Biology Exam 3

This phylum contains the most species

Arthropoda

Characteristics of 3 domains of life are

Bacteria Archea Eukarya

Species become extinct is associated with

Cuvier

Who is credited with first proposing the concept of species extinction?

Cuvier

1858

Darwin and Wallace both publish on natural selection

This phylum is exclusively marine or ocean-dwelling

Echinodermata

An example of adaptive radiation is

Galapagos finches

7 Reproductive barriers are

Geographic separation Ecological isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Hybrid inviability or infertility

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

It is a distinction based on whether shorter or longer time periods of evolution are being considered.

Linnaean classification system

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Felis Species: domestica

Inheritance of acquired characteristics is associated with

Lamarck

The earth is changing is associated with

Lyell

Struggle for existence and limited resources are associated with

Malthus

Agents of Evolutionary change

Mutation Genetic flow Gene drift Nonrandom Mating Natural Selection

1859

On the Origin of Species

These changes are examples of evolution through natural selection:

Polar bears have adaptations that allow them to survive on the ice. A larger brain is an adaptation that allows us to learn. A population of insects adapts to an insecticide and is immune to its effects. The length of a flower and its pollinator's mouth parts are correlated.

This animal phylum is least closely related to all the others? Mollusca, Echinodermata, Chordata, Annelida, Porifera

Porifera

Major lines of evidence for evolution

The Fossil Record Biochemistry Comparative Anatomy

John Endler's experiment with guppies demonstrates which of the following in regards to evolution through natural selection?

The fitness value of a trait depends upon the environmental context the individual is in

Example of disruptive selection is

West African birds beak size

Genetic drift is

a change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance.

This characteristic separates chordates from all other animals

a dorsal hollow nerve cord

Annelids are NOT important as

a model for vertebrate locomotion

Characteristics of at least some annelids DO NOT include

a radula or snails

This changes is not an example of evolution through natural selection?

after you are in cold water for a while, your body no longer feels cold

Macroevolution is

allopatric and sympatric speciation, and adaptive radiation

This describes a scenario where allopatric speciation might occur?

an earthquake separates a lizard population into two groups

Fish scales and reptilian scales are

analogy

This pair of animals is probably most closely related evolutionarily

animals in the same genus

Adaptation is

any trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and/or reproduce modification over time in response to environmental change anatomical/physiological, behavioral, developmental

Mutations

are random

Results of natural selection are

beneficial variations increase in next generations

The theory of natural selection states that

best adapted individuals survive and reproduce, contributing the most genes to the next generation.

With natural selection, individuals with certain phenotypes are

better able to acquire resources, therefore survive, and produce more offspring

Disruptive selection is where

both extremes are favored and intermediate phenotypes become rarest

microevolution

change in allele frequencies in a population over time

Biochemistry

common biochemical molecules DNA ATP molecular similarities indicate degree of relatedness

Natural selection is

different phenotypes within population and limited resources

Characteristics of fungi kingdom

eukaryotes most multicellular cell wall (chitin) heterotrophs by absorption sexual and asexual reproduction decomposers antibiotics food (soy sauce, cheese, yeast) diseases plant rusts, smuts ringworm athlete's foot thrush

Characteristics of plants kingdom

eukaryotes multicellular cell wall (cellulose) photoautotrophs sexual and asexual reproduction sessile most terrestrial

Characteristics of animal kingdom

eukaryotes multicellular no cell wall sexual and asexual reproduction heterotrophic (ingestion) most mobile

Characteristics of protists kingdom

eukaryotic mostly unicellular moist or aquatic habitats some with cell wall (cellulose) usually asexual reproduction photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, or both photosynthesis aquatic food chains mutualists with reef-forming corals red tide fish "ick" human diseases malaria toxoplasmosis amebic dysentery

Hybrid inviability or infertility is

even if fertilization occurs successfully, the offspring may not survive, or if it survives, may not reproduce for example a mule

Mechanical isolation is

even if the abstract one another, they can not mate if they are not physically compatible

Gametic isolation is

even if they are physically compatible, an embryo will not form if the egg and sperm fuse properly

Behavioral isolation is

even if they breed at the same time, that will not mate if they are not attracted to one another

Temporal isolation is

even if they come in contact, they cannot mate if they breed at different times

Ecological isolation is

even if they live in the same place, they can not mate if they do not come in contact with one another

macroevolution

evolution resulting in speciation

Annelids are important to humans in the following ways

for soil formation for medicinal uses some are parasitic

The Fossil Record

fossils arranged in strata (layers) simpler organisms in older rocks newer rocks contain more complex organisms

Evidence which supports the theory of evolution is found in studies of

fossils, embryos,homologous structures, and biochemistry.

Shrews have been documented to travel across frozen lakes and establish populations on previously uninhabited islands. This is an example of

founder effect

In an organism's scientific name, the first of the two names is the

genus

Lamark would agree with

giraffes got their long necks by stretching. a man who cuts off his hair will have sons who become bald. bob-tailed cats arose after several generations of cats had their tails bitten off. daily stretching will make you and your offspring more flexible.

Example of directional selection is

greyhound breeding cheetahs

Species are

groups of reproductively isolated organisms

A non-photosynthetic organism is most like this

heterotroph

Examples of stabilizing selection are

human birth weights; Husky muscle mass

Interbreeding two different species of lovebirds produces offspring unable to build a nest after they mature because they lack the innate knowledge needed to carry the nesting materials. The hybrid offspring do not reproduce and this limits genetic mixing of the two species. This is an example of

hybrid inviability

Geographic separation is

individuals of two populations cannot interbreed if they live in different places

Genetic drift impact is

influenced by population size

Which class of arthopod is terrestrial, has six legs and three body parts?

insects

Stabilizing Selection is where

intermediate characteristics favored, selection against extreme phenotypes

Genetic flow

is movement of alleles from one population to another

Bottleneck effect is

large reduction in population leads to change via genetic drift natural disaster, disease, human interference

Genetic drift can

lead to loss or fixation of alleles

Mutation

may lead to new alleles and is a slow rate

This is the means by which gene flow may occur

migration

Mutation is

most neutral, some harmful, few beneficial

A population of deer was threatened with overpopulation until cheetahs were imported. After a couple of years, there were fewer deer but the average running speed of the deer had increased. This is an example of

natural selection

Sexual displays and contests common in the Animal Kingdom (such as Bighorn Sheep bashing their heads together) result in

nonrandom mating

Directional selection is where

one extreme is favored

This taxonomic categories is less specific than family and more specific than class?

order

This is the level at which evolution occurs

population

Imagine a population of monkeys in South America whose habitat has been reduced to the point where only 25 monkeys survive. This is an example of

population bottleneck.

An organism that is unicellular, has a nucleus, and is photoautotrophic is a

protist

Domain Eukarya is

protists kingdom, fungi kingdom, plants kingdom, and animals kindgom

Vestigial structures

reduced/nonfunctional, suggestive of common origin

The biological definition of a species is based on

reproductive isolation

This animal is MOST closely related to vertebrates

sea cucumber

Characteristics of at least some annelids include

segmentation, freshwater existence, parasitism, and ocean-dwelling existence

Adaptive Radiation is where

several species originate from one common ancestor (Galápagos finches)

Nonrandom mating is

sexual selection; individuals differ in ability to attract mates

Analogy

similarities NOT due to common ancestry

Homology

similarities suggestive of common origin

Lamark would not agree that

snakes should have a pelvic girdle.

This is synonymous with macroevolution

speciation

Patterns of selection

stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection

Allopatric Speciation is where

subpopulations geographically isolated independent mutations, drift, selection reproductive barriers develop

Moss "A" produces gametes in May and moss "B" produces gametes in June. This is an example of a(n) __________ isolating mechanism.

temporal

Wallace is

the co-discoverer of the principle of natural selection along with Darwin

What determines which traits will be passed on to the next generation in the greatest frequency?

the environment

Disruptive selection operates whenever

the extremes in a distribution of phenotypes are more fit than the average.

Sympatric Speciation is where

two species arise without geographic isolation and is more common in plants (polyploidy)

Domain Bacteria is

unicellular, prokaryotes, cell wall, peptidoglycan, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, or heterotrophs

Domain Archaea is

unicellular, prokaryotes, chemically unique, cell wall, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

This is the human tail bone or coccyx

vestigal

Single celled fungi are

yeasts

Two types of sexual selection are

♂ competition ♀ choice