a(n): (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Yeast b. Fungi c. Archaean d. Protist e. Close relative to plants f. Bacterium g. Close relative to animals

Protists, close relative to animals

Different species of wading shore birds coexist at the shoreline. Avocets feed on large to medium insects, oystercatchers pry open shells, and plovers feed on the smallest insects. This is an example of having distinct niches by: Select one: a. Mullerian mimicry b. fundamental vs. realized niches c. character displacement d. resource partitioning e. intraspecific resource competition

Resource partitioning

Which best illustrates a population? Select one: a. All of the animals and plants in a forest b. Sea otters and harbor seals in Yakutat bay, off the coast of Alaska c. Sea otters in Yakutat bay, Southeast Alaska d. Sea otters, harbor seals, walruses, and whales e. All of the animals in the arctic tundra Feedback

Sea otters in Yakutat bay, Southeast Alaska

The population pyramid shown here best represents a population that is (select all that apply): Select one or more: a. Growing rapidly b. Slowly declining c. Developing d. Aging e. Growing exponentially f. Developed

Slowly declining and developed and aging

Which of the following best describes the Energetic Hypothesis? Select one: a. The length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain b. Long food chains are less stable than short ones c. The sun light is the major source of energy for Earth's ecosystems d. During transfer of energy down trophic levels, only 10 percent of energy is stored as biomass

The length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem? Select one: a. The ecosystem's rate of secondary production b. The production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers c. The rate of decomposition in the ecosystem d. The trophic efficiency of the ecosystem e. The location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem

The rate of decomposition in the ecosystem

Which of the following is true about all chordates at some point in their development? (Select all that apply) Select one or more: a. They have vertebrae b. Their mouth develops first c. Their anus develops first d. They have pharyngeal slits/pouches e. They have a post-anal tail f. They have a notochord

They have a post-anal tail, They have a notochord , They have pharyngeal slits/pouches, Their anus develops first

Choose all that apply for Tunicates:(NOTE: there are penalties for incorrect answers in addition to or in place of correct ones) Select one or more: a. Earthworms and other segmented worms b. Protostome c. Planaria, tapeworm and other flatworms d. Sea stars, sea urchins, etc. e. Bilateral Symmetry f. Insects, crustaceans, arachnids g. Assymetrical h. Aceolamate i. Sponges j. Diploblast k. Radial Symmetry l. Pseudocoelom m. Deuterostome n. Clams, oysters, snails, squid, etc. o. Roundworms p. Jelly fish, corals, sea anemones, etc. q. True Coelom r. Triploblast s. Postanal tail at some point in development t. Eumetazoans

True Coelom, Bilateral Symmetry, Eumetazoans, Deuterostome, Triploblast, Postanal tail at some point in development

Choose all that apply for Arthropoda:(NOTE: there are penalties for incorrect answers in addition to or in place of correct ones) Select one or more: a. Pseudocoelom b. Sea stars, sea urchins, etc. c. Segmentation d. Jelly fish, corals, sea anemones, etc. e. Protostome f. True Coelom g. Amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals, lancelets, tunicates h. Deuterostome i. Pentaradial symmetry j. Roundworms k. Radial Symmetry l. Clams, oysters, snails, squid, etc. m. Bilateral Symmetry n. Planaria, tapeworm and other flatworms o. Earthworms and other segmented worms p. Insects, crustaceans, arachnids q. Parazoans r. Triploblast s. Aceolamate t. Diploblast

True Coelom, Bilateral Symmetry, Segmentation, Protostome, Triploblast, Insects, crustaceans, arachnids

Choose all that apply for Echinodermata:(NOTE: there are penalties for incorrect answers in addition to or in place of correct ones) Select one or more: a. Earthworms and other segmented worms b. Sponges c. Bilateral Symmetry (larvae) d. Insects, crustaceans, arachnids e. Diploblast f. Assymetrical g. Closest relatives to chordates h. Amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals, lancelets, tunicates i. Radial Symmetry (larvae) j. Aceolamate k. Lack mesodermally derived tissues l. Pseudocoelom m. Segmentation n. Blastopore becomes the mouth during development o. Jelly fish, corals, sea anemones, etc. p. Clams, oysters, snails, squid, etc. q. Planaria, tapeworm and other flatworms r. Blastopore becomes the anus during development s. Pentaradial Symmetry (adults) t. Bilateral Symmetry (adults) u. True Coelom v. Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc...

True Coelom, Pentaradial Symmetry (adults), Bilateral Symmetry (larvae), Blastopore becomes the anus during development, Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc..., Closest relatives to chordates

Which of the following names of organisms follows the proper conventions of binomial nomenclature as first detailed by Linnaeus? (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Enhydra lutris (sea otter) b. Desmodus rotundus (vampire bat) c. Ursus americanus (black bear) d. Orcinus Orca (Killer whale) e. sciurus Carolinensis (gray squirrel) f. felidae (cats)

Ursus americanus (black bear), Enhydra lutris (sea otter)

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent effect on population growth? Select one: a. Increased predation b. Increased competition c. Answers a, b, and c are correct d. A sudden volcanic eruption e. A disease outbreak

a sudden volcanic eruption

Which of the following countries exceed the world average ecological footprint? Select one: a. Japan b. Brazil c. Germany d. Canada e. All of the above

all of the above

The ______________is a type of extra-embryonic membrane that forms a hollow sac-like structure in the __________ and serves at collecting and storing waste excreted by the developing embryo.

allantois, amniotic egg

I belong to a clade of tetrapod vertebrates that lay their eggs on land or retain fertilized eggs within the mother. Who am I? I am a/an... Select one: a. insect b. bird c. anapsid d. fish e. non-amniote f. amniote g. amphibian

amniote

Organisms that engulf food via phagocytosis and move using pseudopodia are best known as: Select one or more: a. Ciliates b. Chytrids c. Flagellates d. Amoeboids

amoeboids

Which of the following are characteristics of the organisms shown below? Select one or more: a. gymnosperm b. dominant gametophyte phase c. angiosperms d. spermatophytes e. motile sperm f. phloem and xylem g. dominant sporophyte phase h. stomata

angiosperm, diminant sporophyte phase, spermatophytes, phloem and xylem, stomata

Of the following, which group evolved the most recently, is the most diverse in term of species number, and produces seeds enclosed in fruits? Select one: a. Green algae b. Pteridophytes c. Angiosperms d. Cycads e. Bryophytes f. Gymnosperms

angiosperms

About 70% of all fungi belong to this group, which can cause disease, have diverse habitats, and form spores in sacs

ascomycota

Can form mycorrhizal associations, can be part of lichen, and includes unicellular fungal organism, for example, yeast.

ascomycota

Organisms such as morels and truffles are in this group

ascomycota

Choose all that apply for Porifera:(NOTE: there are penalties for incorrect answers in addition to or in place of correct ones) Select one or more: a. Segmentation b. Deuterostome c. Sponges d. Earthworms and other segmented worms e. Clams, oysters, snails, squid, etc. f. Assymetrical g. Jelly fish, corals, sea anemones, etc. h. Sea stars, sea urchins, etc. i. Multicellular j. Insects, crustaceans, arachnids k. No real tissues l. Planaria, tapeworm and other flatworms m. Bilateral Symmetry n. True Coelom o. Amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals, lancelets, tunicates p. Roundworms q. Diploblast r. Radial Symmetry s. Protostome t. Triploblast

assymetrical, multicellular, no real tissue, sponges

an organism characterized as a mushroom but also part of the group that includes rusts and shelf varieties

basidiomycota

The sesiid moth is a harmless insect that has coloration and wing patterns similar to the hornet wasp, which is an unpalatable and dangerous organism. This is an example of: Select one: a. Batesian mimicry b. Cryptic coloration c. Aggressive mimicry d. Disruptive coloration e. Mullerian mimicry

batesian mimicry

The _____________________ of an environment is determined solely by the availability of resources in the environment. It represents the maximum sustainable population size in an environment. In this respect, it is a feature of the habitat, not of the population.

carrying capacity

When multiple species of Darwin's finches co-occur on an island, they show differences in bill depth (and eat different sized seeds) compared to when they are alone on an island. This best describes an example of: Select one: a. competitive exclusion b. fundamental vs. realized niches c. character displacement d. resource partitioning e. intraspecific resource competition

character displacement

Found commonly in freshwater environments, have enzymes that digest cellulose, and have a flagellated state called a zoospore

chytridiomycota

Ideally, when making phylogenetic trees or cladograms, the terminal taxa in the tree should be ___ . Select one or more: a. paraphyletic groups b. monophyletic groups c. phyla d. polyphyletic groups e. species f. families g. classes h. clades

clades, monophyletic groups

In the figure below, the three cladograms have been built using the same character matrix. Following the principle of parsimony, which cladogram(s) represent(s) the favored hypothesis? Select one: a. Cladogram 1 b. Cladograms #1 and #3 c. Cladogram 2 d. All of them e. None of them f. Cladogram 3

cladogram 2

In the image, the arrow is pointing to which taxonomic category? Select one: a. Class b. Order c. Phylum d. Genus e. Domain f. Family g. Species h. Kingdom

class

When spatial distribution of a population is such that individuals are in close proximity to each other in order to be close to resources, the most likely pattern would be (NOTE: only three possible answers): Select one: a. Clumped b. Random c. Uniform

clumped

Bromeliads are epiphytes that grow on the bark of tropical trees and collect the nutrient-rich water that drips through the canopy of the tree but do not tap into the vascular system of the trees or damage it in any way

commensalism

The remora is a small fish with a special structure on its head that attaches to a shark and swims along with the shark in order to consume small pieces of flesh left over from the shark's meal

commensalism

Tiny mites "hitch" a ride inside the nostrils of hummingbirds in order to land on the flowers which they eat

commensalism

A ________________________________ is defined as populations of different species that interact with each other in a given area.

community

The principle of _______________________________ states that two species cannot occupy identical niches.

competitive exclusion

What is the ingroup of this cladogram?

dinosauria

In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed can be considered a(n): ________________________________

dominant species

Which of the following traits best apply to humans? (Select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Diploblasty b. Deuterostome c. Triploblasty d. Lophotrochozoan e. Radial symmetry f. Polyblast g. Bilateral symmetry h. Acoelomate

dueterostome, bilateral symmetry, triploblasty

Ticks can carry many diseases as they feed on the blood of mammals

ectoparasitism

Antarctic toothfish live in arctic waters and their body temperature depends on the water they are in. These fish use antifreeze proteins to keep their blood from freezing and at a fairly stable temperature. This means that Antarctic toothfish are... Select one or more: a. Heterotherms b. poikilotherms c. Endotherms d. Homeotherms e. Ectotherms

ectotherms

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? Select one: a. Effect of humidity on plant growth rates b. Influence of temperature on competition among plants c. Effects of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity d. Influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers e. Limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount

effects of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

When studying population dynamics, ecologists measure additions to the population as a function of births plus immigration and loss of individuals to the population as a function of deaths plus _________________________________

emigration

Hookworm larvae are common in areas contaminated by feces. They enter though exposed feet, travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, are coughed up, swallowed, and enter the digestive tract to complete its life cycle

endoparasitism

The zombie snail is infected by a fungus that changes the color of its antennae in order to gain the attention of a specific bird, the organism it needs to complete its life cycle

endoparasitism

The Neuse River flows from the N.C. Piedmont and empties into Pamlico Sound below New Bern, N.C. In the 1990's, ~one billion fish in the Neuse River died. Upon testing, it was found that the water in the river was high in nutrients and densely populated with harmful algal blooms. In a word, this meant that the Neuse River was ___ . Select one: a. Xenotrophic b. Oligotrophic c. Salty d. Marine e. Fresh f. Eutrophic

eutrophic

Green algae are part of the many species that make up the kelp forests in marine ecosystems. These kelp forests allow other species to inhabit an area by altering the environment and allow a thriving level of biodiversity to occur.Based on this information, we can say that the kelp is which type of species? _________________________________

foundation species

Many plants form associations with members of this strictly mycorrhizal fungal group

glomeromycota

Pine trees (conifers) belong to the group of: (Select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Angiosperma b. Bryophyta c. Glomeromycota d. Pteridophyta e. Spermatophytes f. Gymnosperma g. Seedless plants h. Avascular plants

gymnosperma, spermatophytes

Although each of the tails in these vertebrates has a different shape and function (e.g., used for swimming or suspension in trees), they all are flexible extensions of the vertebral column derived from a common ancestral form. This means that in vertebrates, tails are a great example of ___ . Select one: a. homology b. homoplasy c. convergent evolution d. analogy e. synapomorphy f. paralogy g. cladistics h. apomorphy

homology

A pack of wolves chase down a rabbit, and the wolves in the pack fight over who gets to eat first. Which type of animal relationship are they exhibiting? Select one: a. interspecific resource competition b. intraspecific resource competition c. Competitive exclusion d. intraspecific interference competition e. interspecific interference competition f. Resource partitioning

intraspecific interferance competition

Of the following, which is a seedless plant, with motile sperm and no vascular tissues? (Select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Liverworts b. Ferns c. Cycads d. Horsetails e. Mosses f. Ginkos

liverwarts, mosses

You are looking in a microscope, and see a diploid cell dividing that eventually leads to haploid spores. You realize that you are observing _____ . Select one: a. mitosis b. archaeans c. zygotes d. an animal e. meiosis f. a type of cloning g. bacteria h. plasmids Feedback

meosis

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, some communities' species diversity is increased by: Select one: a. Frequent massive disturbance b. Stable conditions with no disturbance c. Moderate levels of disturbance d. Human intervention to eliminate disturbance e. Intensive disturbance by humans

moderate levels of disturbance

Cattle egrets remove and eat flecks of dead skin and parasites on the back of water buffaloes and other large grazing mammals.

mutualism

Corals have a special relationship with zooxanthellae, a type of algae that gives the coral its color. The algae gets the metabolic byproducts it needs from the corals for photosynthesizing while it provides organic compounds to the coral as a result of photosynthesis. Loss of the algae causes coral bleaching

mutualism

Thorn ants live in the hollow thorns of a thorn tree. These ants remove unwanted weeds from the area and wards off herbivores as they gain droplets of nectar from the tree

mutualism

The tangled mass of branched filaments that typically forms the fungal body below the ground is called a _________________________________ and is made of many ________

mycelium, hyphae

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic body plans used to categorize the group Animalia? Select one: a. Number of tissue types in embryos b. Presence / absence of a fluid-filled cavity c. Number of limbs d. Degree of cephalization e. Type of body symmetry Feedback

number of limbs

Which of the following characteristics apply to the group of organisms highlighted in yellow? (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. amniotic egg b. vertebrates c. protostomes d. non-amniotic egg e. diploblastic f. chordates g. deuterostomes h. radial symmetry i. paraphyletic j. monophyletic k. polyphyletic

paraphyletic, amniotic egg, dueterosomes, chordates, vertebrates

The bott fly lays its eggs inside the skin of warm-blooded organisms so that the larvae can develop until they are ready to come out, at which point they burst through the skin

parasitoid

Relative to other mammals, Human body hair is an example of a ___ . Select one or more: a. synapomorphy b. shared derived characteristic c. plesiomorphy d. shared primitive characteristic e. analogous trait f. convergent evolution Feedback

plesiomorphy, shared primitive characteristic

A unicellular organism that is part of the plankton trophic level, is autotrophic, and has membrane-bound organelles belongs to which group? Select one or more: a. Protista b. Fungi c. Plantae d. Bacteria e. Archaea

protista

Has high number of young and can live in disturbed or unstable habitats. Selection Type:

r selection

Choose all that apply for Ctenophora:(NOTE: there are penalties for incorrect answers in addition to or in place of correct ones) Select one or more: a. True Coelom b. Planaria, tapeworm and other flatworms c. Sponges d. Protostome e. Radial Symmetry f. Eumetazoans g. Segmentation h. Assymetrical i. Deuterostome j. 2 tissue types only (endoderm and ectoderm) in the developing embryo k. Amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals, lancelets, tunicates l. Bilateral Symmetry m. Sea anemones, jellyfish, corals n. Roundworms o. Clams, oysters, snails, squid, etc. p. 3 tissue types (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) in the developing embryo q. Postanal tail r. Insects, crustaceans, arachnids s. Earthworms and other segmented worms

radial symmetry, 2 tissue types only (endoderm and ectoderm) in the developing embryo, Eumetazoans

The bacteria E. coli has been growing slowly over a long time in an old, shrinking pond. The scientists know the fish are getting close to their carrying capacity because they plotted the data they collected. Their 'curve' most likely looked like the curve on the left or right? LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT Select one: a. Right b. Left c. Neither

right

At first, you do not understand how the fungus you found in the forest is alive for so long when it is surrounded by no signs of life, just dead trees. After observing the fungus for a while, you realize that it is getting nutrition from dead organisms. What one word best describes this type of fungal lifestyle? Select one: a. Glomeromycota b. predator c. hyphae d. Chytrids e. autotroph f. haustoria g. saprobe

saprobe

Use the diagram below. What is the family of the american red squirrel? Select one: a. Rodentia b. Sciuridae c. Mammalia d. Chordata e. Tamiasciurus

sciuridae

Mussels adhere to rocks in the intertidal zone where they coexist with about two dozen other species of invertebrate animals and seaweeds. When the sea star is removed from this environment, mussel populations outcompete other animals and seaweeds for space. As a result, other animal species and seaweeds are eliminated from the rocky shoreline. In this case, what is they keystone species? Select one: a. Mussels b. Sea stars c. Seaweeds d. Both seaweeds and sea stars e. None of the above

sea stars

The Net Reproductive Rate (R0) of a population of wild mustang horses is 0.97. This means that the population is _____ . Select one: a. low with respect to females b. competing for resource c. increasing exponentially d. stable e. experiencing high infant mortality f. subjected to high predation g. slowly decreasing

slowly decreasing

Reproductive trade-offs exist because resources are limited. A bird that lays many eggs is likely to lay ____ eggs than a bird that lays few eggs. If a bird lays many eggs one season, it is likely to lay ____ eggs the following year. Select one: a. Larger; more b. Larger; fewer c. Smaller; more d. Smaller; fewer e. Larger; zero

smaller; fewer

A biological community can be characterized by the ______________________________, which is the total number of different species; and by the ________________________________,

species richness, relative abundance

Select all the characteristics that apply to Pterydophytes (NOTE: there are penalties for incorrect answers in addition to or in place of correct ones) Select one or more: a. Avascular b. Paraphyletic group c. Cuticule d. Seedless e. Fertilization independent of water f. Monophyletic group g. Dominant gametophyte h. Stomata

stomata, cuticle, paraphyletic group, seedless

The notochord* of chordates (urochordates, cephalochordates and vertebrates) is a / an ___ of all chordates. *long, rodlike structure that develops dorsal to the gut and ventral to the neural tube (Note: select all that apply) Select one or more: a. symplesiomorphy b. convergent evolution c. homoplasy d. shared derived character e. synapomorphy f. homologous character g. shared primitive character

synapomorphy, shared derived character, homologous character

Most Dall mountain sheep survive to old age. Survivorship Type:

type 1

Song thrushes have about the same chance of survival at any age. Survivorship Type:

type 2

Out of a million Cleome droserifolia seeds, only 39 survive to produce 1 year old plants. Survivorship Type:

type 3

Which of the following organisms would be the "pioneers" of an old abandoned farm land that is undergoing succession? Select one: a. weeds b. short-lived trees c. long-lived trees d. woody shrubs e. b and d

weeds

You are puzzled because you are looking through a microscope and see a single-celled organism, yet the label on the slide says, "Eukarya." After some consideration, you realize that you are not looking at a protist, but rather a/an...

yeast

bread mold and fruit rotting in your fridge is most liekly caused by this group

zygomycota