bio midterm

Buffy is dehydrated so her WBC count is higher than normal. What disorder does she have?

leukocytosis

What is found in the cortex of the lymph nodes?

lymphocytes

Which leukocytes are the first to respond to an infection or wound?

neutrophil

Where does the lymphatic system return the lymph to the blood?

subclavian veins

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

turbulence from closing the AV valves

Which of the following are functions of lymphatic system? Choose ALL that apply.

-activates the immune system to destroy pathogens -collects fluid, microorganisms, and debris from the tissues -filters lymph and returns it to circulation -transports lipids from the small intestine to the circulatory system

Which of the following describes the structure of a leukocyte

A complete cell with a nucleus, dynamic cytoskeleton, and many vesicles.

Beginning with oxygenated blood leaving the lungs and returning to the heart in the pulmonary veins, list the chambers, valves, and vessels that the blood flows through, in order. Remember to start with the pulmonary veins!

1 Pulmonary vein 2 left atrium 3 bicuspid valve 4 left ventricle 5 aortic semilunar valve 6 aorta 7 body tissues 8 superior/inferior vena cava 9 right atrium 10 tricuspid valve 11 right ventricle 12 pulmonary semilunar valve 13 pulmonary trunk 14 lungs

Which part of the cardiac conduction system carries the signal from the atria into the ventricles?

Av bundle

What type of tissue is found in the fibrous pericardium, of the heart?

Fibrous connective tissue

How does exercise affect the heart rate and the cardiac output? Choose ALL FOUR that apply.

Signals from the proprioceptors that detect movement travel to the cardiac center. Sympathetic neurons are activated in the cardiac center. The heart rate increases. The cardiac output increases.

There are three phases of hemostasis: vascular spasm/vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation/blood clotting. Explain why each phase is important (not what happens, but WHY it happens).

The spasm happens to help control the loss of blood. The plug is formed as a temporary solution to block the opening to clot the blood. Blood clotting then occurs so we do not bleed out.

Which of these of pathogens do B cells attack? Choose BOTH that apply.

a toxin in the tissue fluid a virus in the plasma

Which area(s) of the body are drained by the thoracic duct? Choose ALL that apply.

abdomen, left and right leg, left arm, left side of the head

Which of the following is a feature of myocardial cells that helps them resist fatigue?

ability to use many energy sources in addition to glucose

Which TWO types of plasma protein are needed for blood clotting? Choose BOTH that apply.

alpha globulin fibrinogen

Epinephrine and the sympathetic nervous system have the same effect. They prepare the body for activity. What are the specific effects of epinephrine/sympathetic neurons that help the body increase activity? There are many!

some of the effects are they increase the heart rate and blood pressure. It also expands the lungs for more oxygen, distributes more blood to the muscle to aid in the movement.

Which vessels collect blood from the capillaries?

venules

What is the function of the granules seen in the cytoplasm of some leukocytes?

The granules are vesicles holding signal molecules and enzymes to the leukocyte's function.

Which of the following contain oxygenated blood? Choose ALL that apply.

Aorta pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle

Joel has episodes of tachycardia and his doctor wants to see if there are any abnormalities in the cardiac conduction system. Which procedure/test would provide the most information about the function of the conduction system?

ECG

Which part of the cardiac conduction system initiates the signal to contract for each heartbeat?

SA node

Which of the following are true of arteries in systemic circulation, like the aorta? Choose BOTH that apply.

They carry oxygenated blood They carry blood away from the heart

Bill has a hemoglobin level of 10 g/dl. Is this level too high, too low, or normal?

Too low

What is the difference between the total osmotic pressure and the colloid osmotic pressure?

Total osmotic pressure is due to all the solutes in the blood while colloid osmotic pressure is due to only the large molecules.

What are the functions of prostaglandins? Choose ALL that apply.

activate pain attract neutrophils and leukocytes cause vasodilation increase capillary permeability

What are the functions of kinins? Choose THREE that apply.

activate pain receptors attract neutrophils and other leukocytes cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

disorder with the main problem it causes

anemia- not enough O2 is carried to the tissues jaundice- dangerous to infants, but does not cause a problem for adults leukopenia- increased risk of illness or tissue damage polycythemia- high viscosity strains the heart and increases risk of blood clots thrombocytopenia- excess blood loss thrombus- blocked flow of blood

Which vessels contain many layers of smooth muscle and elastic fibers to reduce the blood pressure by expanding with each pulse.

arteries

What are the functions of leukotrienes? Choose BOTH that apply.

attract neutrophils and other leukocytes cause vasodilation and increase capillary permeability

What is opsonization?

binding to the pathogen to make it easier to phagocytize

Tara took an herb to help her memory. 15 minutes later, her pulse dropped to 45 bpm. What disorder does she have?

bradycardia

Which components of blood make it more viscous than water? Choose both that apply.

cells proteins in the plasma

What are the two important functions of vasomotion? Choose BOTH that apply.

control the flow of blood to specific organs and tissues regulate blood pressure

Which areas of the heart carry oxygenated blood? Choose BOTH that apply.

coronary arteries left ventricle

How do parasympathetic neurons affect the heart rate and the cardiac output? Choose BOTH that apply.

decrease heart rate decrease cardiac output

Describe what is happening during each phase of the cardiac cycle (diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole), including which chambers are contracting and which are relaxing, which valves are open and which are closed, and where the blood is going. Be complete!

during diastole the atria are relaxed and ventricles are relaxed as well. The AV valves are open and the semilunar vales are closed. Blood is flowing from the veins into the atria and ventricles. in Atrial systole atria are contracting and ventricles are relaxed. Av vales are open and semilunar valves are closed. Blood is flowing from atria to ventricles in Ventricular systole atria are relaxed and ventricles are contracting. Av vales are closed while semilunar valves are open. Blood is flowing from the ventricles to the arteries.

Which leukocytes are important to fight parasitic infections?

eosinophil

Which cells actively synthesize hemoglobin during erythropoiesis?

erythroblasts

Which molecule links together to form a sticky network that is the structure of a blood clot?

fibrin

Which of the following are true of the second line of defense (innate immunity)? Choose ALL that apply.

fights pathogens in the body involves non specific mechanisms

What feature of erythrocytes allows them to fit into the smallest capillaries?

flexible cytoskeleton allows them to bend

What is the function of perforins?

form a ring that makes a hole in the pathogen memory

What is cytolysis?

forming a ring of proteins that makes a hole in the pathogen membrane

Which enzyme is needed to cut fibrinogen into fibrin to form a blood clot?

thrombin

What is the function of the vasa vasorum of the blood vessels?

to carry blood to the blood vessel wall

What is the role of thrombin in blood clotting?

to cut long fibrinogen into shorter fibrin

What happens to blood vessels in the viscera when baroreceptors detect low blood pressure and how does that affect the blood pressure? Choose BOTH that apply.

vasoconstriction Increase blood pressure

What happens to blood vessels in the viscera when sympathetic neurons in the vasomotor center are activated and how does that affect the blood pressure? Choose BOTH that apply.

vasoconstriction increase blood pressure

What are the lymphatic capillaries?

vessels made of a single layer of overlapping cells that collect lymph from the tissues

What are the lymphatic trunks

vessels that collects lymph draining from a specific area like an arm or a leg

Linda has type A+ blood. To which blood types can she donate? Choose ALL that apply.

A+ AB+

put steps in order

1. Low CO2 detected 2. liver and kidneys release erythropoietin 3. hemopoietic stem cells become erythroblasts 4. erythroblasts divide and produce hemoglobin 5. erythroblasts lose their organelles and enter circulation 6. the new erythrocytes carry more O2 to the tissues

Steps of inflammation

1. tissue damage occurs 2. inflammatory chemicals are released 3. vasodilation and increased permeability bring more fluid and cells to the area 4. leukocytes leave the blood vessels,are attracted to the damaged tissue 5. Neutrophils phagocytize some pathogens and die 6. macrophages phagocytize pathogens, debris, and dead cells 7. growth factors form the platelets and blood vessels stimulate tissue healing

Which of the following is a normal adult blood volume?

5.2 L

Shanda has a normal ECG. Her blood pressure is 114/68, her stroke volume is 80 ml/beat, and her heart rate is 60 beats per minute. What is Shanda's cardiac output? Show how you set up the calculation, determine the answer, and include the correct units.

60X80 4800 ml/min

Joan has type AB- blood. What antigens are on her erythrocytes? Choose ALL that apply.

A antigen B antigen

How does cardiovascular training increase the stroke volume?

Cardiovascular training increases the contraction strength of the heart muscle.

Xander received an incompatible blood transfusion that resulted in the breakdown of many erythrocytes. What type of anemia does he have?

hemolytic anemia

Which of the following refers to production of all the formed elements in the blood?

hemopoiesis

Tara's blood pressure is 82/52, causing her to feel slightly dizzy. What disorder does she have?

hypotension

How does increasing the preload affect the stroke volume and the cardiac output? Choose BOTH that apply.

increases stroke volume increase cardiac output

What happens to the iron in the hemoglobin when an erythrocyte dies?

it is used to make new hemoglobin in the bone marrow

Why is coronary circulation important?

it provides blood to the heart muscle

What happens if the osmotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) of the blood is too low due to a protein deficiency in the blood? Choose ALL that apply.

more water remains in the tissue blood pressure decreases swelling occurs (edema)

Which leukocytes are the most common in a healthy person?

neutrophil

Amy had a great trip to South America, but she hasn't felt well since then. She feels nauseous and had no appetite. After a week of feeling lousy, she made an appointment to see her doctor, who ordered a CBC. Amy's hemoglobin is 13 g/dl, her hematocrit is 45%, and the number and size of the RBCs and platelets is normal, but the WBC count was high with an elevated number of eosinophils. What is most likely wrong with Amy?

parasitic infection

What is the function of MALT?

protect the mucus membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive system.

Which of the following is not typically found in the lymph?

red blood cells

What is the function of natural killer cells?

release perforins and granzymes to kill cells with the wrong identify markers

What type of tissue is found in the tunica interna of the blood vessels?

simple squamous endothelium

What type of tissue is found in the endocardium of the heart?

simple squamous epithelium/endothelium

Which vessels in the spleen have gaps between the endothelial cells to let blood cells into circulation?

sinusoid capillaries