bio final (test 5)

In a situation in which genes assort independently, what is the ratio of the gametes produced by an AaBB individual? 3 AA : 1 BB 3 AB : 1 ab 1 A : 1 B 1 AB : 1 aB 3 A : 1 B

1 AB : 1 aB

Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding? 79% 49% 98.5% 99.9%

98.5%

If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross: AaBb × AaBb? 1:1:1:1 9:3:3:1 16:0:0:0 8:4:2:2

9:3:3:1

The phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross showing independent assortment is expected to be 9:1:1:3. 1:2:1. 3:1. 9:3:3:1.

9:3:3:1.

Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance in humans? A. hypercholesterolemia B. albinism C. ABO blood groups D. skin color

A. hypercholesterolemia

Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as ________ genes and generally ________. A. linked; do not sort independently during meiosis B. homologous; are inherited together C. linked; sort independently during meiosis D. codependent; do not sort independently during meiosis

A. linked; do not sort independently during meiosis

Snapdragons show incomplete dominance in their flowers. A pink snapdragon is crossed with a red snapdragon. What color(s) are the offspring? A. 50% red, 50% white B. 50% red, 50% pink C. 100% red D. 100% pink

B. 50% red, 50% pink

In the following cross the genotype of the female parent is BbGg. What is the genotype of the male parent? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes, G = green skin, g = white skin] BBGg BbGg BbGG BBGG bbGG

BBGg

Two individuals decide to have children. The expected blood group genotypes are 50% of blood type A, and 25% each of blood types AB and B. What genotypes are the parents? A. IA i x ii B. IB i x IA IB C. IA i x IA IB D. IA i x IB i

C. IA i x IA IB

Human genetic disorders _____. A. are most often dominant B. are almost never observed in modern societies C. are most often recessive D. are almost always life-threatening

C. are most often recessive

Sickle-cell disease is an example of A. multiple alleles and pleiotropy. B. multiple alleles, pleiotropy, and blended inheritance. C. co-dominance and pleiotropy. D. co-dominance and multiple alleles.

C. co-dominance and pleiotropy.

Linked genes generally A. reflect a pattern of co-dominance. B. show incomplete dominance. C. do not follow the laws of independent assortment. D. show pleiotropy.

C. do not follow the laws of independent assortment.

Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by A. a mutation that occurs in the egg, sperm, or zygote. B. dominant alleles. C. recessive alleles. D. multiple alleles.

C. recessive alleles.

The individual features of all organisms are the result of: A. The environment B. Genetics C. Genetics and cytoplasmic derminates D. Genetics and the environment E. The environment and individual needs

D. Genetics and the environment

Which of the following statements regarding sickle-cell disease is false? A. Persons who are heterozygous for sickle-cell disease are also resistant to malaria. B. About one in 10 African Americans is a carrier of sickle-cell disease. C. All of the symptoms of sickle-cell disease result from the actions of just one allele. D. Sickle-cell disease causes white blood cells to be sickle-shaped.

D. Sickle-cell disease causes white blood cells to be sickle-shaped.

All the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink flowers. This means that the allele for red flowers is ________ to the allele for white flowers. A. dominant B. recessive C. co-dominant D. incompletely dominant

D. incompletely dominant

Crossing over ________ genes into assortments of ________ not found in the parents. A. combines linked; genes B. recombines unlinked; genes C. combines unlinked; alleles D. recombines linked; alleles

D. recombines linked; alleles

Which of the following is essentially the opposite of pleiotropy: A. Blending inheritance B. Codominance C.incomplete dominance D. Multiple alleles E. Polygenic inheritance

E. Polygenic inheritance

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules on the basis of size. Which of the following would move the slowest? pUC18 (2.69 kb) lambda phage (49 kb) F plasmid (100 kb) pBr322 (4.39 kb)

F plasmid (100 kb)

If a biochemist were searching for the nucleic acid sequence CTAGTTATG, what sequence would the biochemist use to make a nucleic acid probe? GAUCAAUAC CATAACTAG GATCAATAC CTAGTTATG

GATCAATAC

What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists? PCR STR analysis Gel electrophoresis DNA microarrays

STR analysis

Black eyes are dominant to orange eyes, and green skin is dominant to white skin. Sam, a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, has a parent with orange eyes and white skin. Carole is a MendAlien with orange eyes and white skin. If Sam and Carole wereto mate, the predicted phenotypic ratio of their offspring would be _____. a) 1 black eyes, green skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin b) 3 black eyes, green skin : 3 black eyes, white skin : 9 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin c) 1 black eyes, green skin : 3 black eyes, white skin : 3 orange eyes, green skin : 9 orange eyes, white skin d) 9 black eyes, green skin : 3 black eyes, white skin : 3 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin e) There is insufficient information to determine Sam's genotype.

a) 1 black eyes, green skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin

Which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is false? a) An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait. b) The expressed physical traits of an organism are called its phenotype. c) The genetic makeup of an organism constitutes its genotype. d) Alleles are alternate forms of a gene.

a) An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait.

When is PCR particularly applicable? a) When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze b) When the accuracy is important, but speed is not c) When speed is important but accuracy is not d) When there are large quantities of DNA to analyze

a) When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze

Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism? a) a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin b) a bacterium found with a plasmid that provides protection against an antibiotic c) a "test-tube" baby produced via in vitro fertilization d) Dolly, the cloned sheep

a) a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

A phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the offspring of a cross indicates that _____. a) both parents are heterozygous for both genes b) one parent is heterozygous and one parent is homozygous recessive c) one parent is homozygous dominant and one parent is heterozygous d) both parents are homozygous dominant e) one parent is homozygous dominant and one parent is homozygous recessive

a) both parents are heterozygous for both genes

Restriction enzymes __________________________. a) cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences b) bind DNA together at specific nucleotide sequences c) copy DNA d) restrict access to the DNA of a cell

a) cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

The number of proteins in humans a) is much greater than the number of genes. b) is approximately equal to the number of genes. c) cannot be determined because the human genome is too complex. d) is less than half the number of genes.

a) is much greater than the number of genes.

When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as a) recombinant DNA. b) a plasmid. c) a vector. d) cloned DNA.

a) recombinant DNA.

The alleles of a gene are found at ________ chromosomes. a) the same locus on homologous b) different loci on non-homologous c) the same locus on non-homologous d) different loci on homologous

a) the same locus on homologous

Most human genes come in alternate versions called _________

alleles

Which of the following statements about nucleic acid probes is false? a) A nucleic acid probe is usually labeled with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag to help identify its location. b) A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA. c) A nucleic acid probe binds to a complementary sequence in the gene of interest. d) A nucleic acid probe can be used to find a specific gene.

b) A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA.

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because a) men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization. b) men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed. c) the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women. d) the genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y chromosome, which determines maleness.

b) men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.

Mendel formulated his principles of inheritance based on _____. a) a detailed understanding of meiosis, fertilization, and the other chromosomal processes that are involved. b) observations on the outcomes of breeding experiments. The underlying processes were unknown at the time. c) little-known works by earlier scientists. d) existing knowledge of chromosomal processes that he combined with insights from his own breeding experiments.

b) observations on the outcomes of breeding experiments. The underlying processes were unknown at the time.

What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction? a) use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; separation of DNA strands; addition of primers b) separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA c) separation of DNA strands; use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; addition of primers d) addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA; DNA strand separation

b) separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA

The science of proteomics _____. a) compares the coding regions of DNA in different organisms b) studies when and where proteins are produced in an organism and how the proteins interact c) studies how alternative RNA splicing produces different polypeptides d) compares the telomeres of different organisms

b) studies when and where proteins are produced in an organism and how the proteins interact

As we now understand it, the Law of Independent Assortment applies _____. a) to all pairs of genes b) to pairs of genes that are on different chromosomes, but NOT to pairs of genes that are close together on the same chromosome c) only to pairs of genes that are close together on the same chromosome d) only to sex-linked genes

b) to pairs of genes that are on different chromosomes, but NOT to pairs of genes that are close together on the same chromosome

In order to determine the genotype of a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, you would cross this individual with a(n) _____ individual. BbGg BBGG bbgg bbGG BBgg

bbgg

What is the genotype of the parent with orange eyes and white skin? (Note: orange eyes are recessive.) BbGg BBGG bbgg bbGg bbGG

bbgg

Golden rice is golden in color because it is rich in beta-carotene. vitamin C. vitamin A. chromium picolinate.

beta-carotene

A testcross is a) a mating between two individuals of unknown genotype. b) a mating between two individuals heterozygous for the trait of interest. c) a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest. d) a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual heterozygous for the trait of interest.

c) a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest.

If you are a male, the Law of Independent Assortment indicates that your gametes contain _____. a) only the chromosomes and alleles you inherited from your father b) only the chromosomes you inherited from your father, although some of the alleles you inherited from your mother may have been spliced in through recombination c) a random mix of the chromosomes you inherited from each parent d) only the chromosomes and alleles you inherited from your mother

c) a random mix of the chromosomes you inherited from each parent

A scientist wishes to prepare a genomic library, but the DNA to be cloned is large. Which of the following vectors should be used? a) bacterial chromosomes b) bacterial plasmids c) bacterial artificial chromosomes d) bacteriophages

c) bacterial artificial chromosomes

In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___. a) adding alcohol b) treatment with a strong base c) heating d) treatment with an acid

c) heating

DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands? a) that the primers might not work b) that the DNA strands might melt c) that the DNA polymerase could be denatured

c) that the DNA polymerase could be denatured

The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called __________________________. a) recombinant DNA b) short tandem repeats c) the polymerase chain reaction d) gel electrophoresis

c) the polymerase chain reaction

In a test cross, F2 refers to _____. a) the 1st filial generation b) the grandparents of the 1st generation c) the second filial generation, or the "grandchildren" of the original mating pair d) the original mating pair

c) the second filial generation, or the "grandchildren" of the original mating pair

A _____________ is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual.

character

An individual heterozygous for eye color, skin color, and number of eyes mates with an individual who is homozygous recessive for all three characters; what would be the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orangeeyes; G = green skin, g = white skin; C = two eyes, c = one eye] a) 9 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 9 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 9 orange eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye b) 1 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye c) 9 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 3 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 3 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, white skin, one eye d) 1 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, white skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, white skin, twoeyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye e) 9 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 3 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 3 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, white skin, one eye : 9 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 3 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 3 orange eyes, white skin, twoeyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye

d) 1 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, white skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, white skin, twoeyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye

Which of the following statements about DNA technology is false? a) DNA technology is now used to mass-produce human growth hormone. b) DNA technology is now used to mass-produce human insulin. c) DNA technology is now used to produce vaccines that are harmless mutants of a pathogen. d) DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.

d) DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.

A BbGg x bbgg cross yields a phenotypic ratio of approximately 5 black eyes, green skin : 5 orange eyes, white skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin. Which of the following best explains these results? a) The genes for eye color and skin color are co-dominant. b) The heterozygous individual is male, and the homozygous individual is female. c) Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment are being violated. d) Mendel's law of independent assortment is being violated. e) Mendel's law of segregation is being violated.

d) Mendel's law of independent assortment is being violated.

In an individual of genotype Aa, where are the A and a alleles physically located? a) They are both on one chromosome. b) One allele is on one chromosome, and the other is in a different position (locus) on the homologous chromosome. c) One allele is on one chromosome, and the other allele is on a different, nonhomologous chromosome. d) One allele is on one chromosome, and the other is in the same position (locus) on the homologous chromosome.

d) One allele is on one chromosome, and the other is in the same position (locus) on the homologous chromosome.

How have Mendel's laws fared as we have learned more about cell biology and processes such as meiosis? a) Our new knowledge has confirmed all of Mendel's predictions and laws. b) Our new knowledge has led to the rejection of all of Mendel's laws. c) Our new knowledge shows that the Law of Segregation is incorrect, but it has proved the Law of Independent Assortment to be valid. d) Our new knowledge has helped to explain some of the exceptions to Mendel's laws of inheritance.

d) Our new knowledge has helped to explain some of the exceptions to Mendel's laws of inheritance.

In corn, blue kernels are produced by a dominant allele of a coloration gene, and white kernels are produced in individuals homozygous for a recessive allele of the same coloration gene. Another gene has two alleles for shape, with smooth kernels being dominant to wrinkled. A plant heterozygous for both genes is testcrossed (crossed to a homozygous recessive white, wrinkled strain). The testcross offspring consist of the following types: 1,447 blue smooth; 1,436 white wrinkled; 150 blue wrinkled; 145 white smooth. Explain the inheritance of the coloration and shape traits. a) The shape and coloration genes assort independently. b) Neither the coloration nor the shape genes are segregating. c) Only the coloration gene segregates properly; the shape gene fails to segregate. d) The coloration and shape genes are linked on the same chromosome.

d) The coloration and shape genes are linked on the same chromosome.

Which of the following statements regarding cross-breeding and hybridization is false? a) The offspring of two different varieties are called hybrids. b) The hybrid offspring of an F1 cross are the F2 generation. c) The parental plants of a cross are the P generation. d) The hybrid offspring of a cross are the P1 generation.

d) The hybrid offspring of a cross are the P1 generation.

Plants are being engineered to be resistant to pesticides; therefore, _____. a) the plants will require fewer nutrients b) the plants provide humans who consume them with the same resistance c) the nutritional value of the plants will improve d) farmers can reduce chemical use

d) farmers can reduce chemical use

What genetic information does cDNA contain? (ebook Module 12.4) a) the restriction enzymes produced by a bacterium b) all the genetic information of an organism c) a single-stranded DNA transcript d) the DNA sequence of expressed genes

d) the DNA sequence of expressed genes

Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms? a) the fact that rogue microbes might transfer dangerous genes into other organisms b) the fact that the protein products of transplanted genes might lead to allergic reactions c) the fact that some plants carrying genes from other species might represent a threat to the environment d) the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage

d) the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage

An advantage of using reverse transcriptase to prepare a gene for cloning is that a) reverse transcriptase is more efficient than DNA polymerase. b) the resulting DNA strand will lack exons. c) reverse transcriptase is more efficient than RNA polymerase. d) the resulting DNA strand will lack introns.

d) the resulting DNA strand will lack introns.

A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be ________ to transmit it to offspring. A. heterozygous for the trait and unable B. homozygous for the trait and able C. homozygous for the trait and unable D. heterozygous for the trait and able

d. heterozygous for the trait and able

A cross between two individuals with black eyes and green skin which results in an individual with orange eyes and white skin is an example of a _____ cross. dihybrid monohybrid trihybrid test difficult

dihybrid

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the _________________

dominant allele.

The __________ is the genetic makeup of an organism.

genotype

a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive — they're different.

heterozygous

Mendel observed that pairs of alleles were separated or segregated in gametes and that they were rejoined in fertilization. We know that pairs of _____ are segregated in _____ and then are rejoined through fertilization. linked genes ... meiosis homologous chromosomes ... crossing over homologous chromosomes ... meiosis gametes ... meiosis

homologous chromosomes ... meiosis

having identical alleles for any one gene

homozygous

Any gene located on a sex chromosome will exhibit pleiotropy. will exhibit codominance. is called a sex-linked gene. is called a recessive gene.

is called a sex-linked gene.

A genetic cross involving parents that differ in a single character is called a _________________

monohybrid cross

How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete? one three four two

one

The physical traits of an organism are called its _____________

phenotype

A supplemental appendix is to a book as a ____________ is to a bacterial chromosome. plasmid genetically modified organism restriction enzyme bacterium

plasmid

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the _____________________

recessive allele.

Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _________. quantity sequence charge size

size

The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as _____. sticky ends base sequences single strands restriction fragments ligases

sticky ends

A ___________ is one particular variation of a character.

trait

Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as true-breeding. the F2 generation. monohybrid crosses. hybrids.

true-breeding.