Bio Mini Exam #5
Hannah has an autoimmune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?
Type I diabetes mellitus
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________.
antigens
Arnav will need a skin graft to cover the hole where his basal cell carcinoma is removed. His surgeon will use a piece of skin from behind his ear to create the skin graft. This type of graft is a(n) ________.
autograft
What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?
spleen
Wave visible on the electrocardiogram (ECG) representing ventricular repolarization
t wave
Coronary artery disease results from ________.
the accumulation of fatty, calcified deposits within blood vessels
Which line of defense involves the recognition of specific antigens and actions to inactivate or destroy them?
third line of defense
Where are the tonsils located?
throat (pharynx)
Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth?
thymus
Which of the following is not a lymphoid organ?
thyroid gland
The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.
tonsils
All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.
true
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen.
true
In fetal circulation, blood travels directly from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale.
true
The correct sequence of layers of a typical blood vessel, from superficial to deep, are ________.
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
Which of the following provides active immunity that is artificially acquired?
vaccines
Large veins have ________ to prevent the backflow of blood.
valves
Which of the following is not a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
virus
The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________.
diapedesis
Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________.
edema
Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph?
follicles
The vagus nerve operates under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system and causes the ________.
heart rate to decrease
AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________.
helper T cells
The single vessel that drains blood from the digestive tract organs to the liver is the ________.
hepatic portal vein
Sustained elevated arterial blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg is a condition known as ________.
hypertension (high blood pressure)
What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?
interferons
Heart chamber with the thickest wall
left ventricle
Inferior discharging chamber on the left side of the heart
left ventricle
The bicuspid (mitral) valve is situated between the left atrium and this chamber
left ventricle
Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________.
lymph nodes
Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________.
naturally acquired active immunity
Veins ________.
often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
Wave visible on the electrocardiogram (ECG) representing atrial depolarization
p wave
Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body?
pathogens
The friction blood encounters as it flows through the vessels is called ________.
peripheral resistance
What chemical do white blood cells and macrophages secrete to raise body temperature and induce fever?
pyrogens
Heart chamber that contains the sinoatrial node
right atrium
Heart chamber that pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk
right ventricle
Which of the following is not a method or pathway of movement for substances traveling across a capillary wall?
Active transport using proteins and ATP
What does fever accomplish?
Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process.
What structure divides the left ventricle from the right ventricle?
Interventricular septum
Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________.
MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Humoral immunity is provided by ________.
antibodies
Explain what is meant by a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mm Hg.
A blood pressure reading 120/80 mm Hg means that you have a systolic pressure (pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction) of 120 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure (pressure when the ventricles are relaxing) of 80 mm Hg.
Wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) that follows the firing of the sinoatrial (SA) node
P wave
Wave seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG) representing ventricular depolarization
QRS wave
What lowers the risk of coronary artery disease?
Regular, moderate exercise
What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?
Skin and mucous membranes
Describe how arteries, capillaries, and veins are structurally different.
The walls of arteries are usually much thicker than those of veins, particularly the arterial tunica media. This is because arteries carry blood away from the heart, so they must be able to expand as blood is forced into them, and recoil as the blood flows off into the circulation. Veins must carry blood back to the heart, so the pressure in them tends to be low all the time, resulting in thinner walls. The lumens of veins are usually much larger than those of arteries, and veins have a thinner tunica media but a thicker tunica externa. Veins also contain valves that prevent the back flow of blood. Lastly, capillaries have transparent walls that are only one cell layer thick- just the tunica intima. Because of this thinness, substances are easily exchanged between blood and tissue cells. Tiny capillaries also tend to form interweaving capillary beds.
Which of the following is mismatched?
Third line of defense: natural killer cells and antimicrobial proteins
Chizzy experiences difficulty breathing when she eats peanuts. Recently, she had a cookie that contained peanuts and developed a systemic acute allergic reaction known as ________.
anaphylactic shock
Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________.
blood
Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________.
cervical lymph nodes