Bio Psych Week 3-4
Congenital adrenal hyperlasia is most likely to have which of these effects?
A genetic female develops looking partly masculinized.
Which type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to attack the intruder's antigen?
B cell
How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures?
Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Mullerian structures
Stress activates two systems. One is the:
HPA axis, which becomes increasingly important with prolonged stressors
In humans the optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway?
Half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side at the optic chiasm
What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep?
It is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways
Which is true of androgens and estrogens?
Males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts
At many hippocampus synapses, long-term potentiation depends on the activation of which type of receptor?
NMDA
Which of the following is one of the reasons that Lashley failed at finding the engram?
Some memories do not depend on the cortex
Which of the following is true of depression?
The influence of traumatic events during young adulthood depends on particular genes for serotonin.
How do the receptive fields of the inferior temporal cortex compare to those of the primary visual cortex?
They are sensitive to larger, more complicated patterns
How does one produce long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system?
a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds
When do the secretions of melatonin begin?
a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, schizophrenia develops as a result of:
abnormalities in prenatal or neonatal development.
With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is:
almost completely inactive during sleep
In operant conditioning, reinforcement is ______.
an event that increases the future probability of a response
Certain individuals with an XY chromosome pattern have the genital appearance of a female. This condition is known as _____.
androgen insensitivity
The general function of working memory is to:
attend to and operate on current information
What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?
bar in a particular orientation
Output from the amygdala to the _______ modifies approach and avoidance responses.
basolateral nuclei
In the absence of any light, dark, or time cues, human circadian rhythms would:
become slightly longer than 24 hours
What is the difference between positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms?
behaviors that are present versus behaviors that are absent
The proteins 'Per' and 'Tim', orginally discovered in insects but now found in mammals also, influence circadian rhythms by:
building up during the day and declining during sleep
The reason individuals who suffer prefrontal cortex damage often make poor decisions is because they:
can't anticipate the unpleasantness of likely outcomes
Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?
cones
Operant conditioning is to ___, as classical conditioning it to ____.
consequence; association
The immune system's way of telling the brain that the body is ill is by way of:
cytokines
Compared to young adults, aging humans with poor working memory have _____ activity in the prefrontal cortex and aging humans with intact working memory have _____ activity in the prefrontal cortex.
decreased; increased
Most depressed people show ____ activity in the _____ prefrontal cortex.
decreased; left
Sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol) prime the neurons in the hypothalamus to release the neurotransmitter ______.
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?
dopamine
The areas with the most consistent signs of abnormality in schizophrenics include the:
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain, especially in the:
dorsomedial thalamus
Research suggests that the brain abnormalities of schizophrenics develop ______.
early and then remain fairly steady
The sympathetic nervous system is to _____ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ____.
emergencies; relaxation
Steroid hormones produce their effects by _____.
entering cells and affecting gene expression
Before testosterone can masculinize the development of the hypothalamus of an infant rodent, it must first be converted into:
estradiol
Benzodiazepines relieve anxiety by _____ transmission at _____ synapses.
facilitating; GABA
Wolffian ducts are found in:
female and male fetuses early in developmentWhat is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep?
One explanation for the difficulty that people with amygdala damage have with recognizing fearful faces is that they _____.
focus their attention on the nose and mouth of faces instead of the eyes
Mammals have circadian rhythms ______.
for a variety of activities, including sleep.
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?
ganglion cells
The circadian rhythm is reset by input originating from:
ganglion cells not connected to any rods or cones
Individuals with pure autonomic failure
have diminished intensity of emotion, but still report cognitive aspects of it
Which of the following characterizes total brain activity, as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorder?
high in mania and low in depression
The patient H.M. suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the _____.
hippocampus
A chemical is called a(n) ____ when it flows through the blood to other organs throughout the body.
hormone
promoting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex
increases the effectiveness of glutamate.
Prolonged use of antidepressants not only increases the availability of neurotransmitters in the synapse but also:
increases the release of neurotropins
In learning, the basal ganglia ______.
integrates information over many trials
During REM sleep, the EEG shows:
irregular, low-voltage fast waves
What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?
lateral inhibition
Damage to the amygdala impairs:
learned fears
People with schizophrenia have lower than normal overall activity in the _____.
left hemisphere
A group of forebrain structures that appear to be critical for emotion are known as the:
limbic system
In the visual system of the mammalian cerebral cortex, the dorsal stream is specialized for detecting _____, and the ventral stream is specialized for detecting _____.
location; shape
According to a number of animal studies, under which of the following conditions is the probability of violent behavior greatest?
low serotonin turnover
The Behaviorial Activation System is associated with:
low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood
Which of the following is most likely an example of the organizing effects of sex hormones?
masculinization of the brain
Of the following choices, the most likely explanation for how testosterone may be associated with violent behavior it that it:
may induce greater attention to situations of aggression and conflict
What is the best way to objectively determine if someone is asleep?
monitor brain waves
Research suggests that REM is:
most important for strengthening memories of motor skills
In mammals, whether the anatomy develops in the male or female pattern depends:
mostly upon the presence of testosterone
Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of:
motion perception
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to _____.
narcolepsy
The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the _____.
nucleus accumbens
Genetic males whose penis is damaged or removed shortly afer birth and are then reared as females:
often ask to be reassigned as males
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision:
our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones
Small receptive fields are to _____ cells as large receptive fields are to _____cells.
parvocellular; magnocellular
How do sleep stages 3 and 4 differ?
percentage of slow, low amplitude waves
The receptive field of a receptor is the:
point in space from which light strikes the receptor
The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____
pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex
Parts of the _____ are important for learning about rewards and punishments.
prefrontal cortex
In what order does visual information pass through the retina?
receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ______.
remain relatively stable
In Selye's general adaptation syndrome, the release of cortisol occurs during the ___ stage.
resistance
What are the two kinds of receptors in the retina?
rods and cones
Lesions or tumors to the temporal or prefrontal cortex, can produce symptoms resembling:
schizophrenia.
Increases in aggressive behavior are associated with a drop in:
serotonin release
LeVay's studies indicate a correlation between a man's sexual orientation (homosexuality vs. heterosexuality) and the:
size of one nucleus of the hypothalamus
What anatomical difference, other than sex organs, is reliably seen between males and females, even at an early age?
size of parts of the hypothalamus
There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in _____ memory.
spatial
What is narcolepsy?
sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
A key area of the hypothalamus, particularly important in the regulation of the biological clock, is the:
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ______.
surge of prolactin and oxytocin
Alzheimer's is associated with brain damage as a result of:
tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
Most homosexual men, as compared to heterosexual men, have:
testosterone levels within the same range
Lashley found that when he removed parts of the brain:
the amount of tissue removed was more important than its location
According to the retinex theory, if you were to put on glasses which produced a reddish tint:
the cortex would subtract some red from each object to determine the true color
If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?
the fovea
Rods are to _____ as cones are to _____.
the periphery; the fovea
Lashley's term "engram" referred to
the physical representation of learning
What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures?
the sex region Y (SRY) gene
Genetic studies of schizophrenia have found that ______.
there are probably several possible genes that increase a person's risk for schizophrenia
Researchers have found that the brains of schizophrenics release:
too little glutamate.
Several studies on the role of genetics in autism have focused on ______--enzymes that regulate the repair and replication of DNA and the production of certain types of RNA.
topoisomerases
Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptpic neuron after their release?
tyicyclic.
High cortisol levels increase the likelihood that hippocampal cells will be:
vulnerable to damage by toxins