BIO midterm chapters 5-7
The _____ law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.
1st
As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs.
2
How many ATP are produced from the 10 NADH that enter the electron transport chain?
30
The number of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is usually _____________.
36-38
ATP releases energy when...
a phosphate is removed
Which of the following best describes entropy (entropy, the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work).
disorder
Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called a passive transport because it...
does not require energy from the cell
Energy is released from ATP when ...
a phosphate group is removed from ATP yielding ADP + P + energy.
What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract?
ATP
The light reactions act mush as a battery to power the reactions of the Calvin cycle. The energy is stored as...
ATP and NADPH
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose is ultimately converted to ________ and ________.
ATP and heat
Which of the labeled cells of a C3 leaf is known as a bundle sheath cell?
C
Yeast is used to make bread rise by producing ______________ during fermentation.
CO2 gas
Which of the following reactions builds sugars rather than breaks them down?
Calvin cycle
The products of fermentation depend on the type of organism carrying out the process. What do yeast produce during fermentation?
Ethyl alcohol and CO2
True or False : the products of photosynthesis are water and carbon dioxide.
False
What is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
The O2 given off during photosynthesis is derived from...
H2O
Where do the electrons come from that are used in the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2
Carotenoids are found in high concentrations in yellow and orange leaves or vegetables. Why do these leaves and vegetables appear yellow or orange.
The carotenoids reflect and transmit yellow and orange wavelengths of light
The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the
active site
Which of these words should be classified separately from the others: facilitated diffusion, active transport, passive transport, osmosis, and diffusion.
active transport
_________ can perform photosynthesis.
algae
In photosynthesis, the light reactions ___________________ , while the Calving Cycle ____________.
capture solar energy ; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy
By-products of cellular respiration include _______________.
carbon dioxide and water
What cellular process uses oxygen to produce ATP from glucose and other organic molecules?
cellular respiration
Factors that may affect the passage of materials across the cell membranes include...
concentration, charge, time, and size
As climate change leads to drier and drier summers in the southeastern United States, more and more homeowner find that they have crabgrass growing in their yards. The reason is that...
crabgrass is a type of C4 plant that does well in dry climates
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
solar energy - chloroplast - mitochondria is the order in which __________ flows throughout an ecosystem.
energy
When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?
energy can be changed from one form to another
Energy of activation is the...
energy required for molecules to react with each other
Molecules more from greater to lesser concentration through a carrier protein called...
facilitated diffusion
What function do the carrier proteins embedded int he cell membrane serve?
facilitated diffusion
In a redox reaction, reduction means ________________, and oxidation means _______________.
gain of electrons ; loss of electrons
A plant that uses CAM photosynthesis (plants adapting to arid conditions) is most likely to be successful in what type of environment.
hot, dry
During an osmosis experiment in class, you look at some cells under the microscope. You notice the cells look shriveled. What type of solution were the cells immersed in?
hypertonic
During an osmosis experiment, you place some plant cells under the microscope. You notice the cells seem very swollen. What type of solution were the cells immersed in?
hypotonic
Inaccurate or not : ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and 2 phosphate groups.
inaccurate
The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active sight is called the...
induced fit model
In animals, lactate forms from fermentation. Lactate ________.
is transported to the liver where it is reconverted to pyruvate
if the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as it is in the surrounding solution, the cell is in a(n) _______________ environment
isotonic
Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by ____________ the energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
lowering
What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration?
mitochondria
Enzymes are usually named based on the structure that they bind. This is possible because each type of enzyme binds to _______ _____ ___________ substrate.
only one specific
CAM photosynthesis limits CO2 fixation to nighttime hours in order to ....
open stomata only at night, limiting water loss because of heat and low humidity.
_______________ is the process that allows water to move across the cell membrane.
osmosis
___________ is necessary for the complete breakdown of glucose.
oxygen
Fermentation occurs if....
oxygen is not present
_________________ is the process in which a white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell.
phagocytosis
Which of the following is the opposite of cellular respiration?
photosynthesis
an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules is an example of ....
potential energy rather than kinetic energy
A product of glycolysis is ____________.
pyruvate
What method of transport uses a coated pit to take in a specific type of molecule?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Grana are
stacks of thylakoids
The fluid-filled area within the chloroplast is the ...
stroma
Energy to drive the formation of ATP in photosynthesis is derived from
the H+ gradient
In cellular respiration, the majority of ATP are produced during __________________.
the electron transport chain
What prevents a plant cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution?
the presence of a cell wall
The light-harvesting complexes of a chloroplast are located in the _______________; the enzymes of the Calvin Cycle reactions are located in the ________________.
thylakoid membrane ; stroma
