Final terms for anthropology EXAM 2
Linguistic Determinism
-idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis...
Fundamentalism
- Alternative functions of religion apart from positive functions - Arose from strong feelings of alienation from the perceived secularism of the modern culture - Rescue religion from absorption into the "corrupt" modern - Galvanizing tool which might be manipulated - Permanent liminal group?
Evolution of religion
- Animism - Polytheism - Monotheism - Science
Rituals of Reversal purposes
- Balancing oppositions in a dialectic process • Protest against vs. preservation of order • Realeasing tension & reaffirming social order
Turner and Liminality
- Builds on the work of Gennep but chooses to focus on the "Betwixt and Between" period of initiation rites - Liminality as an interstructural situation - Subject in the liminal period is "invisible" → possess physical but not social reality - Twofold character → at once no longer classified and not yet classified
Anomie
- Lacking meaningful order - Weak/too abstract & remote institutional control - Culture of individualism - Individualism & individual self-interest! social cohesion suffers, social disintegration
Neophytes and liminality
- Particular form becomes general matter eg: names are taken away and called by generic term - Regarded as ritually "unclean" because they are in an unclear stage [Mary Douglas] - Treated as neither male or female → sex distinctions do not apply in a structureless realm - Complete equality - Responsibility is borne by elders → neophytes free to develop interpersonal relationships - Generation of communitas During liminal period, neophytes are encouraged to think about their social reality / cosmos - Liminality as a state of reflection - Return to society with more alert faculties but are once again subject to custom and law
The In-Between: Liminality Characteristics:
- People in the liminal period exist apart from ordinary distinctions. - Reversals of ordinary behavior - basic to all passage rites - Are passed together with a group
Spirituality
- focusing on the non-material, sacred matters • Usually individual • No particular format or association with a traditional organization
Instrumentalism
--Political & socio-economic elites may manipulate socio-cultural identities to their advantage • Selective reconstruction of historical events • Stressing certain religious or cultural symbols over others • Alluding to unfair/threatened position in society --Conscious & strategic
Processes of Linguistic Divergence
-Diffusion -Admiration for persons who create new & clever idioms -Domination by another culture (e.g., colonialism)
Primordialism/Essentialism
-Ethnic identity perceived & experienced as one's "essence" -Felt to be fixed, static, unalterable -Inherited, inherent, innate, "blood ties"
Religion characteristics
-Universal -While globalization & modernization might have promoted secularization, religion persists
Five "scapes" through which all global activity happens
-ethnoscape- movement and blending of people - technoscape- spread of technology - mediascapes- sharing and movement of media and images - financescapes- the complex global financial markets - ideoscapes- spread and interpretation of political ideology These five "scapes" cause a disjuncture in economy, culture and politics, meaning that previous models of global activity cannot be applied.
Bourgois: stratification and criminality (language)
-public school described as an 'institutional disaster' -Primo's mother couldn't speak English so helpless in school system -Never doing homework or participating in class led to conflicts with teachers - 'the normal channels of mother-child authority were subverted' -Caesar says violence necessary for kids who move a lot, like him, for protection. -Violence ultimately led to him being deemed mentally unstable -Bullying disabled students and stories of gang rape creates objectivity problems for Bourgois Normal rebellious behaviour and acting out of adolescents taken to new level in El Barrio (mugging, theft) -Gang rape and subjugation of women is part of coming-of-age street culture
purpose of which craft accusations
1. Stigmatization of differences • Negative role models • 2. Scapegoating • In times of great social change • Sorcerers and witches are responsible
Mana
Melanesians A sacred, impersonal force existing in the universe. Mana could reside in people, animals, plants, and objects. Melanesian mana was similar to our notion of good luck. Objects with mana could change some- one's luck. For example, a charm or an amulet belonging to a successful hunter could transmit the hunter's mana to the next person who held or wore it. A woman could put a rock in her garden, see her yields improve, and attribute the change to the force contained in the rock. In Melanesia, anyone could acquire mana by chance, or by working hard to get it. In Polynesia, mana was attached to political offices. Chiefs and nobles had more mana than ordinary people did.
Art and its value in anthropology
Narrative approach: A documentation of table manners, traditions, customs, clothing styles etc. Interpretive Approach • Understanding cultural context important • Money = source of evil • Spilling salt = impending doom Marriage & descent: Genealogical system rather than mere decorative ornaments
Olympian religions
Polytheistic religion where every god has a specific purpose. Each god rationally tries to fulfill a certain role. The more complex society becomes the more it is reflected in the religion as well.
Power and Control: Foucalut
Power not confined to the arena of formal political institutions The person or group who controls these relationships has also power over what and how something is portrayed as knowledge or truth power is not an entity, it is relational From physical punishment to psychological (& internalized) control (observations, record-keeping) Mechanisms of control: • Prisons• Hospitals • Museums
Public vs. hidden transcript
Public transcript refers to the open, public interactions between the dominators and the oppressed. "Hid- den transcript" describes the critique of power that goes on where the power holders can't see it. Discontent also may be expressed in public rituals such as Carnaval.
Legend
Reflecting cultural beliefs, values etc. • Entertainment • Instruction • Bonding
Hypodescent (Hypo means "lower") Definition:
Rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group, i.e. children are assigned to the same group as minority parent.
permanent liminal groups
Sects, brotherhoods and cults
Doxa
Taken-for-granted ideas, actions, & emotions • "the natural and social world appears as self-evident" • Seemingly "real," "natural" & "objective" ! The way things simply are • Actions, ideas, emotions, assumptions of the minority group are considered "unnatural"
liminal phase of rites of passage:
The second, or liminal, phase is the most interesting. It is the limbo, or "time-out," during which people have left one status but haven't yet entered or joined the next
Sociolinguistics
The study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories • Age, • Gender, • Class, • Religion, • Ethnicity influence the use & significance of distinctive styles of speech
subculture
a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.
Tribe
a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader. (needs redefining)
counterculture
a way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm.
Communitas
an intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness. State of perceived solidarity, equality, and unity among people sharing a religious ritual, often characterized by intense emotion Rituals such as the totemic ceremonies or the in-between phase of a rite of passage are rites of intensification: They intensify social solidarity. The ritual creates communitas.
Anomie
decreased institutional control, increased individuality seem to lack meaningful order weak, too abstract and remote institutional control
Assimilation:
describes the process of change that a minority ethnic group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates. By assimilating, the minority adopts the pat- terns and norms of its host culture. It is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit.
disease versus illness
disease (cancer or specific disease etc.) Illness socially constructed. Illness --> A condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual. (personal)
Subculture
• "expressive forms and rituals of those subordinate groups (like punks), who are alternately dismissed" - signs of forbidden identity, into valuable objects, symbols of victory • Challenging hegemony through signs (style) • Subcultures = forms of resistance challenging the "norm"
Ethnolinguistics
• A branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language & culture • & how they mutually influence and inform one another
Poetry as Acts of Resistance
• Awlad 'Ali Bedouins in Egypt 2 forms of poetry • Well-structured poems about heroes that are sung by men only on special occasions • Simply-structured "little songs" about personal matters & emotions recited by women on intimate occasions
Verbal Art
• Dramas • Poetry • Narratives • Riddles • Idioms
Androcentrism
• Entrenchedculturalbiasofconsideringwomenas • physically, • intellectually, • andspirituallyinferiortomen
Tale
• Fictive & creative narrative that is also known to be fiction for entertainment's sake, but also has a moral or teaches a lesson (diffusion --> india)
Epic
• Lengthy, "dramatic narrative" about the admired actions of a "historic or legendary hero" • Usually one sings it or recites it "in poetic language" example: Odyssey
Constructivism
• Like in instrumentalism, identities are socially constructed, • but not as "free-floating" as pure instrumentalism would have us believe • a basis in experienced reality • In everyday interactions • Not entirely conscious & strategic • Continuity & change
Alienation
• Overbearing institutional apparatus • too much control • alienate us from our true selves, bereave us of authenticity • Capitalists also afflicted • Never-ending pursuit of more profits ! alienation from themselves & other people
3 Approaches to Ethnic Identity
• Primordialism/Essentialism • Instrumentalism • Constructivism
Social Identity is...
• Relational (individual & social level) • How are you distinct from & similar to other people & groups? • Contextual (salience, valence) • Depending on the people & situation • Every person is like all/no other persons - Dyanmic (changes over time) • E.g., age group • Valence can change • Implies power relationships • Ascribed vs. achieved
Antistructure
• Socially sanctioned use of behavior that radically violates social norms ! usually in religious ritual
Contagious magic
• Things/ppl once in contact with someone or something can affect each other even if the direct connection is broken • Hair, fingernails, teeth • Marilyn Monroe's dress
Functions of Music
• Witchcraft • Advertisement • Political purposes ◦ Aboriginese songlines • First primarily sacred ecological & presumed historical knowledge
Little Songs
• enable women to criticize & express otherwise unaccepted sentiments in a safe & socially accepted manner • outlet & regaining sense of control & moral standing
Imitative magic
• produces like Voodoo
Religion is influenced by
• socio-cultural, • but also by geographic, • historical, • economic, • & political context
Functions of Art Within a society
◦ Convey social status & political power ◦ Convey religious identity Counter-culture or affirming culture • Guiding & giving significance to life ◦ Chanting into trance ◦ Expression of emotions, values • Calming babies • Coordinating work
Witchcraft
"The ability to harm others by harboring malevolent thoughts about them; the practice of sorcery"(Nanda & Warms, 2011, p. 304)
Sorcery
"The concscious and intentional use of magic", i.e., "manipulation of words and ritual objects"
Myths
"sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence" • Origins in the past, why we exist, & future • Legitimizes religious beliefs & rituals • Guidance for conduct
De Gonzalez's Typology
(1) Seasonal • Individuals or groups or even entire families • E.g., harvesting (2) Temporary Non-Seasonal • Young unmarried adults • To see the world, earn some money, missions • E.g., Mormons • Culture of Migration (3) Recurrent (non-seasonal) • Mature men, leaving families behind • Away for varying periods of time - s.t. years • In pursuit of labor (4) Continuous • Families travel together, from one job to the next • Individuals of various ethnic backgrounds • No "home" or tightly-knit (extended) family ties (5) Permanent • Permanent settlement in the host country • Seeking better employment opportunities • Polish & Irish immigrants in the US (6) Conflict • Refugees
Modes of production effecting gender relatoins
(KOTTAK) gender stratification was greatest when the women contributed either much more or much less than the men did. In foraging societies, gender stratification was most marked when men contributed much more to the diet than women did. (This was true among the Inuit and other northern hunters and fishers.) When gathering is prominent, gender status tends to be more equal than it is when hunting and fishing are the main subsistence activities. Gender status also is more equal when the domestic and public spheres aren't sharply separated. Strong differentiation between the home and the outside world is called the domestic-public dichotomy or the private-public contrast. The outside world can include politics, trade, warfare, or work. Often when domestic and public spheres are clearly separated, public activities have greater prestige than domestic ones do. This can promote gender stratification, because men are more likely to be active in the public domain than women are. Cross-culturally, women's activities tend to be closer to home than men's are. Another reason hunter-gatherers have less gender stratification than farmers and herders do is that the domestic-public dichotomy is less developed among foragers.
Hardcore Punks (Fox)
(at the other end of the scale of Preppie Punks) Definition: most involved in the punk scene derived the greatest amount of prestige from their association with it set the trends and standards for the rest of the members
Displacement
A basic feature of language → the ability to speak of things and events that are not present. we don't have to see the object before we say the words conversation is not limited by place
Displacement Definition:
A basic feature of language → the ability to speak of things and events that are not present. we don't have to see the object before we say the words conversation is not limited by place
ethnocide
A dominant group may try to destroy the cultures of certain ethnic groups or force them to adopt the dominant culture ( forced assimilation). Many countries have penalized or banned the language and customs of an ethnic group.
Legend
A story about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition and told as true but without historical evidence. Author is often unknown, a legend has several versions and is detailed enough to be credible. A legend reflects cultural beliefs, values, etc. But is also used for entertainment, instruction or bonding.
Monotheism
Belief in a single all-powerful deity.
Polytheism
Belief in multiple deities, who control aspects of nature.
Animism
Belief in souls or doubles. Tylor (1871-1958) believed that religion arose as people tried to understand conditions and events they could not explain by reference to daily experience. Ancient humans were intrigued with death, dreaming, and trance, because they could not scientifically explain it. Instead, this led early humans to believe two entities inhabit the body (one who is active during the day, the other during sleep and trance). Then -> polytheism and later monotheism. Animism is a pre-axial, monist religion in that there is no distinction between the transcendent and the immanent world. The spirits are believed to live around you, they are in the trees, the rocks, the sand, they form the landscape. Often, contact with he spirit world is only possible through shamans, who are the main figures in these early, egalitarian societies. Because animism is so closely related to the nature, it is hypothesized that animism started to disappear when people were becoming less dependent on nature. Because animism is dependent on a small-scale, egalitarian community, other theories are that animism disappeared when societies became more complicated.
Animism
Belief in souls, or doubles
Mechanisms of social construction of ethnic, racial, and national groups (Kottak)
Census: an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals Phenotype: an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"— physiology and anatomy, including skin color, hair form, facial features, and eye color genotype: the genetic constitution of an individual organism. (hereditary makeup) Strong states: particularly in Europe (e.g., France), have deliberately and actively worked to homogenize their diverse premodern populations to a common national identity and culture nationalities: Ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status (their own country). In the words of Benedict Ander- son (1991/2006), they are "imagined communities." (the Kurds are an example of this) colonialism: In creating multi tribal and multiethnic states, colonialism, the foreign domination of a territory, often erected boundaries that corresponded poorly with preexisting cultural divisions. But colonial institutions also helped create new "imagined communities" beyond nations. A good example is the idea of négritude ("black identity")
Nature vs. culture
Culture - human consciousness and its products - e.g. symbols and technology Nature - any phenomena produced by unconscious forces
Leveling mechanism
Definition: A custom or social action that operates to reduce differences in wealth and thus to bring standouts in line with community norms (a form of social control) Example: witchcraft accusations often directed at socially marginal or anomalous individuals among the Betsileo of Madagascar, for example, who prefer patrilocal postmarital residence, men living in the wife's or the mother's village violate a cultural norm linked to their anomalous social position, a bit of unusual behavior is sufficient for them to be called witches and avoided 2. in tribes and peasant communities, people who stand out economically (especially if they seem to be benefiting at the expense of others) often face accusations of witchcraft leading to social ostracism or punishment
leveling mechanism
Definition: A custom or social action that operates to reduce differences in wealth and thus to bring standouts in line with community norms (a form of social control) Example: witchcraft accusations often directed at socially marginal or anomalous individuals among the Betsileo of Madagascar, for example, who prefer patrilocal postmarital residence, men living in the wife's or the mother's village violate a cultural norm linked to their anomalous social position, a bit of unusual behavior is sufficient for them to be called witches and avoided 2. in tribes and peasant communities, people who stand out economically (especially if they seem to be benefiting at the expense of others) often face accusations of witchcraft leading to social ostracism or punishment
Plural society
Definition: A society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and economic interdependence of ethnic groups. Example: areas of the Middle East with farmers and herders the environment of any ethnic group is not only defined by natural conditions, but also by the presence/activities of other ethnic groups in which it depends. each group exploits only part of the total environment
Olympian Religions
Definition: In Wallace's typology, develop with state organization; have full time religious specialists-professional priesthoods.
Glottochronology (slides - Language and Communication)
Definition: Method for identifying approximate time that language branched off from common ancestor based on analysing core vocab → most basic and long lasting words in any language, pronouns, lower numerals, names for body parts, and natural objects. This changes about 20% every 1000 years. After 1000 years, sister languages still share 25% of their core vocab.
Hypodescent
Rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group, i.e. children are assigned to the same group as minority parent.
Cargo cults
Definition: Postcolonial, acculturative religious movements in Melanesia and Papua New Guinea that attempt to explain European domination and wealth and to achieve similar success magically by mimicking European behavior and manipulating symbols of the desired lifestyle. like syncretism, cargo cults blend aboriginal and Christian beliefs (syncretism = cultural, especially religious, mixes emerging from acculturation) take their name from their focus on cargo → (European goods natives have seen unloaded from ships and planes) Cargo cults are religious responses to the expansion of the world capitalist economy. Example: cargo cults pave the way for political action through which indigenous people regained their autonomy. - Cult participation gave Melanesians a basis for common interests and activities. Melanesian myths told of ancestors shedding their skins and changing into powerful beings and of dead people returning to life.
Epic (slides)
Definition: lengthy, "dramatic" narrative about the admired actions of a "historic" or "legendary hero" usually one sings it or recites it in "poetic language" humans are a topic of interest Example: The Raven by Edgar Allen Poe (poetic epic), The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer (greek literature epic)
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Definition: linguistic determinism → idea that different languages shape the way we view and think about our worlds/produce different patterns of thought Grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways. Example: 1. Third person singular pronouns (he, she, him, her, his, hers) distinguish gender, Gender exists in English→ therefore, S-W H argues that English speakers pay more attention to differences between males/females influences the perception of the differences between males and females. 2. English divides time into past, present, future tense, but the Hopi (a language of the Pueblo region) distinguish between events that exist or have existed, and those that don't or don't yet language does not tightly restrict thought because cultural changes can produce changes in thought and in language
Preppie Punks (Fox)
Definition: minimally committed, constituting the largest portion of the actual membership held in low esteem by the two core groups following their lead but lacking the inner conviction and degree of participation necessary to be considered socially desirable within the scene
Multiculturalism
Definition: the view of cultural diversity in a country as something valued and desired and worth maintaining a multiculturalist society socializes individuals not only in the dominant (national) culture, but also in the ethnic culture Opposite of the assimilationist model (ethnicities adopt the dominant culture) ethnic cultures coexist with the dominant culture result of globalization (mass migration from less developed to more developed countries because of mass population growth and insufficient jobs )
Historical Linguistics
Historical linguistics considers variation over time, such as the changes in sounds, grammar, and vocabulary between Middle English (spoken from approximately 1050 to 1550 c.e.) and modern English. Sociolinguists study contemporary variation in speech—language change in progress. Historical linguistics deals with longer-term change. Language changes over time. It evolves—varies, spreads, divides into dialects and eventually into subgroups Historical linguists can reconstruct many features of past languages by studying contemporary daughter languages. These are languages that descend from the same parent language and that have been changing for hundreds or even thousands of years. We call the original language from which they diverge the protolanguage.
Catharsis
Intense emotional release. Art can transmit several kinds of messages. It can convey a moral lesson or tell a cautionary tale. It can teach lessons the artist, or society, wants told. Like the rites that induce, then dispel, anxiety, the tension and resolution of drama can lead to catharsis, intense emotional release, in the audience.
Pantribal sodality
Non-kin based groups with regional political significance. Pantribal sodalities are groups that extend across the whole tribe, spanning several villages. Often sodalities developed in times of conflict, then mobilization of group members would lead to a greater force to attack other tribes. Pantribal sodalities create a sense of ethnic identity; can link individuals based on sex, age, ritual, etc. A way to link local groups within a region. Age, gender and ritual can link members of different local groups into a single social collectivity in a tribe and thus create a sense of ethnic identity, of belonging to the same cultural tradition. Likely to develop where two or more cultures come into contact; esp. in cases of inter-tribal war, because pantribal sodalities can mobilize men across villages Example: Central Plains Indians of North America developed pantribal sodalities (horses) -- > (1) regulate buffalo hunting and (2) to organize raids on enemy camps (to capture horses) In Central and West Africa, pantribal sodalities can be secret societies with initiation rites (either exclusively men's or women's); they have control over ethics, religion, economics, politics labour union
Pure Islam (Pratt Ewing)
Only focusing on Islam as a religion, without cultural aspects associated with it.
Big Man
Regional figure found among tribal horticulturalists and pastoralists The big man occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others Generous tribal entrepreneur with multi village support. Neither his wealth nor his position passes to his heirs Example: The Kapauku Papuans live in Irian Yaja, Indonesia. Leopold Pospisil (!) studied the Kapauku Ps who grow crops and raise pigs. Economy= too complex to be described as simple horticulture. Only political figure among the Kapauku was the big man, known as Tonowi this status was achieved through hard work, amassing wealth in the form of pigs and other native richers Characteristics of the big man were the following: Generosity Bravery Eloquence Physical Fitness Supernatural Powers (?) BANK (wealth) Good judgement Helps determine dates for feasts and markets, which distributed pork and wealth → initiated economic projects requiring the cooperation of a regional community. If someone achieves wealth and widespread respect and support, he or she must be generous. big man worked hard not to hoard wealth but to be able to give away the fruits of his labor, to convert the wealth into prestige and gratitude.
functions of religion
Religion fulfills numerous socio- psychological needs - Anxiety reduction • Predictable, ordered universe • Answers to existential questions • End of existence, pain - gives hope and relief - Shedding responsibilities (Webber) Strengthening group norms • Sanctions • Common identity, values, & purpose Achievement of goals • Guidelines for behavior • Education (initiation rites)
Rites of Passage
Rites of passage can be individual or collective. They are customs associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another. They temporarily separate a person from their community and when they return they are accepted into society with a different social role than before: boy --> man. All rites of passage have three phases: separation, liminality, and incorporation.
Rite of Intensification
Ritual conducted during crisis experienced by a group • Purpose: binding ppl together • When crisis actually occurs Death of a group member • Drought • Bad harvest • Military threat • Spread of disease • Annual (harvest feasts)
Rituals
Rituals are formal—stylized, repetitive, and stereo- typed. People perform them in special (sacred) places and at set times. Rituals include liturgical orders—sequences of words and actions invented prior to the current performance of the ritual in which they occur. Rituals convey information about the participants and their traditions. Repeated year after year, generation after generation, rituals trans- late enduring messages, values, and sentiments into action.
Underdifferentiation
Seeing less-developed countries as all the same; ignoring cultural diversity. Often development agencies have ignored huge cultural contrasts (e.g., between Brazil and Burundi) and adopted a uniform approach to deal with very different societies. Since the end of WWII, models of development have changed based on political, economic, and social needs. The earliest development models were developed using several assumptions: -The model works anywhere; it can be universally applied without regard to specific cultural patterns - this is referred to underdifferentiation, or the failure to recognize that cultural norms vary. -Non-monetary systems are "backward." -Any economic exchange that did not rely on the market system was inherently inferior. Modernization = monetization. -Traditional lifeways were viewed as an impediment to development because wealth was often community based and not individually based. -There is a common de stiny of society and the common good arises out of the pursuit of individual self-interests. -Living standards can be quantified with a monetary index, e.g., Gross National Product (GNP) and life expectancy. Basically, they assumed that wealth is equal to happiness.
Annual rites of intensification examples
Significantly distinct seasons • Requiring constant adaptation in human actions • E.g., agricultural & horticultural societies • Planting & harvesting ceremonies • Veneration of nature & fertility • "emergency drill" for real crises
Function of Sports
Sport reflects culture & culture reflects sport Sports reflect divisions in society • Class • Gender • Age
preppy punks
Starting from the center of the punk community the number of members occupying each stratum (hardcore punks, sofctore punks, preppie punks, spectators) progressively increased as the commitment level of the participants diminished. The preppie punks were only minimally committed, constituting the largest portion of the actual membership. They were held in low esteem by the two core groups, following their lead but lacking the inner conviction and degree of participation necessary to be considered socially desirable within the scene. Still the ability to change roles; their looks were not permanent. This meant that the preppies wer not willing to give anything up for their punk identity. Preppies were both appreciated and despiced; one the one hand they were obviously 'fake' to the more devoted punks, on the other hand, they could sustain the hardcore punks financially, because the preppie punks just had normal jobs.
hardcore punks (Fox)
Starting from the center of the punk community the number of members occupying each stratum (hardcore punks, sofctore punks, preppie punks, spectators) progressively increased as the commitment level of the participants diminished. The hardcore punks form the center, meaning their commitment levels are highest. The hardcore punks were the most involved in the scene, and derived the greatest amount of prestige from participation with it. They set the trends and standards of the rest of the members/ they defined the situation and the subgroup boundaries. The main feature that distinguished hardcore punks from other punks was their belief in, and concern for, the punk counterculture. They did not only have a membeship status, but they believed in and espoused the indeology of the counterculture (antiestablishment, anarchistic sentiment). Disdain for the system is a core value. Lifestyle: verbal outing of disdain, clothing, living outside the system in abandoned houses, use of dangerous drugs (glue), permanent altering the body in the form of piercings and tattoes. This alteration of the body unoficially formed the semipermanent initiation rite into the hardcore punk group, as this often meant you could 'never' be socially accepted in the established outside world anymore.
Cultural hegemony
Stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing its values/ideology and accepting its "naturalness" the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class, who manipulate the culture of that society — the beliefs, explanations, perceptions, values, and mores — so that their ruling-class worldview becomes the worldview that is imposed and accepted
Linguistic Nationalism
The attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms
Pantribal Sodalities Definition:
Those that extend across the whole tribe, spanning several villages. Non-kin based group with regional political significance. A way to link local groups within a region. Age, gender and ritual can link members of different local groups into a single social collectivity in a tribe and thus create a sense of ethnic identity, of belonging to the same cultural tradition.
Age set
Unisex (usually male) political group; includes everyone born within a certain time span. Example: Some of the Plains sodalities were age sets of increasing rank. Each set included all the men - from that tribe's component bands - born during a certain time span. each set had distinctive dance/songs/privileges/possessions and members of each set had to pool their wealth to buy admission to the next higher level as they moved up the age hierarchy
Ascribed vs. achieved status
ascribed: People have little or no choice about occupying them. Age is an ascribed status; we can't choose not to age. Race and gender usually are ascribed; people are born members of a certain group and remain so all their lives. Achieved statuses, by contrast, aren't automatic; they come through choices, actions, efforts, talents, or accom- plishments and may be positive or negative. Examples of achieved statuses include physician, senator, convicted felon, salesperson, union member, father, and college student Sometimes our identities or social statuses, par- ticularly ascribed ones, are mutually exclusive. Some statuses aren't mutually exclusive, but con- textual. People can be both Black and Hispanic or both a mother and a senator.
Culture vs. lifestyle
culture: "total life-style of a people - their customs, attitudes, and values, the shared understanding that bind them together as a society" (Chaney) Lifestyle: makes use of the same understanding, values, customs etc., only uses them in a different way • Does not comprise the "totality of their social experience"
Ethnocide vs. genocide
genocide: Deliberate elimination of ethnic group through mass murder. Most extreme form of ethnic discrimination. ethnocide: Cultural practices attacked by dominant culture or colonial power (example, native americans, language)
Sub and countercultures: their characteristics and relation to mainstream society
within modern and western setting: affluence and globalization goes up and as a consequence: - plurality of institutional centers - grip of institutions on individuals fading - cannot provide structured, stable, ordered, & taken-for-granted ways of acting, feeling, & thinking anymore - anti-societal tendencies go up - Liberty seen as s.th. private & related to satisfying individual needs - ↓ Solidarity goes down as Rights > duties
Alienation
increased institutional control, decreased individuality overbearing institutions → too much control alienates us from "true" self, bereave us from authenticity examples of societal institutions that cause this: marriage and family, religious institutions, state, educational institutions, legal institutions. Considered to stifle creativity, individuality, inhibiting individual liberty, privacy, authenticity
What role did language/communication play in paving the way to criminality?
lower stratification
Muscular Bonding
marching generating & maintaining group cohesion making feeling of we-ness among larger groups possible (e.g., foraging bands) more efficient hunting & broader care of the young
Stratification (language)
ranking languages in a socioeconomic or political context pronunciation of "r" in english denoting a certain class different dialects are looked down upon or considered "uneducated" Bordieu described languages as symbolic capital- linguistic skills can be trained and converted into economical and social capital
focal vocabulary
specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience or activity).
Legend
• "A story about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition and told as true but without historical evidence" ◦ Author unknown ◦ Various versions ◦ Detailed enough to be credible
religion definition Haviland
• "An organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret &/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control" (Haviland et al., 2011)
Magic
supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims. These techniques include magical actions, offerings, spells, formulas, and incantations. Magicians employ imitative magic to produce a desired effect by imitating it. If magicians wish to harm someone, they can imitate that effect on an image of the victim Magical techniques can dispel doubts that arise when outcomes are beyond human control. Similarly, religion helps people face death and endure life crises.
Medical anthropology
the comparative, biocul- tural study of disease, health problems, and health care systems Current medical anthropology continues to have clear policy applications, partly because it so often deals with pressing human prob- lems that cry out for solutions Medical anthropologists examine such questions as which diseases and health conditions affect particular populations (and why) and how illness is socially con- structed, diagnosed, managed, and treated in various societies
Daisporia
the dispersion or spread of any people from their original homeland.