Biology Exam 3
This phylum contains the most species
Arthropoda
Characteristics of 3 domains of life are
Bacteria Archea Eukarya
Species become extinct is associated with
Cuvier
Who is credited with first proposing the concept of species extinction?
Cuvier
1858
Darwin and Wallace both publish on natural selection
This phylum is exclusively marine or ocean-dwelling
Echinodermata
An example of adaptive radiation is
Galapagos finches
7 Reproductive barriers are
Geographic separation Ecological isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Hybrid inviability or infertility
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
It is a distinction based on whether shorter or longer time periods of evolution are being considered.
Linnaean classification system
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Felis Species: domestica
Inheritance of acquired characteristics is associated with
Lamarck
The earth is changing is associated with
Lyell
Struggle for existence and limited resources are associated with
Malthus
Agents of Evolutionary change
Mutation Genetic flow Gene drift Nonrandom Mating Natural Selection
1859
On the Origin of Species
These changes are examples of evolution through natural selection:
Polar bears have adaptations that allow them to survive on the ice. A larger brain is an adaptation that allows us to learn. A population of insects adapts to an insecticide and is immune to its effects. The length of a flower and its pollinator's mouth parts are correlated.
This animal phylum is least closely related to all the others? Mollusca, Echinodermata, Chordata, Annelida, Porifera
Porifera
Major lines of evidence for evolution
The Fossil Record Biochemistry Comparative Anatomy
John Endler's experiment with guppies demonstrates which of the following in regards to evolution through natural selection?
The fitness value of a trait depends upon the environmental context the individual is in
Example of disruptive selection is
West African birds beak size
Genetic drift is
a change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance.
This characteristic separates chordates from all other animals
a dorsal hollow nerve cord
Annelids are NOT important as
a model for vertebrate locomotion
Characteristics of at least some annelids DO NOT include
a radula or snails
This changes is not an example of evolution through natural selection?
after you are in cold water for a while, your body no longer feels cold
Macroevolution is
allopatric and sympatric speciation, and adaptive radiation
This describes a scenario where allopatric speciation might occur?
an earthquake separates a lizard population into two groups
Fish scales and reptilian scales are
analogy
This pair of animals is probably most closely related evolutionarily
animals in the same genus
Adaptation is
any trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and/or reproduce modification over time in response to environmental change anatomical/physiological, behavioral, developmental
Mutations
are random
Results of natural selection are
beneficial variations increase in next generations
The theory of natural selection states that
best adapted individuals survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation.
With natural selection, individuals with certain phenotypes are
better able to acquire resources, therefore survive, and produce more offspring
Disruptive selection is where
both extremes are favored and intermediate phenotypes become rarest
microevolution
change in allele frequencies in a population over time
Biochemistry
common biochemical molecules DNA ATP molecular similarities indicate degree of relatedness
Natural selection is
different phenotypes within population and limited resources
Characteristics of fungi kingdom
eukaryotes most multicellular cell wall (chitin) heterotrophs by absorption sexual and asexual reproduction decomposers antibiotics food (soy sauce, cheese, yeast) diseases plant rusts, smuts ringworm athlete's foot thrush
Characteristics of plants kingdom
eukaryotes multicellular cell wall (cellulose) photoautotrophs sexual and asexual reproduction sessile most terrestrial
Characteristics of animal kingdom
eukaryotes multicellular no cell wall sexual and asexual reproduction heterotrophic (ingestion) most mobile
Characteristics of protists kingdom
eukaryotic mostly unicellular moist or aquatic habitats some with cell wall (cellulose) usually asexual reproduction photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, or both photosynthesis aquatic food chains mutualists with reef-forming corals red tide fish "ick" human diseases malaria toxoplasmosis amebic dysentery
Hybrid inviability or infertility is
even if fertilization occurs successfully, the offspring may not survive, or if it survives, may not reproduce for example a mule
Mechanical isolation is
even if the abstract one another, they can not mate if they are not physically compatible
Gametic isolation is
even if they are physically compatible, an embryo will not form if the egg and sperm fuse properly
Behavioral isolation is
even if they breed at the same time, that will not mate if they are not attracted to one another
Temporal isolation is
even if they come in contact, they cannot mate if they breed at different times
Ecological isolation is
even if they live in the same place, they can not mate if they do not come in contact with one another
macroevolution
evolution resulting in speciation
Annelids are important to humans in the following ways
for soil formation for medicinal uses some are parasitic
The Fossil Record
fossils arranged in strata (layers) simpler organisms in older rocks newer rocks contain more complex organisms
Evidence which supports the theory of evolution is found in studies of
fossils, embryos,homologous structures, and biochemistry.
Shrews have been documented to travel across frozen lakes and establish populations on previously uninhabited islands. This is an example of
founder effect
In an organism's scientific name, the first of the two names is the
genus
Lamark would agree with
giraffes got their long necks by stretching. a man who cuts off his hair will have sons who become bald. bob-tailed cats arose after several generations of cats had their tails bitten off. daily stretching will make you and your offspring more flexible.
Example of directional selection is
greyhound breeding cheetahs
Species are
groups of reproductively isolated organisms
A non-photosynthetic organism is most like this
heterotroph
Examples of stabilizing selection are
human birth weights; Husky muscle mass
Interbreeding two different species of lovebirds produces offspring unable to build a nest after they mature because they lack the innate knowledge needed to carry the nesting materials. The hybrid offspring do not reproduce and this limits genetic mixing of the two species. This is an example of
hybrid inviability
Geographic separation is
individuals of two populations cannot interbreed if they live in different places
Genetic drift impact is
influenced by population size
Which class of arthopod is terrestrial, has six legs and three body parts?
insects
Stabilizing Selection is where
intermediate characteristics favored, selection against extreme phenotypes
Genetic flow
is movement of alleles from one population to another
Bottleneck effect is
large reduction in population leads to change via genetic drift natural disaster, disease, human interference
Genetic drift can
lead to loss or fixation of alleles
Mutation
may lead to new alleles and is a slow rate
This is the means by which gene flow may occur
migration
Mutation is
most neutral, some harmful, few beneficial
A population of deer was threatened with overpopulation until cheetahs were imported. After a couple of years, there were fewer deer but the average running speed of the deer had increased. This is an example of
natural selection
Sexual displays and contests common in the Animal Kingdom (such as Bighorn Sheep bashing their heads together) result in
nonrandom mating
Directional selection is where
one extreme is favored
This taxonomic categories is less specific than family and more specific than class?
order
This is the level at which evolution occurs
population
Imagine a population of monkeys in South America whose habitat has been reduced to the point where only 25 monkeys survive. This is an example of
population bottleneck.
An organism that is unicellular, has a nucleus, and is photoautotrophic is a
protist
Domain Eukarya is
protists kingdom, fungi kingdom, plants kingdom, and animals kindgom
Vestigial structures
reduced/nonfunctional, suggestive of common origin
The biological definition of a species is based on
reproductive isolation
This animal is MOST closely related to vertebrates
sea cucumber
Characteristics of at least some annelids include
segmentation, freshwater existence, parasitism, and ocean-dwelling existence
Adaptive Radiation is where
several species originate from one common ancestor (Galápagos finches)
Nonrandom mating is
sexual selection; individuals differ in ability to attract mates
Analogy
similarities NOT due to common ancestry
Homology
similarities suggestive of common origin
Lamark would not agree that
snakes should have a pelvic girdle.
This is synonymous with macroevolution
speciation
Patterns of selection
stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection
Allopatric Speciation is where
subpopulations geographically isolated independent mutations, drift, selection reproductive barriers develop
Moss "A" produces gametes in May and moss "B" produces gametes in June. This is an example of a(n) __________ isolating mechanism.
temporal
Wallace is
the co-discoverer of the principle of natural selection along with Darwin
What determines which traits will be passed on to the next generation in the greatest frequency?
the environment
Disruptive selection operates whenever
the extremes in a distribution of phenotypes are more fit than the average.
Sympatric Speciation is where
two species arise without geographic isolation and is more common in plants (polyploidy)
Domain Bacteria is
unicellular, prokaryotes, cell wall, peptidoglycan, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, or heterotrophs
Domain Archaea is
unicellular, prokaryotes, chemically unique, cell wall, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs
This is the human tail bone or coccyx
vestigal
Single celled fungi are
yeasts
Two types of sexual selection are
♂ competition ♀ choice