Bio Mini Exam #5

Hannah has an autoimmune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?

Type I diabetes mellitus

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________.

antigens

Arnav will need a skin graft to cover the hole where his basal cell carcinoma is removed. His surgeon will use a piece of skin from behind his ear to create the skin graft. This type of graft is a(n) ________.

autograft

What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

spleen

Wave visible on the electrocardiogram (ECG) representing ventricular repolarization

t wave

Coronary artery disease results from ________.

the accumulation of fatty, calcified deposits within blood vessels

Which line of defense involves the recognition of specific antigens and actions to inactivate or destroy them?

third line of defense

Where are the tonsils located?

throat (pharynx)

Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth?

thymus

Which of the following is not a lymphoid organ?

thyroid gland

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

tonsils

All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.

true

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen.

true

In fetal circulation, blood travels directly from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale.

true

The correct sequence of layers of a typical blood vessel, from superficial to deep, are ________.

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

Which of the following provides active immunity that is artificially acquired?

vaccines

Large veins have ________ to prevent the backflow of blood.

valves

Which of the following is not a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

virus

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________.

diapedesis

Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________.

edema

Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph?

follicles

The vagus nerve operates under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system and causes the ________.

heart rate to decrease

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________.

helper T cells

The single vessel that drains blood from the digestive tract organs to the liver is the ________.

hepatic portal vein

Sustained elevated arterial blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg is a condition known as ________.

hypertension (high blood pressure)

What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?

interferons

Heart chamber with the thickest wall

left ventricle

Inferior discharging chamber on the left side of the heart

left ventricle

The bicuspid (mitral) valve is situated between the left atrium and this chamber

left ventricle

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________.

lymph nodes

Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________.

naturally acquired active immunity

Veins ________.

often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood

Wave visible on the electrocardiogram (ECG) representing atrial depolarization

p wave

Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body?

pathogens

The friction blood encounters as it flows through the vessels is called ________.

peripheral resistance

What chemical do white blood cells and macrophages secrete to raise body temperature and induce fever?

pyrogens

Heart chamber that contains the sinoatrial node

right atrium

Heart chamber that pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk

right ventricle

Which of the following is not a method or pathway of movement for substances traveling across a capillary wall?

Active transport using proteins and ATP

What does fever accomplish?

Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process.

What structure divides the left ventricle from the right ventricle?

Interventricular septum

Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________.

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Humoral immunity is provided by ________.

antibodies

Explain what is meant by a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mm Hg.

A blood pressure reading 120/80 mm Hg means that you have a systolic pressure (pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction) of 120 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure (pressure when the ventricles are relaxing) of 80 mm Hg.

Wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) that follows the firing of the sinoatrial (SA) node

P wave

Wave seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG) representing ventricular depolarization

QRS wave

What lowers the risk of coronary artery disease?

Regular, moderate exercise

What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?

Skin and mucous membranes

Describe how arteries, capillaries, and veins are structurally different.

The walls of arteries are usually much thicker than those of veins, particularly the arterial tunica media. This is because arteries carry blood away from the heart, so they must be able to expand as blood is forced into them, and recoil as the blood flows off into the circulation. Veins must carry blood back to the heart, so the pressure in them tends to be low all the time, resulting in thinner walls. The lumens of veins are usually much larger than those of arteries, and veins have a thinner tunica media but a thicker tunica externa. Veins also contain valves that prevent the back flow of blood. Lastly, capillaries have transparent walls that are only one cell layer thick- just the tunica intima. Because of this thinness, substances are easily exchanged between blood and tissue cells. Tiny capillaries also tend to form interweaving capillary beds.

Which of the following is mismatched?

Third line of defense: natural killer cells and antimicrobial proteins

Chizzy experiences difficulty breathing when she eats peanuts. Recently, she had a cookie that contained peanuts and developed a systemic acute allergic reaction known as ________.

anaphylactic shock

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________.

blood

Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________.

cervical lymph nodes