Personality Theories Test

Which question best clarifies the meaning of validity?

Does the test measure what is intended to measured?

What is the term given by Carl Jung for "personality"?

Psyche

Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and system of therapy for treating mental disorders is known as

Psychoanalysis

Which of the following is true of Freud's system of psychoanalytic therapy?

Psychoanalysis as a therapeutic technique has declined in popularity, particularly in the United States

All of the following are associated with Freud's investigation of the unconscious except:

Questionnaires

According to Jung's principle of entropy, if a perfect balance of psychic energy is attained over all the aspects of a personality:

The personality would have no psychic energy

In the context of Adler's idea of the order of birth, the child most likely to develop at a remarkably fast rate is the:

Youngest child

The theory of individual psychology, which focused on the uniqueness of each person, was proposed by:

Adler

_____ was the first to emphasize the role of the future in determining behavior.

Alfred Adler

For Adler, if a person believes that all people are basically good, then:

The person will create unrealistic expectations of his or her environment

Which of the following Freudian ideas has not been supported by research?

The personality being subject to little change after age five

Unlike Freud, which of the following did Adler emphasize?

a. The conscious b. Minimizing the importance of sex c. The uniqueness of the individual

Around 1500, the Latin word persona was used to refer to:

A mask used by actors in a play

According to Jung, the personal unconscious is:

A reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is:

A test to access Jung's psychological types & attitudes

The personality of an individual is _____.

A unique cluster of characteristics

In children, temper tantrums, manipulating parents, and destructive behaviors are formed in the:

Anal stage

The ancient experiences contained in the collective unconscious are manifested by recurring themes or patterns, which Jung termed _____.

Archetypes

All motivation to strive and succeed comes from:

Attempts to compensate for inferiorities

According to Adler, all of the following are possible causes of an inferiority complex except:

Brain neurosis

In the context of the clinical method used in personality research, a _____ refers to a detailed history of an individual that contains data from a variety of sources.

Case study

Anna Freud's analytic work was with:

Children

Jung believed that humankind collectively, as a species, store the experiences of all our human and pre-human ancestors in the _____.

Collective unconscious

Adler used all of the following terms as equivalents for "style of life" except:

Complex

The _____ includes all the sensations and experiences of which we are aware at any given moment.

Conscious

Based on Jung's psychological types, the extraverted intuiting type of person would be:

Creative, able to inspire others, & able to seize opportunities

In experimental research, the _____ variable is the one manipulated by the experimenter.

Dependent

We research theories of personality to:

Describe their use for real-world problems

Which of the following steps in Jung's theory of individuation involves one's acceptance of his or her genuine self that is generally covered by a public face?

Dethroning the persona

All of the following are principles explain the functioning of psychic energy except _____.

Differentiation principle

Identify a true statement in the context of Adler's image of human nature.

Each person possesses the free will to shape the social forces influencing him or her

According to Jung, the _____ is the conscious aspect of personality.

Ego

Jung proposed all of the following major archetypes except the _____.

Ego

Anna Freud is known for her theory of:

Ego psychology

True or false: To Adler, the unconscious, not the conscious, was at the core of personality.

False

Which of the following is true of the system of psychotherapy, which was developed by Sigmund Freud?

Fewer people are choosing the expensive, long-term approach Freud developed

All of the following are valid criticisms of Freudian psychoanalysis except that:

Freud failed to consider the impact of biological forces

Jung believed the full realization of the self lies in the _____.

Future

To Adler, the most common style of life is the:

Getting type

Adler is considered a forerunner of:

Group therapy

In Adler's view, fictional finalism:

Guides our behavior as we strive to become complete

Freud's concepts of the ego, id, and libido:

Have a high degree of objectivity

If pampered excessively, last-borns tend to_____ than first-borns and second-borns.

Have more difficulty adjusting

Projective techniques are used to assess personality by:

Having individuals associate personal needs, fears, & values onto an ambiguous stimulus

What were Sigmund Freud's views on Anna's work on child analysis?

He believed she developed her views out of her own independent experience

Jung broke from Freud's concepts because:

He decided to follow his own ideas and viewpoints on personality

Freud's research can be criticized for all of the following points except:

He did not look deeply into the psyche

Of the three levels of personality, the _____ strives for immediate satisfaction of its needs and does not tolerate delay or postponement of satisfaction for any reason

Id

Which of the following is the exclusive source of energy for human behavior?

Id

Which of the following provides the most obvious link between Adler's childhood and his theory?

Illness & sibling rivalry

According to Jung, transcendence is the:

Innate tendency toward unity or wholeness in the personality

According to Freud, _____ are the motivating forces that drive behavior and determine its direction.

Instincts

Adler believed that dreams:

Involve feelings about current feelings

The Rorschach Inkblot Technique:

Is rated lower than the MMPI in validity research

The preconscious:

Is the storehouse for our memories, thoughts, & perceptions

The purpose of Freud's techniques of dream analysis and free association:

Is to evaluate, asses, or find the unconscious

According to Freud, _____ is the form of psychic energy, manifested by the life instincts, that drives a person toward pleasurable behaviors and thoughts.

Libido

According to Freud, what are the two primary types of instincts?

Life & death

According to Freud, _____ serve the purpose of survival of the individual and the species by seeking to satisfy the needs for food, water, air, and sex.

Life instincts

The correlational method of research:

Measure the relationship between two variables

The most widely used self-report personality test is the:

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Research on second-borns shows that they are:

More influenced by their older siblings than by parents

The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by:

Morgan & Murray

Which of the following is a true statement about Adler's theory of the order of birth?

One's birth order could be determined on the basis of one's behavior

According to Adler, the development of an appropriate style of life is determined by:

Our past experiences

Demosthenes overcame his stutter to become a great orator, and Theodore Roosevelt was sickly but later became a model of physical fitness. These are two good examples of:

Overcoming organic inferiority

Carl Jung's childhood experiences included:

Personal loneliness plus the martial conflicts & mental instability of his parents

Which of the following statements can be used to sum up personality?

Personality is how we perceive ourselves & also how others perceive us

Which of the following is true of the assumptions made by early personality theorists?

Personality theories were valid for all people, regardless of gender and race

Which of the following did Jung believe was the most difficult step in the individuation process?

Recognizing the characteristics of the other sex within the self

In the context of Adler's idea of the order of birth, a person who is competitive and ambitious is most likely to be a(n):

Second-born child

On the Social Interest Index, women who scored high in social interest were also significantly higher in:

Self-actualization

Overcompensating for normal inferiority feelings can lead to a _____.

Superiority complex

Freud regarded _____ as our primary motivation.

Sex

Which of the following statements is true of Anna Freud?

She became the only one of Freud's six children to follow in his path

The urge toward perfection that motivates each of us is what Adler meant by:

Striving for superiority

Much research on the nature of the unconscious involves _____ in which stimuli are presented to people below their level of conscious awareness.

Subliminal perception

Which of the following is true of the shadow archetype?

The behaviors that society considers evil & immoral reside in the shadow

Which of the following best describes Jung's principle of opposites?

The conflict between polarities is the primary motivator of behavior & generator of psychic energy

Adler proposed the concept of social interest to define:

The innate potential to cooperative with others

Identify a cultural difference between individualism and collectivism.

The levels of anxiety and depression have been found to be lower in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic ones

Jung used the term psychic birth for the period when:

The psyche assumes a definite form & content

Which of the following archetypes contains the basic, primitive animal instincts and has the deepest roots among all?

The shadow

Which of the following is true of Jung's contributions to psychology?

The word-association test, developed by Jung, became a standard projective technique

Identify a true statement in the context of the relationship between Adler and Freud.

Their association ended in hostility

Which of the following is true about the role of theories in the study of personality?

Theories help us to understand, predict, & change behavior

Which of the following is a criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis by personality theorists?

To develop a theory of human personality, only the healthy, positive human qualities need to be studied

True or false: Jung believed that the most crucial stage in personality development was middle age.

True

True or false: Much of Freud's personality theory revolves around the necessity of inhibiting or suppressing our sexual longings.

True

True or false: Self-report inventories remain the most objective approach to personality assessment.

True

Jung proposed eight psychological types, based on the interactions of the:

Two psychological attitudes & four psychological functions

In the past, _____ were more likely to be used in research on personality theory.

White men

Identify a true statement in the context of Loftus's studies concerning false memories

a. A therapist could implant false memories knowingly or unknowingly b. A person's memories can't always be judged as true c. "Repressed" memories of childhood may not be accurate in reality

According to Adler's idea involving the order of birth, in which of the following ways is the first-born likely to react to the dethronement caused by the arrival of the second-born?

a. By developing a behavior problem b. By hating the new baby c. By trying to recapture their former position of privilege

Who among the following personality theorists was influenced by Adler?

a. Gordon Allport b. Abraham Maslow c. Karen Horney

As supported by research, in which of the following ways did "only" children differ from children with siblings?

a. In having higher levels of intelligence b. In being highly industriousness c. In having high aspirations

According to Jung's view, which of the following personality changes must occur in an individual during his or her middle age?

a. The attitude of the personality must shift from extraversion to introversion b. The psychic energy must be rechanneled to different activities & interests c. The process of realizing or actualizing the self must begin

According to Jung's belief, which of the following is responsible for the formation of complexes in the personal unconscious of an individual?

a. The childhood experiences b. The adult experiences c. The ancestral experiences

Which of the following applies to the mental attitudes of extraversion and introversion?

a. The dominant attitude directs a person's consciousness & behavior b. Only one of the attitudes becomes dominant in a person's personality c. The non dominant attitude becomes part of a person's personal unconscious

Which of the following is true of people using social networking sites, such as Facebook?

a. They tend to portray an idealized self-image of themselves b. They feel they are able to express their true selves c.They have a tendency to present themselves as much more emotionally stable