Bio Test Cellular Respiration

Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration. (x10)

- both use and make ATP - redox reactions - both have ETCs - happen in plants, etc. - have an inner membrane - involve glucose and water - involve G3P - involve cycles - use chemiosmosis to make ATP - both organelles are self-replicating with their own DNA and have ribosomes

Contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

- photosynthesis: anabolic/endergonic cellular respiration: catabolic/exergonic - p: chloroplast cr: mitochondria - p: has to have light & a pigment; in a producer; oxygen is produced early in photosynthesis (waste product) cr: oxygen used in the last step of cellular respiration to make water - equations are opposites

Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration.

1. Glycolysis - takes place in the cytoplasm; breaking down of sugar; anaerobic - anything can do this 2. Krebs Cycle - takes place in the mitochondria; aerobic 3. ETC - takes place in the mitochondria; aerobic

What are the substrates in the electron transport? (x3)

10 NADH 2 FADH2 6 O2

# of ATP made in the Krebs cycle?

2

Fermentation only nets ________ molecules of ATP.

2

Glycolysis requires _____________ ATP(s) to get started.

2

How many ATP are used (changed to ADP) in the first half of glycolysis?

2

How many molecules of pyruvate are made from a single molecule of glucose?

2

On average, how many ATP can be made from each FADH2 during the electron transport process?

2

The net number of ATP molecules made directly by glycolysis is

2

There is/are _____________ NADH(s) (energy carrier) made during glycolysis.

2

What is the net amount of ATP for glycolysis?

2

What is the net amount of ATP made in the glycolysis part of cellular respiration?

2

What is the net amount of ATPs produced in the Krebs cycle?

2

What is the net gain of ATP for glycolysis?

2

What are the substrates in glycolysis?

2 ATP one glucose molecule

What are the products of glycolysis? (x3)

2 NADHs (if there is CO2, these will go to the ETC) 4 ATPs 2 pyruvic acid/ pyruvate

What are the substrates in the Krebs cycle?

2 acetyl CoA

What are the products of the intermediate step? (x3)

2 acetyl CoA 2 CO2 2 NADH

What are the substrates in the intermediate step?

2 pyruvic acid/ pyruvates

How many phosphate groups does ATP contain?

3

On average, how many ATP can be made from each NADH during the electron transport process?

3

The efficiency of glycolysis is approximately

3.5%

What are the products of the electron transport? (x3)

30 ATPs (28 if 2 NADH from glycolysis only make 2 ATP each) 4 ATPs 6 H2O

# of ATP made in the ETC?

32-34 net (36-38)

What is the net amount of ATP made in the ETC (electron transport chain)?

36-38

The breakdown of one glucose molecule results in _____________ to _____________ ATP (net) molecules of energy.

36-38 (38-40 gross)

In the presence of oxygen _______ molecules of ATP can be formed.

38

Each NADH makes _____________ ATP's, while each FADH2 makes only _____________ ATP's.

3; 2

Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces _____________ ATP.

4

How many ATP are made from ADP in the second half of glycolysis?

4

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2

TWO TURNS of the Krebs cycle produces ________ CO2 molecules, _______ NADH, __________ FADH2, and __________ ATP molecules.

4;6;2;2

The energy efficiency of aerobic respiration (including glycolysis) is approximately

66%

What gas is added at the end of the ETC?

6O2

Using ATP's energy and then remaking it is called the ______-______ cycle.

ADP-ATP

When the last phosphate bond of ATP is broken, _____________ and a free _____________ form.

ADP; phosphate

_____________ is the energy used by all cells.

ATP

Glycolysis produces what energy molecule?

ATP (NADH)

What is the product at the end of the ETC?

ATP and water (waste product)

The enzyme _____________ _____________ can be used to rejoin ADP and a free phosphate to make more ATP.

ATP synthase

The enzyme _____________ is used to help weaken and break the last phosphate bond in ATP.

ATPase

What organic compound enters the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl CoA

Why did he have to leave Germany before WWII?

Because he was Jewish.

How do we get energy from ATP?

By breaking the last high-energy phosphate bond by adding water.

What gas is a product of the Krebs cycle?

CO2

An important molecule generated by both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation is

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

The products of cellular respiration are: 6 _____________, 6 _____________, _____________, and _____________.

CO2, H2O, electrons, 36-38 net ATP

Glucose is broken down into _____________ and _____________.

CO2; water

If there is oxygen present, then the NADHs made will go to the _____________.

ETC

In which phase of cellular respiration is oxygen a substrate?

ETC

In which phase of cellular respiration is water made?

ETC

A second coenzyme that acts as an energy carrier in cellular respiration is _____________.

FAD+

FAD+ becomes _____________ whenever it is reduced.

FADH2

By accepting electrons and protons, the oxygen used in aerobic respiration turns into...

H2O

Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? Explain why.

It is catabolic because larger glucose breaks into smaller molecules.

Only a small part of the energy released from the glucose molecule during glycolysis is stored in ATP. How is the rest of the energy released?

It is released as heat.

The ETC of aerobic respiration pumps what?

It pumps protons into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

What is the location of the intermediate step?

It starts in the cytoplasm and moves into the matrix of the mitochondria.

What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme for one step of the process was missing or defective?

It will shut down after that point.

Hans Kreb received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1953 for coming up with the _____________ _____________.

Krebs cycle

In the _____________ (which cycle?) acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule (OAA) to form a 6-carbon molecule (citric acid).

Krebs cycle

In which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made?

Krebs cycle/ intermediate step

_____________ acid builds up and makes muscles feel tired.

Lactic

Fermentation is a mechanism to regenerate _____________, which is needed to keep glycolysis running.

NAD+

What carries the energized electrons from glucose in cellular respiration?

NAD+

Which of the following is an electron acceptor?

NAD+

The ETC uses the energized electrons carried by the coenzymes _____________ and _____________ to make 34 ATP's of energy.

NAD+ ; FAD+

Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation produce

NAD+ from NADH and H+

What molecule stores the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) removed from glucose in glycolysis?

NADH

The ETC is driven by two products of the Krebs cycle:

NADH and FADH2

The starting substance of the Krebs cycle, which is regenerated at the end of the cycle, is

OAA

_____________ is used at the end of the ETC to accept e-s and make _____________.

Oxygen; water

What is the intermediate step (before the Krebs cycle but after glycolysis)? **with oxygen**

Pyruvic acid diffuses into the matrix of the mitochondria and forms 2 Acetyl CoAs. You have made 2 CO2 and 2 NADHs.

What happens to the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) held by NADH if there is no O2 present?

They will enter fermentation. Then the pyruvate will also go through fermentation.

When glycolysis occurs,

a molecule of glucose is split, two molecules of pyruvate are made, and some ATP is formed.

In the first step of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid binds to a molecule called

acetyl CoA

In the first step of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid from glycolysis produces CO2, NADH, H+, and ...

acetyl CoA

This can be used in fat synthesis.

acetyl CoA

This enters the Krebs cycle.

acetyl CoA

This is formed from the breakdown of pyruvate.

acetyl CoA

The ETC occurs across what?

across the cristae/inner membrane

ATP stands for _____________ _____________.

adenosine triphosphate

Processes needing oxygen are said to be _____________.

aerobic

Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen is called

aerobic respiration

The breakdown of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen is called

aerobic respiration

The conversion of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and ethanol is called

alcoholic fermentation

Yeast produces alcohol and CO2 in the process of

alcoholic fermentation

_____________ fermentation in yeast produces an alcohol called _____________ and _____________.

alcoholic; ethanol; CO2

Processes that occur in the absence of oxygen are said to be

anaerobic

The release of energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen is called

anaerobic respiration

Fermentation is an _____________ process because no _____________ is needed.

anaerobic; oxygen

Glycolysis is an _____________ process because NO _____________ is needed.

anaerobic; oxygen

An end product of alcoholic fermentation is

carbon dioxide

During the Krebs cycle, the gas _____________ _____________ is made.

carbon dioxide (CO2)

Reactants in photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide and water

The location of the ETC in prokaryotes

cell membrane

In the body, ATP is made during the process of _____________ _____________.

cellular respiration

The breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP is known as

cellular respiration

What is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs?

chloroplast

The product of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid is

citric acid

NAD+ is a _____________ that forms _____________ when it is reduced (picks up electrons).

coenzyme; NADH

_____________ interferes with one of the enzymes and causes muscles to stay contracted.

cyanide

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm/ cytosol

Where in the cell do the glycolysis reactions take place?

cytoplasm/cytosol

Glycolysis occurs where?

cytoplasm/cytosol (outside the mitochondria)

What is *not* a product of the Krebs cycle?

ethyl alchohol

The two end products of fermentation are

ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration is an _____________ reaction because it releases energy from glucose.

exergonic

Both _____________ _____________ and _____________ have a biochemical pathway that puts them into Acetyl CoA and enters the Krebs cycle.

fatty acids; proteins (both are triglycerides)

If oxygen is NOT present, the products of glycolysis enter a process called _____________.

fermentation

The process of glycolysis and anaerobic pathways is called

fermentation

Explain why this happens (the high energy electrons and hydrogens going into fermentation)?

fermentation is anaerobic and it also makes ATP.

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is _____________ into folds called _____________.

folded; cristae

Glycolysis uses energy from two molecules of ATP but forms ______ molecules of ATP.

four

A reactant in glycolysis is

glucose

What is the overall reaction for fermentation in yeast?

glucose --> 2 ethyl alcohol + 2CO2 + 2 net ATP + heat

What is the overall reaction for lactic acid fermentation?

glucose --> 2 lactic acids + 2 net ATPs + heat

Reactants in cellular respiration?

glucose and oxygen

In cellular respiration, _____________ is oxidized (loses electrons) and _____________ is reduced (gains electrons).

glucose; oxygen

In which phase of cellular respiration is glucose a substrate?

glycolysis

The anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming two molecules of pyruvic acid is called

glycolysis

The first pathway of cellular respiration is called

glycolysis

What is the process by which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid

glycolysis

What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process?

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, ETC

What are the names of the cycles/reactions in cellular respiration?

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain

Cellular respiration takes place in two stages:

glycolysis, then oxidative respiration (cellular respiration with oxygen)

_____________ takes place in the cytoplasm/cytosol of cells, while the _____________ cycle and ETC take place in the _____________.

glycolysis; Krebs; mitochondria

The process is called _____________.

hydrolysis

Glycolysis takes place where?

in the cytosol

What is the location of the electron transport?

inner membrane of the mitochondria/ cristae

Acetyl-coenzyme A...

is formed from the breakdown of pyruvate, can be used in fat synthesis, and it enters the Krebs cycle

The Krebs cycle breaks down what?

it breaks down a two-carbon molecule into two molecules of CO2

Which of the following is a unit of energy?

kilocalorie

_____________ _____________ fermentation occurs in tired muscle cells.

lactic acid

Name 2 types of fermentation.

lactic acid fermentation alcoholic fermentation

What are the names of the cycles/reactions in photosynthesis?

light reactions (thylakoid membrane) calvin cycle (in stroma)

The innermost space of the mitochondria is known as the _____________.

matrix

What is the location of the Krebs cycle?

matrix of the mitochondria

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

matrix of the mitochondria

Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle part of cellular respiration occur? and the electron transport chain?

matrix of the mitochondria; inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

Cellular respiration like photosynthesis is a _____________ _____________ because it involves many reactions to make or break down carbohydrates.

metabolic pathway

What is the organelle where cellular respiration occurs?

mitochondria

The ETC occurs across the inner membrane of the _____________/_____________ and produces _____________ as an end product.

mitochondria/cristae; ATP

Does the intermediate step produce any ATPs?

no

Is O2 (oxygen) required for glycolysis?

no

There is _____________ CO2 produced during glycolysis.

no

The anaerobic pathways provide enough energy to meet all of the energy needs of who?

no organisms

Glycolysis does _____________ require oxygen but may occur if _____________ is present.

not; oxygen

ATP is an _____________ molecule containing high-energy _____________ bonds.

organic; phosphate

REDOX stands for _____________-_____________ reactions.

oxidation-reduction

Aerobic processes require __________ in order to take place.

oxygen

Cellular respiration requires the gas _____________.

oxygen

The term "aerobic" in aerobic processes means the process requires

oxygen

Which is produced in the aerobic breakdown of a glucose molecule?

oxygen

During glycolysis, glucose is...

partially broken down and some of its stored energy is released

ATP stores energy in (where?)?

phosphate-phosphate bonds

Cellular respiration takes place in both _____________ and _____________.

plants and animals (anything that has a mitochondria and enough oxygen)

What are the cells where cellular respiration occurs?

plants, animals, fungi, protists, anything eukaryotic (that has a mitochondria)

What are the cells where photosynthesis occurs?

plants, phytoplankton, algae, some protists, blue green bacteria (with/without chloroplast)

In glycolysis, glucose is eventually split into two molecules of _____________ or pyruvic _____________.

pyruvate; acid (3C)

Glycolysis begins with glucose and produces

pyruvic acid

In alcoholic fermentation, ethyl alcohol is produced from

pyruvic acid

Lactic acid fermentation forms lactic acid from

pyruvic acid

The breakdown product of glucose that diffuses into the mitochondrial matrix for further breakdown is

pyruvic acid

Cellular respiration is an example of a _____________ reaction.

redox

The process by which food molecules are broken down to release energy is called

respiration

The sugar in ATP is _____________, while the nitrogen base is _____________.

ribose; adenine

The outer membrane of the mitochondrion is _____________.

smooth

Products in photosynthesis?

sugar (glucose) and oxygen

In cellular respiration the most energy is transferred in which step?

the ETC

Water is an end product in

the ETC

Which phase is the Krebs cycle?

the first phase of aerobic respiration

The Krebs cycle occurs where?

the matrix of the mitochondria

The products of glycolysis enter what other part of the cell?

the mitochondrial matrix, only if oxygen is present.

ATP molecules produced during aerobic cellular respiration go where?

they enter the cell's cytoplasm through membranes of the mitochondria in which they are formed

What happens to electrons as they are transported along the electron transport chain?

they lose energy

What is the function (purpose) of cellular respiration?

to make ATP from your food to fuel your cells

What is the function (purpose) of photosynthesis?

to make glucose (high energy food sources)

Electron carriers (NADH & FADH) carry electrons to what?

to the electron transport chain

The Krebs cycle turns _____________ in order to burn one molecule of glucose.

twice

Energy is released from ATP when the bond is broken between

two phosphate groups

To break the last phosphate bond in ATP, _____________ must be added.

water

Products in cellular respiration?

water, carbon dioxide, ATPs

Is ATP made in the ETC?

yes

Is oxygen required for the Krebs cycle?

yes

Is oxygen required for the electron transport?

yes

Is oxygen required for the intermediate step?

yes

Is ATP made in the Krebs cycle?

yes (NADH and FADH2)

Does the Krebs cycle need oxygen?

yes (aerobic)

Can ATP be remade? from what?

yes (reverse reaction); ADP + Pi