Bio lab EXAM 2 (Exercise 36,37,38b)
Grantia
-(Sponges) -Contain spicules & spongin fibers -Are Sessile & poreous -Tubular -Have folded wall of cells
Distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Porifera
-Asymmetrical -No distinct tissue -Have saclike bodies [2 layers] -Poreous
Cnidarian Characteristics:
1. aquatic; majority marine 2. Have dipoblastic tissues 3. Sac-like gut (gastrovascular cavity, incomplete digestive tract) 4. Radial symmetry 5. Tentacles 6. Two lifecycle stages 7. Ciliated planula larva 8. Nerve net, non polarized 9. No head
Describe the body plan of phylum Porifera
3 body plans Asconoid-simple tube perforated by pores Syconoid- larger than asconoid and have a tubular body with a single osculum leuconoid- largest and most complex sponges. they are made up of masses of tissuespenetrated by numerous canals. Canals lead to numerous small chambers lined with flagellated cells.
What does the Schistosoma cause?
A disease called schistosomiasis.
What is a Physalia?
A floating colony of polymorphic polyps
Typhlosole
A large fold in the upper surface of the intestine of the earthworm that increases surface area to increase absorption
Osculum
A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled
polymorphism in phylum cnidaria
A medusae and polyp form
How would you describe the motion of a nematode
A nematode is able to extend in a longitudinal direction but the circumference does not expand much.
Flatworms, from Phylum Platyhelminthes, have no internal body cavity surrounded by mesoderm. This makes them __________.
Acoelomate
* Which of the following is characteristic of this phylum? specimen-Sponge
All of the above (Asymmetry, lacks true tissues, heterotrophic, eukaryotic)
Which of the following is characteristic of the body plan of this specimen? Specimen-Dugesia
All of the above (Bilateral symmetry, Dorsoventrally compressed, triploblastic, acoelomate)
Acoelomate
An animal that has no true coelom; ex: flatworms, (phylum Platyhelminthes)
Coelomate
An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm).
Asymmetrical
Animals with no general body plan, these animals have no definite shape
Amoebocytes
Are creeping, mobile cells with a variety of functions including digestion and a rather amazing ability to differentiate into other cell types as needed.
Polyps
Are cylindrical animals with a mouth surrounded by tentacles at the top facing away the substrate.
Leech Characteristics
Are dorsoventrally flattened Have anterior and posterior suckers
Which of these organisms has a complete digestive tract?
Ascaris
What type of symmetry is Phylum Porifera characterized by?
Assymetrical
Class Scyphozoa
Aurelia
Clitellum
Band of thickened, specialized segments in annelids that secretes a mucus ring into which eggs and sperm are released
Which of these characteristics distinguishes this organism from phylum Cnidaria? Specimen- Slide of Fasciola
Bilateral symmetry
Segmentation
Body is made up of a series of fused rings; external and internal structures are repeated segment by segment
How do dugesias feed?
By sucking food through its mouth and into a tubular pharynx leading to the GVC
What are cnidocytes used for
Capturing prey
Which of the following cells are used to create a current of water to draw and filter out food particles in sponges?
Choanocytes
Each segment contains parts of the
Circulatory System Digestive System Nervous System Excretory System
Metridium
Class Anthozoa Sea Anemones, sea fans, corals Marine
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Anthozoa
Which of the following structures is used for reproduction in the earthworm?
Clitellum
Aurelia's Phylum
Cnidaria
Metridium Phylum
Cnidaria
Stinging cells found on tentacles are called
Cnidocytes
Annelids are
Coelomate
Chanocytes
Collar Cells of Sponges
Sessile
Describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life and does not move
Ascaris
Don't attach (swim "upstream") They get the nutrition first (semidigested food). "Pot belly." Fecal Oral transmission. Eggs are tough. You swallow the eggs.
Class Turbellaria
Dugesia
Class Olgiochaeta
Earthworms (lumbricus)
What does the disease schistosomiasis cause?
Enlarged liver, spleen, and bladder, as well as nutrition deficiency due to large deposits of eggs
Why are leeches used in medical procedures today?
Extract fluid more efficiently and with less damage than does hypodermic suction
How many hearts does an Earthworm have?
Five
What are nematodes lacking?
Flagella and cilia
Phylum Platheminthes
Flatworms Class Turbellaria Class Trematoda Class Cestoda
Parapodia
Fleshy appendages
Earthworm's Crop
For food storage and some digestion
Earthworm's Gizzard
For maceration or crushing of food
Earthworm's Pharynx
For suction and ingestion of food
Earthworm's Esophagus
For transport of food
How do Metridium asexually reproduce?
Fragmentation
Tubatrix
Genus ____, aka the vinegar eel are Nematodes living in acidic enviroments.
How do Dugesia respond to light?
Go crazy because the are sensitive to the light
Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
Grantia Spongia Euplectella
Prostomium
Head region of annelid worms sometimes containing fleshy appendages
Choanocytes
Help sponges produce a constant flow of water into it.
What are cnidocytes used for?
Helps the organism catch their prey.
Ancylostoma
Hookworm
Class Hydrozoa
Hydra Obelia Physalia
* To which class does this organism belong? specimen-Hydra whole mount slide
Hydrozoa
Septa
Hyphae divide into cells, with wall divided by
Where do hydra live?
In shallow fresh water ponds
Where are Trichinella found?
In the intestine of their host
Ectodermal cells
Include cnidocytes and muscular contractile cells
Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, and ____________ feeding heterotrophs.
Ingestive
Spicules
Is to help support the organism and creates its structure
What is the advantage of having a folded wall? (Grantia)
It allows them to have a larger surface area, which makes it easier for them to gather food and oxygen
What are the advantages of a digestive tract having a separate entrance and exit?
It doesn't have to wait until it has vomited the waste from its last meal before it can eat again. In contrast, an animal with a digestive tract with a separate entrance and exit can store multiple meals at once in various stages of digestion, which is much more efficient.
How does the shape of the digestive sac of Opisthorchis compare with that of Dugesia?
It has a pharynx and an esophagus.
What kind of polyps does the Tubipora have?
Long parallel polyps, which are encased in calcareous tubes connected at intervals by transverse plates
Class Oligochaeta
Lumbricus
What characteristic distinguishes members of this class of the same phylum? specimen-member of class polychaeta
Many setae
What is the dominant stage of the Aurelia?
Medusae stage
* What structure is indicated by the pointer? specimen- Hydra, c.s., point to mesoglea
Mesoglea
Class Anthozoa
Metridium Tubipora
Earthworm locomotion
Movement involves extension, anchoring, and contraction. -longitudinal + circular muscle layers interact w/ the hydrostatic skeleton to cause movement
Ancylostoma's Phylum
Nematoda
Ascaris' Phylum
Nematoda
Enterobius' Phylum
Nematoda
To what phylum does this organism belong? Specimen-slide of Enterobius
Nematoda
Trichinella's phylum
Nematoda
Tubatrix's Phylum
Nematoda
Class Polychaeta
Nergis
Cells of cnidaria are organized into what true tissues?
Nervous muscular reproductive
Do flatworms have an internal cavity?
No internal body cavity other than the GVC.
To which class does this organism belong? specimen- earthworm (lumbricus)
None of the above ( Oligochaeta)
Ostium
One of the small openings in a sponge's body through which water enters
Class Trematoda
Opisthorchis; Fasciola; Schistosoma
Leeches' Phylum and Class
Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea (segmented worms)
Nereis' Phylum and Class
Phylum Annelida Class Polychaeta
Lumbricus' Phylum and Class
Phylum Annelida and Class Oligochaeta (segmented worms)
Physalia
Phylum Cnidarian, Class Hydrozoa, common name = portugese man of war, a colonial cnidarian.
Which phylum contains organisms with a Pseudocoelom?
Phylum Nematoda
Opisthorchis's Phylum and Class
Phylum Platyhelminthe Class Trematoda
Fasicola's Phylum, Class and Fluke
Phylum Platyhelminthe Class Trematoda Sheep Liver Fluke
Schistosoma's Phylum and Class
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematodes
Dugesia's Phylum and Class
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Tubellaria
What is the genus of this organism? specimen-physalia
Physalia
Enterobius
Pinworm (roundworm) that inhabits the colon and causes itching
What is the dominant stage of the Metridium? Polyp or Medusae
Polp
Many Cnidarians alternate between a polyp form and a medusa form in their life cycle. This is called _____________.
Polymorphism
What stage dominants Class Hydra?
Polyp stage
* Which of the following characteristics is unique to this class of organisms? specimen- Coral
Polyp subdivided by septa
Grantia's Phylum
Porifera
Hermaphroditic
Possessing both the male and female reproductive organs
Hydrostatic
Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid.
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes members of this phylum from Phylum Platyhelminthes? specimen- specimen of Ascaris
Pseudocoelom
Nematodas have a body cavity called?
Psuedocoelon
What 2 morphological advances do Nematodas have that Flatworms don't?
Psuedocoelon and a complete digestive tract
What is class of phylum Cnidaria characterized by?
Radial Symmetry and cells organized into true tissues; also have two germ layers (ectoderm and an endoderm) and a gelatinous mesoglea that separates the two
Define Acoelomate.
Referring to organisms who's mesoderm is a solid mass with no body cavity surrounded by mesoderm.
Sponge Reproduction: Sexual
Release sperm into the water, and it is carried by the current until it is captured by a choanocyte, in another sponge. The choanocyte then transforms into an amoeba-shaped cell called a carrier cell, which gives up the spermatozoan to an egg, lying near a chamber formed by choanocytes and containing flagella.
Nematoda Cuticle
Resists digestive enzymes and is permeable only to water.
Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms Ascaris Turbatrix Trichinella Ancylostoma
What is the genus name of this organism? specimen-slide of Schistosoma
Schistosoma
What stage of the life cycle of Aurelia follows the stage represented by slide? specimen-slide of planula larvae
Scyphistoma
Ectodermal and glandular cells do what?
Secrete enzymes into the gastrovascular cavity for extracellular digestion
Phylum Annelida's most distinctive characteristic
Segmentation
Phylum Annelida
Segmented worm Class Polychaeta Class Oligochaeta Class Hirundinea
Leeches in Class Hirudinea are different from other annelids because they lack ________.
Setae
What is Phylum Annelida Characterized by?
Setae and Segmentation- which allows dor repletion among organs and separation of muscle layers.
Nematocysts
Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators.
Setae
Small, bristlelike appendages often occurring in pairs on lateral and ventral surfaces
What is the intermediate host of the Schistosoma?
Snails
What are cnidocytes?
Stinging cells that are located on the tentacles of the organism.
Class Cestoda
Taenia
Females Ascaris are more numerous than males; why might this be adaptive?
The eggs pass on to the ground via the faeces. Fertilized eggs require 10 to 40 days in the outside world to mature before they become infectious, which will make their way to the lungs
What morphological differences can you see between the gastrozoid (feeding) polyps and the gonozoid (reproductive) polyps of Obelia?
The gastrozoid polyps have tentacles around their mouths and the gonozoid polyps don't have tentacles and have eggs enclosed in them instead.
Definitive host
The host at which the parasite spends its final developmental stage, and reaches its mature form
What does intermediate host mean?
The host harbouring a parasite that primarily grows but not to the point of reaching (sexual) maturity
Spongocoel
The large central cavity of the sponge
How does the medusae of Obelia compare in size to that of a polyp colony of Obelia.
The medusae of Obelia is smaller than the colony of Obleia.
How does the position of the mouth of Dugesia and flukes compare?
The mouth of the Dugesia is on the ventral side, close to to middle of the body. While the fluke's mouth appears to be closer to what one would assume is the head.
Psuedocoelon and a complete digestive tract
The number of body cavities of nematodes compared to flatworms differ because nematodes are not segmented while flatworms have a head, a segmented body, and a tail.
What is unique about the internal structure of the polyp of the Anthozoa class?
The polyps are solitary or colonial, and there is no medusae. The mouth leads to a tubular pharynx and to a gastrovascular cavity with septate compartments. Gonads are gasrtodermal.
What does the Schistosoma look like?
The stem of a palm tree
Nereis live where?
They are marine worms living in sediment
How does this class differ from other classes in the same phylum? specimen- Leech
This class lacks setae
What does the Fasicola do?
This species causes liver destruction by migration within liver by immature adults (until it finds bile duct)
Acontia
Thread like structures found at the bottom of a sea anemone, full of nematocysts.
Trichinella cause what disease?
Trichinosis
Flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms have 3 germ layers, making them ____________.
Triploblastic
What does Phylum Porifera lack?
Trues tissue organization
Mature proglottids
Unbranched uterus, ovary, genital pore, testes, and vitelline gland
Where do Taenia Soliums come from?
Uncooked pork (pig is the intermediate host)
What kind of fluke is the Schistosoma
What kind of fluke is the Schistosoma
Are all cnidarians carnivores? (yes/no ?)
Yes
Does Phyla Platyhelminthes and Nematoda possess true organs and Bilateral Symmetry?
Yes
Is Schistosoma dioecious?
Yes
Medusae
a free swimming coelentrate such as jellyfish typically having an umbrella shaped body with stinging tentacles around the edge
Which is the dominant morph for the Scryphozoa class
a jellyfish
What type of body symmetry to sponges typically have
assymmetrical
Gravid proglottids
branched uterus, filled with eggs
Sponge Reproduction: Asexual
budding, regeneration or gemmules
Sponges are filter-feeders and use specialized cells called ____________ to filter food particles from the water.
choanocytes
Earthworms have both__________ and __________ muscles that allow them the ability to burrow into the ground.
circular and longitudinal
Mesenchyme
composed of fine, wispy collagen (protein) fibers and branching cells called fibroblasts embedded in gelatinous ground substance. Gives rise to muscle, bone and blood among other tissue.
Characteristics of class Hydrozoa
dominant polyp form -cnidocytes present in epidermis only -very small -medusa, if present have velum, no gastric pouches, no oral arms
Lumbricus also know as the
earthworm
What are the three embryonic germ layers that flatworms have?
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
Members of phyla Platyhelminthes and Nematoda have three true germ layers called?
endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
Nephridia
excretory organs that filter fluid in the coelom
Nephrostomes
fluid enters the nephridia through openings called this
Class Trematoda are also known as
flukes
* What structure is indicated by the pointer? specimen-slide of Obelia colony , point to gastrozooid
gastrozooid
What are spicules?
glass-like skeletal structures of sponges
What term would best describe this slide? specimen- slide of Taenia, gravid proglottid
gravid
Gemmules
groups of archaeocytes surrounded by a tough layer of spicules
What does Tripoblastic mean?
having a body derived from three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), as in all multicellular animals except sponges and coelenterates
scolex
head of an adult tapeworm; can contain suckers or hooks
Where are Ascaris found? (definitive host)
in small intestines of humans
Polymorphism
individuals alternating between two morphs, a medusa and a polyp form
Epithelial Layer
layer of flat cells
Class Hirudinea
leeches soil and water have two suckers (one at the front and one at the end) lack hairs unable to burrow but can crawl and swim Hermaphroditic (each individual has male and female parts)
filter-feeding
method in which food particles are filtered form water as it passes by or through some part of an organism
Are Hydras sessile?
no
Do Hydras have a medusae stage?
no
Does the Metridium have a medusae stage?
no
proglottid
one of the segments that make up most of a tapeworm
what does heterotrophic mean?
organisms that feed on others
How do sponges filter feed
ostia in their outer walls
What do Lumbricus lack?
parapodia [also have very few setae]
Class Turbellaria are also known as
planaria
What are the two types of symmetry that are characteristics of different animal phyla
radial and bilateral
Are the polyps of the Aurelia enlarged or reduced
reduced
Nematodas are also known as
roundworms
Annelids have small, bristle-like appendages called _______ that appear in pairs on each segment. Their arrangement helps distinguish the 3 classes of annelids.
setae
What do leeches lack that other annelidas have?
setae
How do leeches reproduce?
sexually
Phylum Porifera
sponges
Basal Disks
structures used by polyps of Hydra to hang from the water's surface or to a hard substrate
Class Cestoda are also known as
tapeworms
Identify the structure at the end of the pointer. specimen- slide of Opisthorchis, point to testis
testis
Peristomium
the first segment in an annelid, surrounds the mouth
What is in the Psuedocoelon?
the internal organs
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes this phylum from Phylum Schyphozoa? Specimen- slide of Obelia Colony
this phylum has a dominant polyp stage
Nephridiopores
tiny holes in an earthworm's skin used for excretion of waste products
Ascaris can be both male and female? (T/F ?)
true
Are Metridium colonial
yes
are the spongias fibers flexible
yes