bio psych chapter 3

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purines

a category of chemicals including adenosine

acetylcholine

a chemical similar to an amino acid except that the NH2 group has been replaced by an N(CH3)3 group

hormone

a chemical that is secreted into the blood stream

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

a graded depolarization in the postsynaptic potential

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

a temporary hyper polarization in the postsynaptic cell

amino acids

acids containing an amine group

G-protein

activated when a metabotropic receptor is activated this then causes and increase in secondary messengers

6 major categories of neurotransmitters

amino acids, neuropeptides, acetylcholine, monoamines, purines, gases

achetylcholinesterase

an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

COMT

an enzyme that breaks down excess dopamine

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

breaks down transmitters like seratonin, dopamine, or neuroepinephrine into inactive chemicals

neuropeptides

chains of amino acids

ligand-gated channels

channels where a ligand binds directly to the channel

catecholamines

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

anterior pituitary gland

hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones which flow through the blood to the

metabotropic effects

initiation of a series of reactions that are slower and longer lasting than ionotropic effects

posterior pituitary gland

neurons in hypothalamus synthesize hormones oxytocin and vasopressin which migrate down axons to here

monoamines

neurotransmitters containing one amine group

gases

nitric oxide and others

exocytosis

release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron

temporal summation

repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect

spatial summation

synaptic inputs from separate locations combine their effects on a neuron

reflex arc

the circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called a reflex arc

vesicle

tiny nearly spherical packets where neurotransmitters are stored

ionotropic effects

when a channel opens for a certain type of ion


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