Personality Theories Test
Which question best clarifies the meaning of validity?
Does the test measure what is intended to measured?
What is the term given by Carl Jung for "personality"?
Psyche
Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and system of therapy for treating mental disorders is known as
Psychoanalysis
Which of the following is true of Freud's system of psychoanalytic therapy?
Psychoanalysis as a therapeutic technique has declined in popularity, particularly in the United States
All of the following are associated with Freud's investigation of the unconscious except:
Questionnaires
According to Jung's principle of entropy, if a perfect balance of psychic energy is attained over all the aspects of a personality:
The personality would have no psychic energy
In the context of Adler's idea of the order of birth, the child most likely to develop at a remarkably fast rate is the:
Youngest child
The theory of individual psychology, which focused on the uniqueness of each person, was proposed by:
Adler
_____ was the first to emphasize the role of the future in determining behavior.
Alfred Adler
For Adler, if a person believes that all people are basically good, then:
The person will create unrealistic expectations of his or her environment
Which of the following Freudian ideas has not been supported by research?
The personality being subject to little change after age five
Unlike Freud, which of the following did Adler emphasize?
a. The conscious b. Minimizing the importance of sex c. The uniqueness of the individual
Around 1500, the Latin word persona was used to refer to:
A mask used by actors in a play
According to Jung, the personal unconscious is:
A reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is:
A test to access Jung's psychological types & attitudes
The personality of an individual is _____.
A unique cluster of characteristics
In children, temper tantrums, manipulating parents, and destructive behaviors are formed in the:
Anal stage
The ancient experiences contained in the collective unconscious are manifested by recurring themes or patterns, which Jung termed _____.
Archetypes
All motivation to strive and succeed comes from:
Attempts to compensate for inferiorities
According to Adler, all of the following are possible causes of an inferiority complex except:
Brain neurosis
In the context of the clinical method used in personality research, a _____ refers to a detailed history of an individual that contains data from a variety of sources.
Case study
Anna Freud's analytic work was with:
Children
Jung believed that humankind collectively, as a species, store the experiences of all our human and pre-human ancestors in the _____.
Collective unconscious
Adler used all of the following terms as equivalents for "style of life" except:
Complex
The _____ includes all the sensations and experiences of which we are aware at any given moment.
Conscious
Based on Jung's psychological types, the extraverted intuiting type of person would be:
Creative, able to inspire others, & able to seize opportunities
In experimental research, the _____ variable is the one manipulated by the experimenter.
Dependent
We research theories of personality to:
Describe their use for real-world problems
Which of the following steps in Jung's theory of individuation involves one's acceptance of his or her genuine self that is generally covered by a public face?
Dethroning the persona
All of the following are principles explain the functioning of psychic energy except _____.
Differentiation principle
Identify a true statement in the context of Adler's image of human nature.
Each person possesses the free will to shape the social forces influencing him or her
According to Jung, the _____ is the conscious aspect of personality.
Ego
Jung proposed all of the following major archetypes except the _____.
Ego
Anna Freud is known for her theory of:
Ego psychology
True or false: To Adler, the unconscious, not the conscious, was at the core of personality.
False
Which of the following is true of the system of psychotherapy, which was developed by Sigmund Freud?
Fewer people are choosing the expensive, long-term approach Freud developed
All of the following are valid criticisms of Freudian psychoanalysis except that:
Freud failed to consider the impact of biological forces
Jung believed the full realization of the self lies in the _____.
Future
To Adler, the most common style of life is the:
Getting type
Adler is considered a forerunner of:
Group therapy
In Adler's view, fictional finalism:
Guides our behavior as we strive to become complete
Freud's concepts of the ego, id, and libido:
Have a high degree of objectivity
If pampered excessively, last-borns tend to_____ than first-borns and second-borns.
Have more difficulty adjusting
Projective techniques are used to assess personality by:
Having individuals associate personal needs, fears, & values onto an ambiguous stimulus
What were Sigmund Freud's views on Anna's work on child analysis?
He believed she developed her views out of her own independent experience
Jung broke from Freud's concepts because:
He decided to follow his own ideas and viewpoints on personality
Freud's research can be criticized for all of the following points except:
He did not look deeply into the psyche
Of the three levels of personality, the _____ strives for immediate satisfaction of its needs and does not tolerate delay or postponement of satisfaction for any reason
Id
Which of the following is the exclusive source of energy for human behavior?
Id
Which of the following provides the most obvious link between Adler's childhood and his theory?
Illness & sibling rivalry
According to Jung, transcendence is the:
Innate tendency toward unity or wholeness in the personality
According to Freud, _____ are the motivating forces that drive behavior and determine its direction.
Instincts
Adler believed that dreams:
Involve feelings about current feelings
The Rorschach Inkblot Technique:
Is rated lower than the MMPI in validity research
The preconscious:
Is the storehouse for our memories, thoughts, & perceptions
The purpose of Freud's techniques of dream analysis and free association:
Is to evaluate, asses, or find the unconscious
According to Freud, _____ is the form of psychic energy, manifested by the life instincts, that drives a person toward pleasurable behaviors and thoughts.
Libido
According to Freud, what are the two primary types of instincts?
Life & death
According to Freud, _____ serve the purpose of survival of the individual and the species by seeking to satisfy the needs for food, water, air, and sex.
Life instincts
The correlational method of research:
Measure the relationship between two variables
The most widely used self-report personality test is the:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Research on second-borns shows that they are:
More influenced by their older siblings than by parents
The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by:
Morgan & Murray
Which of the following is a true statement about Adler's theory of the order of birth?
One's birth order could be determined on the basis of one's behavior
According to Adler, the development of an appropriate style of life is determined by:
Our past experiences
Demosthenes overcame his stutter to become a great orator, and Theodore Roosevelt was sickly but later became a model of physical fitness. These are two good examples of:
Overcoming organic inferiority
Carl Jung's childhood experiences included:
Personal loneliness plus the martial conflicts & mental instability of his parents
Which of the following statements can be used to sum up personality?
Personality is how we perceive ourselves & also how others perceive us
Which of the following is true of the assumptions made by early personality theorists?
Personality theories were valid for all people, regardless of gender and race
Which of the following did Jung believe was the most difficult step in the individuation process?
Recognizing the characteristics of the other sex within the self
In the context of Adler's idea of the order of birth, a person who is competitive and ambitious is most likely to be a(n):
Second-born child
On the Social Interest Index, women who scored high in social interest were also significantly higher in:
Self-actualization
Overcompensating for normal inferiority feelings can lead to a _____.
Superiority complex
Freud regarded _____ as our primary motivation.
Sex
Which of the following statements is true of Anna Freud?
She became the only one of Freud's six children to follow in his path
The urge toward perfection that motivates each of us is what Adler meant by:
Striving for superiority
Much research on the nature of the unconscious involves _____ in which stimuli are presented to people below their level of conscious awareness.
Subliminal perception
Which of the following is true of the shadow archetype?
The behaviors that society considers evil & immoral reside in the shadow
Which of the following best describes Jung's principle of opposites?
The conflict between polarities is the primary motivator of behavior & generator of psychic energy
Adler proposed the concept of social interest to define:
The innate potential to cooperative with others
Identify a cultural difference between individualism and collectivism.
The levels of anxiety and depression have been found to be lower in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic ones
Jung used the term psychic birth for the period when:
The psyche assumes a definite form & content
Which of the following archetypes contains the basic, primitive animal instincts and has the deepest roots among all?
The shadow
Which of the following is true of Jung's contributions to psychology?
The word-association test, developed by Jung, became a standard projective technique
Identify a true statement in the context of the relationship between Adler and Freud.
Their association ended in hostility
Which of the following is true about the role of theories in the study of personality?
Theories help us to understand, predict, & change behavior
Which of the following is a criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis by personality theorists?
To develop a theory of human personality, only the healthy, positive human qualities need to be studied
True or false: Jung believed that the most crucial stage in personality development was middle age.
True
True or false: Much of Freud's personality theory revolves around the necessity of inhibiting or suppressing our sexual longings.
True
True or false: Self-report inventories remain the most objective approach to personality assessment.
True
Jung proposed eight psychological types, based on the interactions of the:
Two psychological attitudes & four psychological functions
In the past, _____ were more likely to be used in research on personality theory.
White men
Identify a true statement in the context of Loftus's studies concerning false memories
a. A therapist could implant false memories knowingly or unknowingly b. A person's memories can't always be judged as true c. "Repressed" memories of childhood may not be accurate in reality
According to Adler's idea involving the order of birth, in which of the following ways is the first-born likely to react to the dethronement caused by the arrival of the second-born?
a. By developing a behavior problem b. By hating the new baby c. By trying to recapture their former position of privilege
Who among the following personality theorists was influenced by Adler?
a. Gordon Allport b. Abraham Maslow c. Karen Horney
As supported by research, in which of the following ways did "only" children differ from children with siblings?
a. In having higher levels of intelligence b. In being highly industriousness c. In having high aspirations
According to Jung's view, which of the following personality changes must occur in an individual during his or her middle age?
a. The attitude of the personality must shift from extraversion to introversion b. The psychic energy must be rechanneled to different activities & interests c. The process of realizing or actualizing the self must begin
According to Jung's belief, which of the following is responsible for the formation of complexes in the personal unconscious of an individual?
a. The childhood experiences b. The adult experiences c. The ancestral experiences
Which of the following applies to the mental attitudes of extraversion and introversion?
a. The dominant attitude directs a person's consciousness & behavior b. Only one of the attitudes becomes dominant in a person's personality c. The non dominant attitude becomes part of a person's personal unconscious
Which of the following is true of people using social networking sites, such as Facebook?
a. They tend to portray an idealized self-image of themselves b. They feel they are able to express their true selves c.They have a tendency to present themselves as much more emotionally stable