Bio test 2

what should a properly working membrane be as fluid as

olive oil

What is the endomembrane system?

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

purpose of microfilaments

resist tension

what is the evidence of endosymbiont theroy

1. chloroplast, mitochondria has double membranes 2. they have there own DNA 3. contain ribosomes 4. semi-autonomous

how many membranes does the nuclear envelope have

2

FORM A STABLE BOUNDARY BETWEEN TWO AQUEOUS REGIONS

AMPHIPATHIC PHOSPHOLIPIDS

ligand

Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

cell junctions

Communication between cells; binding of cells in tissues

what are desmosomes

Complexes of membrane proteins, anchoring proteins (plaque) and intermediate filaments

DESMOSOMES (anchoring junctions)

Fasten cells together into strong sheets

_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells. Gap (communicating) junctions Tight junctions Keratin fibers Plasmodesmata Desmosomes

Gap (communicating) junctions

what is tight junction

Membranes of neighboring cells joined via membrane protein complexes

For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be _____. amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region hydrophobic hydrophilic exposed on only one surface of the membrane

amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region

GAP JUNCTIONS (communicating junctions)

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells, Allow for flow of ions and small molecules between cells

binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

What performs active transport?

SPECIFIC PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN MEMBRANES

how does cotransport work

TRANSPORT OF ONE SOLUTE INDIRECTLY DRIVES TRANSPORT OF OTHER SUBSTANCES

What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion content of about 0.9%, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water? The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC. The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC. The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC. The cell will remain the same size because the solution outside the cell is isotonic.

The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.

COUPLED TRANSPORT BY MEMBRANE PROTEIN

cotransport

what is the purpose of a selective permeable structure

allow regulation of cells traffic

TRANSPORT AIDED BY PROTEINS

facilitated diffusion

Cell membranes have distinct inside and outside faces. Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for the membrane's asymmetrical nature? The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions. Since cell membranes communicate signals from one organism to another, the cell membranes must be asymmetrical. Proteins only function on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, which results in the membrane's asymmetrical nature. Since the cell membrane forms a border between one cell and another in tightly packed tissues such as epithelium, the membrane must be asymmetrical.

The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions.

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes? a. It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus. b. It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA. c. It assembles ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus. d. It synthesizes secreted proteins.

a

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion? a. lysosome b. plasmodesma c. Golgi apparatus d. chloroplast e. ribosome

a

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________. a concentration gradient; ATP hydrolysis phosphorylated carrier proteins; ATP transmembrane pumps; an electrochemical gradient a concentration gradient; ADP

a concentration gradient; ATP hydrolysis

what is the cytoskeleton

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

microfilaments are also known as

actin

USES ENERGY TO MOVE A SOLUTE AGAINST ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

active transport

Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells? The animal cell is in _____. a hypertonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution a hypotonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypertonic solution

an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution

CHANNEL PROTEINS FOR WATER MOLECULES

aquaporins

Which of the following molecules dramatically increases the rate of diffusion of water across cell membranes? the sodium-potassium pump ATP gated ion channels aquaporins

aquaporins

What do ribosomes do?

assemble proteins

ENERGY FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT USUALLY IN FORM OF

atp

Examination of a cell by transmission electron microscopy reveals a high density of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This observation suggests that this cell is actively producing large amounts of which of the following molecules? a. lipids b. proteins c. polysaccharides d. nucleic acids

b

Which of the following are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells? a. mitochondria b. ribosomes c. chloroplasts d. endoplasmic reticulum

b

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? a.Eukaryotic cells have flagella, while prokaryotic cells do not. b.Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. c. Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells. d. Prokaryotic cells have cell walls, while eukaryotic cells do not.

b

Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane? a. phospholipids b. mRNA c. DNA d. amino acids

b

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? a. centriole b. mitochondrion c. central vacuole d. chloroplast

b

ser main role

biosynthesis of lipids and steroid hormones

function of rer

biosynthesis of proteins, modification of proteins

what is the er

biosynthetic factory

how do cells crawl along surface

by pseudopodia

where are vacuoles made

by the er and golgi

A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely ________. a. producing large quantities of proteins in the cytosol b. producing large quantities of carbohydrates for storage in the vacuole c. producing large quantities of proteins for secretion d. producing large quantities of carbohydrates to assemble an extensive cell wall matrix

c

A cell with a predominance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is likely specialized to ________. a.import and export large quantities of protein b.actively secrete large quantities of protein c. synthesize large quantities of lipids d. store large quantities of water

c

In bacteria, DNA will be found in ________. a. a membrane-enclosed nucleus b. mitochondria c. the nucleoid d. ribosomes

c

The nuclear lamina is an array of intermediate filaments that line the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a chemical treatment caused the lamina to disassemble, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence? a. a loss of genetic information from chromosomes b. the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division c. a change in the shape of the nucleus d. closing of nuclear pores

c

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? a. lysosome ... movement b. mitochondrion ... photosynthesis c. central vacuole ... storage d. nucleus ... cellular respiration e. ribosome ... manufacture of lipids

c

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? a. chloroplast b. lysosome c. central vacuole d. Golgi apparatus

c

CHANGE SHAPE, TRANSLOCATING SOLUTE-BINDING SITE ACROSS MEMBRANE

carrier proteins

what does ecm regluate

cell behavior

extracellular compone of fungi

cell walls or chitin

An animal cell lacking carbohydrates on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function? attaching the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton transporting ions against an electrochemical gradient establishing a diffusion barrier to charged molecules cell-cell recognition

cell-cell recognition

membrane carbohydrates

cell-cell recognition

Mitrochondria are the sites of

cellular respiration

what is the extracellular component of plants

cellulose or cell walls

Where is the MTOC located?

centrosome

PROVIDE CORRIDORS FOR SPECIFIC MOLECULES

channel proteins

what are the different types of facilitated diffusion

channel proteins, carrier proteins

plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Which structure below is independent of the endomembrane system? plasma membrane Golgi apparatus nuclear envelope chloroplast

chloroplast

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____. lysosomes mitochondria chloroplasts nuclei

chloroplasts

at warm temps what retains movement o phospholipids

cholesterol

DNA + HISTONE

chromatin

each ____________ is a ________ _____ _________ associated with proteins

chromosome, single dan molecule

microtubules make up

cilia and flagella

what is cytoplasmic streaming

circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

the _________ organizes structures and activities in the cell

cytoskeleteon

vesicles can travel along tracks provided by

cytoskeleton

what is common to prokaryotes and eukaryotes

cytosol, plasma membrane, chromosomes, ribosomes

what are the 2 locations of ribosomes

cytosol, rough er

Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____. a. translation of a DNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids b. removal of introns from RNA and the stitching together of exons c. translation of an RNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids d. transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA e. linking of nucleotides to form a polypeptide

d

Which of the following frequently imposes a limit on cell size? a. the absence of a nucleus b. the number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm c. the volume of the endomembrane system d. ratios of surface area to volume

d

Which statement correctly describes the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell? a. The nuclear envelope is a single membrane, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. b. Plasmadesmosomes in the nuclear envelope permit the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. c. All of the proteins of the cell are synthesized on ribosomes bound on the nuclear envelope. d. The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. e. The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is coated with laminin.

d

The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together. desmosomes plasmodesmata tight junctions gap (communicating) junctions the cytoskeleton

desmosomes

what does the ser in the liver do

detoxifaication

TENDENCY FOR MOLECULES TO SPREAD OUT EVENLY IN AVAILABLE SPACE

diffusion

what is asymmetrical distribution

distinct inside and outside faces

Chromosomes condense as cells prepare to

divide

SUBSTANCES DIFFUSE PASSIVELY

down concentration gradients

what drives the movement in cilia and flagella

dynein

what is the function of the nuclear envelope

encloses nucleus, separating from cytoplasm

TRANSPORT INTO CELL

endocytosis

what accounts for half the total membrane content

er

TRANSPORT OUT OF CELL

exocytosis

what are the types of bulk transport

exocytosis and endocytosis

how does pancreas cells relate insulin into bloodstream

exoytosis

extracellular compone in animals

extracellular matrix

cholorplast

found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis

OPEN & CLOSE IN RESPONSE TO STIMULUS

gated ion channels

What are chromosomes?

genetic blueprints

ECM composition

glycoproteins

PLANTS USE ______________________GENERATED BY _____________________ TO DRIVE ______________________ OF NUTRIENTS INTO CELL

gradient of H+ions, proton pumps, active transport

Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves ________. growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane reinforcement of the pseudopod with intermediate filaments localized contractions driven by myosin and microtubules assembly of microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the direction of movement

growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane

what is the function of thylakoids

harvest energy for photosynthesis

at cool temps, cholesterol does what

hinders solidification by preventing tight packing

What can pass directly through the cell membrane?

hydrophobic molecules, small uncharged molecules

what are plants cells normal in

hypotonic

where are the components of lysosomes made

in the rer and processed in golgi

what is the purpose of the cristae of mitrocondria

increased surface area

penetrate the hydrophobic core

integral proteins

what lies between the inner and outer membranes of mitrocondria

inter-membrane space

ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called

intergrins

which is the most permanent cytoskeleton

intermediate

what is the middle level sized cytoskeleton

intermediate filaments

stroma

internal fluid of chloroplast

FACILITATE DIFFUSION OF IONS

ion channels

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff. Similar stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the fresh water_____. and the salt solution are both hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks is isotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks is hypertonic and the salt solution is hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks

is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks

what are animal cells normal in

isotonic

what is the movements of phospholipids

lateral movement and flipflop

what are microtubules

long, hollow protein cylinders- polymers of Alpha and beta tubulin

water will travel from ______ to _____ until equal on both sides

low to high

A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in _____. lysosomes vacuoles secretory vesicles Golgi vesicles

lysosomes

ACTIVE TRANSPORT ALLOWS CELLS TO

maintain concentration gradients from different surrondings

determine most of the membrane's specific functions

membrane proteins

what is thylakoids

membranous sacs, continus and fooled into grana

microvilli of intestinal cells are

microfilaments

what is the smallest cytoskeleton

microfilaments

what part of the cytoskeleton can depolymerize and reform allowing cell to change shape and move

microfilaments

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____. microfilaments intermediate filaments tonofilaments pili microtubules

microtubules

what is the thickest cytoskeleton

microtubules

Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely malfunctioning in this disease? lysosomes mitochondria Golgi apparatus smooth endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria

the space surrounded by inner membrane of mitrocondria is

mitochondria matrix

The cytoskeleton interacts with _____ to produce motility

motor proteins

A sodium-potassium pump ________. moves three potassium ions out of a cell and two sodium ions into a cell using energy from ATP hydrolysis moves three potassium ions out of a cell and two sodium ions into a cell while producing ATP for each cycle move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell and generates an ATP in each cycle moves three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell using energy from ATP hydrolysis

moves three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell using energy from ATP hydrolysis

how in eukaryotes do we increase the size of an organism

multicellularity

what is chromosomes in eukayrtoe cells like

multiple, linear in nucleus

what happens when actin and myosin slide past eachother

muscle contraction

Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from ________. a plant, but not an animal nearly any eukaryotic organism an animal, but not a plant a bacterium, but not a eukaryote

nearly any eukaryotic organism

what is unique to prokaryotes

nuceoid, single circular chromosome, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane

what is the inside of the nucleus envelope lined with

nuclear lamina

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis? on the outer surface of the nucleus on the outside of vesicles on the inside surface of the cell membrane on the inside surface of the vesicle

on the inside surface of the vesicle

DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

osmosis

there is a ______ difference between cytosol, inter membrane space, and matrix

pH

facilitated diffusion is what type of transport

passive

DIFFUSION ACROSS MEMBRANE WITH NO ENERGY INVESTMENT

passive transport

are bound to membrane surface

peripheral proteins

An organism with a cell wall would most likely be unable to take in materials through _____. phagocytosis osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport

phagocytosis

White blood cells engulf bacteria using _____. osmosis phagocytosis receptor-mediated exocytosis pinocytosis

phagocytosis

cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole

phagocytosis

how are food vacuoles formed

phagocytosis

what are the 3 types of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

molecules dissolved in droplets are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles

pinocytosis

The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that _____. pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity. pinocytosis increases the surface area of the plasma membrane, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis decreases the plasma membrane surface area. pinocytosis brings only water molecules into the cell, but receptor-mediated endocytosis brings in other molecules as well. pinocytosis can concentrate substances from the extracellular fluid, but receptor-mediated endocytosis cannot.

pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity.

what movement does flagellum move in

propellear

free ribosomes produces

proteins used within the cell

what is the nuclear lamina composed of

proteins, that maintain the shape of the nucleus

CREATE A PROTON GRADIENT ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

proton pumps

what is the function of the goldi

receives, modifies, and repackages products to be sent out of around cell

cis- Golgi

receiving side

autophagy

recycling organelles and macromolecules

what is the function of nuclear pores

regulate entry and exit of molecules from nuclues

what microscope does 3d images

scanning electron microscope

what is plasma membrane

selective barrier

the cell membrane is

selectively permeable

what is cytosol

semifluid matrix

what is the function of microtubules

shape, movement of organelles, seperating chromosomes

trans- golgi

shipping side

what are chromosomes like in prokaryotic cells

single, circular in nucleic region

microtubule organizing center

site of nucleation and organization of microtubules

prokaryotes are much ________ compared to eukaryotes

smaller

what are the two membranes of mitrocondria

smooth outer membrane, inner membrane folded into cristae

what are microfilaments

solid rods made of twisted double chains of actin

nucleous

ster of rRNA synthesis

in muscle cells what does ser do

stores and release calcium as needed for muscle contraction

what is the purpose of intermediate filaments

support cell shape, fix organelles in place

roles of cytoskeleton

support, motility, regulation

what affect fluidity

temperature, nature of fatty acids

what is the endosymbiont theroy

that chloroplast and mitrocondriaa were originally there own thing

What is the fluid mosaic model?

the lipids and proteins of the cell membrane always flow and move around

at what end does growth occur

the positive ends

Membrane potential

the voltage difference across a membrane created by differences in distribution of positive and negative ions across a membrane

what are the two structures of choroplast

thylakoids, stroms

Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials? keratin fibers plasmodesmata tight junctions desmosomes (anchoring junctions) gap (communicating) junctions

tight junctions

water balance

tonicity

actin serves as a ______ for the movement of the motor protein, _______

track, myosin

span the membrane

transmembrane

ALLOW FOR PASSAGE OF HYDROPHILIC SUBSTANCES ACROSS MEMBRANE

transport proteins

bound ribosomes produce proteins

transported out of the cell

What happens in phagocytosis?

vacuole fuses with a lysosomes to digest the particle

what are lysosomes

vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes

how are things sent to the golgia

via transport vesicles

How does bulk transport work?

via vesicles

what does plasmodesmata do

water and small solutes pass through

how is transmembrane protein orientation determined

when it is built by er and golgi

what movement does cilia move in

whiplike

where do some metabolic steps of cellular respiration occur

within the mitochondrial matrix

Does bulk transport require energy?

yes bulk transport requires energy