bio unit 4
[4.3 Notes] What are the four steps of protein synthesis?
1. DNA - it is unzipped with the aid of RNA polymerase 2. Transcription - one strand of DNA is transcribed 3. mRNA - It is transcribed from the strand of DNA 4. Translation - combines codons and anticodons - genes are expressed
[4.3 Notes] What are the three steps of translation?
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
[4.3 Notes] What are the three steps of transcription?
1. Unzipping of the DNA 2. Build RNA pairings for codons until they reach a stop codon 3. RNA detaches and the DNA rewinds
[4.6 Assignment #1] Chromosome 11 is made of over _____ million base pairs.
130
[4.6 Assignment #2] Approximately how many genes are found on chromosome 11?
2000
[4.6 Assignment #4] Chromosome 17 is made of over ____ million base pairs.
80
[4.1 pre#6] If the same base pairs are used to code for all organisms, why is there so much variation among organisms? A. The order of the codons differs between organisms. B. The order of the codons is the same between organisms. C. The codons in each organism are the same. D. The codons in each organism differ.
A
[4.1 pre#8] What is one benefit of mapping the human genome? A. locating the chromosomal abnormalities that cause disease B. having the genomes of every living individual on file C. choosing the gender or intellectual ability of an unborn child D. cloning the individuals that comprise a nearly extinct tribe
A
[4.1 pre#9] In 1953, who developed the model that is shown below? A. James Watson and Francis Crick B. Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei C. Rosalind Franklin D. Erwin Chargaff
A
[4.2 pre#10, Q1#9, Q2#3] DNA is a nucleic acid polymer composed of which repeating structural unit? A. nucleotides B. phosphate groups C. ribosomes D. proteins
A
[4.2 pre#2] DNA is made of two chains of nucleotides. Which type of bonds hold the chains together? A. hydrogen bonds B. covalent bonds C. ionic bonds D. polar covalent bonds
A
[4.3 assignment#4] How are the order of codons determined? The DNA sequence determines the order. The RNA sequence determines the order. The number of genes determines the order.
A
[4.3 assignment#7] What is one way scientists are able to study operons in organisms? A. by studying the number and organization of operons by reading the genome sequence B. by counting the operons during cell division C. by studying the operon controls during translation when proteins are constructed
A
[4.3 pre#4] During which process is mRNA converted into a sequence of amino acids for protein production? A. transcription B. translation C. translocation D. mRNA synthesis
A
[4.3 pre#5] Which summary below correctly describes what occurs during transcription? A. A DNA template is used to create an mRNA strand. B. An mRNA template is used to create a DNA strand. C. A DNA template is used to create a ribosome. D. An mRNA template is used to create a tRNA strand.
A
[4.3 pre#7] What is the purpose of the peptide bond that is shown in the diagram? A. It connects amino acids. B. It connects ribosomes. C. It connects tRNA. D. It connects anticodons.
A
[4.3 pre#8] Which nucleic acid provides the master code for protein synthesis? A. DNA B. RNA C. mRNA D. tRNA
A
[4.3 pre#9] Which describes a promoter? A. the first part of an operon that regulates where, when, and to what level a gene is expressed B. the part of an operon that, if attached by a repressor protein, suppresses the expression of a gene C. a cluster of genes that are expressed or repressed as a group D. an enzyme that helps DNA unzip prior to transcription
A
[4.5 pre#4, Q1#9] Why is UVA light considered a mutagen? A. It penetrates the skin and can cause mutations. B. It can be prevented by wearing a protective vest. C. It produces chemicals that can be inhaled. D. It is found in synthetic dyes and cosmetics.
A
[4.5 pre#6, Q1#4] Which statement is scientifically based? A. Mutations rarely occur. B. All mutations are harmful. C. Some mutations can be contagious, like infections. D. Mutations are not passed from parent to offspring.
A
[4.5 pre#7, Q1#7] Which type of mutation cannot occur in a child after birth? A. germline mutation B. somatic mutation C. point mutation D. frameshift mutation
A
[4.5 pre#8] Which best describes genetic mutations? A. Some inherited genetic mutations can be good for the offspring. B. Different genetic mutations cause few forms of cancer. C. Somatic mutations can be inherited from parents or acquired during life. D. Genetic mutations that cause diseases are always passed on to offspring.
A
[4.6 pre#10] Which is indicated by the letter a? petit arm queue arm centromere gene
A
[4.6 pre#8, Q1#9] While analyzing a karyotype, geneticists identify a missing chromosome. Which term describes this chromosomal abnormality? aneuploidy polyploidy triploidy tetraploidy
A
[4.5 Notes] What happens in a silent mutation?
A mutation creates an amino acid that is the same
[4.5 Notes] What can DNA be compared to?
A sentence made of three letter words
[4.3 assignment#5] What is needed for translation to occur? Check all that apply. mRNA ribosome tRNA codons
All of them are correct
[4.3 Notes] What does CGA code for?
Arginine
[4.1 pre#4] Rosalind Franklin is famous for which contribution to the study of DNA? A. creation of an accurate model of DNA structure B. creation of an X-ray diffraction image of DNA structure C. identification of a pattern in ratios of DNA bases D. identification of DNA in bandages that contained pus
B
[4.2 Q1#10, Q2#2] A DNA strand has the sequence ACCGAGCTT. Which is the complementary strand of RNA? A. TGGCTCGAA B. UGGCUCGAA C. GTTAGTGCC D. CAATCTAGG
B
[4.2 Q1#8, Q2#5] Where is the DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? A. ribosomes B. nucleus C. cytoplasm D. cell membrane
B
[4.2 Q2#1] Which structural characteristic is seen in RNA but not in DNA? A. double strands B. a single strand C. chains of nucleotides D. a helical shape
B
[4.2 pre#3] Which structural component is found in DNA but not in RNA? A. ribose B. deoxyribose C. phosphate group D. nitrogenous base
B
[4.2 pre#6, Q1#6] What did Chargaff discover while studying bases in the DNA of organisms? A. The bases in the DNA of each organism were unique. B. The ratios of thymine and adenine were similar, as were the ratios of guanine and cytosine. C. The overall percentages of bases were different from one organism to the next. D. There were equal amounts of all four bases in every organism, or 25 percent of each base.
B
[4.2 pre#9, Q1#1, Q2#8] Which discovery is attributed to Phoebus Levene? A. extraction and observation of DNA B. identification of ribose and deoxyribose C. recognition of RNA as DNA's messenger D. construction of an accurate DNA model
B
[4.5 pre#10, Q1#5] Which is considered a chemical mutagen? A. tanning beds B. tobacco C. X-rays D. precious metals
B
[4.5 pre#1] Which type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia? A. silent B. missense C. insertion D. frameshift
B
[4.5 pre#2] Which best describes somatic mutations? A. They are usually passed on to offspring. B. They can cause different kinds of cancer. C. They always result from point mutations. D. They only occur in reproductive cells.
B
[4.5 pre#3] Which type of mutation always creates a stop codon? A. missense B. nonsense C. silent D. point
B
[4.5 pre#9, Q1#10] Which type of mutation occurs in reproductive cells and can be passed to offspring? A. somatic mutation B. germline mutation C. point mutation D. frameshift mutation
B
[4.6 pre#3, Q1#1] Which is the cell structure that is made of DNA that gives the master instructions for the cell? centromere chromosome allele gene
B
[4.6 pre#3, Q1#6] In cell biology, what does the word queue describe? the short arm of a chromosome the long arm of a chromosome the center of a chromosome the material of a chromosome
B
What is homozygous?
Both alleles are the same type
[4.1 pre#10] Which of the following incorrectly matches the term with its location? A. DNA is found in a chromosome. B. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell. C. Genes are located in a nucleotide. D. Nitrogen bases are located in the central rungs of a DNA ladder.
C
[4.1 pre#1] Who first identified DNA? A. Rosalind Franklin B. Erwin Chargaff C. Friedrich Miescher D. James Watson
C
[4.1 pre#2] Which is a goal of the Human Genome Project? A. to identify the 3 billion genes that comprise the human genome B. to sequence the genome of every living individual C. to address the ethical consequences of genomic research D. to establish a population of human clones
C
[4.1 pre#3] Who is credited with creating the first accurate model of DNA? A. Rosalind Franklin B. Friedrich Miescher C. James Watson and Francis Crick D. Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei
C
[4.1 pre#5] Which best describes the outcome of DNA replication? A. The new DNA molecule consists of one strand of DNA. B. The new DNA molecule accumulates a new strand of DNA with each replication. C. The new DNA molecule consists of one new strand and one old strand of DNA. D. The new DNA molecule contains new DNA, and the old molecule keeps the old DNA.
C
[4.2 pre#1, Q1#5, Q2#10] Which sugar is present in the nucleic acid that is represented in the diagram? A. phosphate B. uracil C. deoxyribose D. ribose
C
[4.2 pre#8, Q2#7] Which base is found only in RNA? A. ribose B. thymine C. uracil D. deoxyribose
C
[4.3 assignment#8] What is the purpose of operons in protein synthesis? A. They transfer the mRNA to the ribosomes for protein production. B. They unzip the DNA molecule at the beginning of transcription. C. They contain promoters and operators that determine when a gene is transcribed.
C
[4.3 pre#3] Which is the purpose of transfer RNA? A. to code for protein synthesis B. to carry the synthesized genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes C. to synthesize proteins from RNA D. to bring amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins
C
[4.6 pre#1] Karyotypes can be studied to determine an organism's chromosomal makeup and to detect genetic defects. Turner syndrome occurs when a female has an incomplete set of sex chromosomes. Symptoms of Turner syndrome include swollen hands and feet, short stature, and infertility. Which type of chromosomal mutation is responsible for causing Turner syndrome? polyploidy tetraploidy aneuploidy trisomy
C
[4.6 pre#5] Which statement about sister chromatids is true? One sister chromatid is inherited from each parent. Sister chromatids are always in every cell. Sister chromatids are used only for reproduction. Each sister chromatid forms a lobe of a chromosome.
C
[4.6 pre#9, Q1#5] Which term describes the chromosomal abnormality of having three copies of a single chromosome? haploidy diploidy trisomy tetrasomy
C
[4.5 Notes] What happens in a missense mutation?
Change in Amino acid
[4.5 Notes] What are germline mutations?
Changes in egg or sperm cells that are then incorporated into the DNA of each body cell of the children produced.
[4.1 pre#7] Which bases are found in a strand of DNA? A. thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil B. guanine, cytosine, uracil, adenine C. cytosine, glycine, adenine, thymine D. adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
D
[4.2 Q1#2, Q2#9] Which RNA base pairs with the adenine in DNA? A. thymine B. guanine C. cytosine D. uracil
D
[4.2 Q1#7, Q2#6] A single strand of DNA helix has the code CGCTAA. Which would be the complementary code on the other strand of the helix? A. CGCAUU B. TATCGG C. ATAGCC D. GCGATT
D
[4.2 Q2#4] Which of the following could be a nucleotide of RNA? A. deoxyribose + phosphate group + thymine B. deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil C. ribose + phosphate group + thymine D. ribose + phosphate group + uracil
D
[4.2 pre#4, Q1#4] Which sugar is present in the nucleic acid that is represented in the diagram? A. uracil B. thymine C. deoxyribose D. ribose
D
[4.2 pre#5, Q1#3] What is the role of RNA? A. to provide the original blueprint for protein production B. to move information from the ribosomes to the nucleus for protein synthesis C. to break down proteins into amino acid monomers D. to move information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
D
[4.2 pre#7] A single strand of DNA helix has the code ATAGGC. Which would be the complementary code on the other strand of the helix? A. AUACCG B. CGCTTA C. GCGAAT D. TATCCG
D
[4.3 pre#1] Which occurs during transcription? A. DNA is copied to create a second DNA strand. B. mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons assemble amino acids. C. DNA is unzipped with the aid of DNA polymerase. D. mRNA is synthesized from a strand of DNA.
D
[4.3 pre#2] Which nucleic acid moves the code for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosomes? A. dRNA B. tRNA C. rRNA D. mRNA
D
[4.3 pre#6] What is the role of RNA polymerase? A. It creates the DNA strand. B. It bonds the DNA strand. C. It helps transcribe the DNA strand. D. It translates the DNA strand.
D
[4.5 pre#5, Q1#6] Many different types of mutations can occur within the body. Tay-Sachs disease is a deadly disorder that is caused by a missing codon in the gene coding for production of the hex A enzyme in the body. Which type of mutation is responsible for causing Tay-Sachs disease? A. substitution B. replacement C. insertion D. deletion
D
[4.6 pre#7] Pedigrees and karyotypes provide the means for individuals to identify their risks of genetic disorders. What can be observed on a karyotype but not on a pedigree? family carriers of a genetic disorder family history of a genetic disorder risk of a genetic disorder in offspring a visual image of a chromosomal defect
D
What are genes?
Genes are sections of DNA that control a single genetic trait.
[4.3 Notes] What does CAG code for?
Glutamine
[4.3 Notes] What does GGA code for?
Glycine
[4.5 Notes] What happens when DNA is altered?
It is permanently changed
[4.3 assignment#2] Explain the process of transcription.
It uses messenger RNA to scan deoxyribonucleic acid, also called DNA, and make an mRNA strand. Then, it is transported to the ribosome to undergo further processing in translation and to get made into a protein.
[4.3 Notes] What does AUG code for?
Methionine
[4.5 Notes] What are somatic mutations?
Mutations occurring in any other cell of the body other than the germ cells
What is turner syndrome?
Occurs in females when they only have one X chromosome
[4.3 assignment#6] Explain how genes are expressed for a particular trait.
One gene for a particular trait is transcribed from DNA during transcription. The code for the gene is transferred by mRNA to the ribosome for protein production to begin. Once the polypeptide chain is constructed, a protein is produced and the trait can be expressed.
What is heterozygous?
Organisms have two different alleles for a particular trait.
[4.3 Notes] What do proteins do?
Provide structure for your body and cells
[4.3 Notes] What does UAA code for?
Stop
[4.3 assignment#3] How are amino acids assembled during translation?
The messenger RNA is transferred to the the ribosomes outside the nucleus of the cell. Transfer RNAs come in with amino acids attached to them and the amino acids link together to form a protein.
[4.5 Notes] What happens during insertion?
a base pair is added
[4.5 Notes] What happens during deletion?
a base pair is deleted
What are karyotypes?
a picture of the chromosomes from a cell that is in prophase or metaphase of mitosis
[4.3 Notes] What are proteins made of?
amino acids
[4.5 Notes] What happens in a nonsense mutation?
changes a regular codon into a stop codon
[4.3 Notes] What does DNA do?
codes the synthesis for proteins
What is klinefelter syndrome?
extra X chromosome (XXY)
[4.5 Notes] What are the two types of frameshift mutations?
insertion and deletion
[4.3 Notes] What does RNA do?
it scans the DNA code to form proteins on ribosomes
[4.3 pre#10] The molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins is
mRNA
[4.5 Notes] What are the three types of point mutations?
missense, nonsense, silent
What are homologous chromosome pairs?
paired chromosomes with genes for the same trait in the same place
[4.6 Notes] What is the top part of a chromosome?
petit
What is the bottom part of a chromosome?
queque
[4.3 assignment#1] Label the steps for protein synthesis in order, beginning with the first step. Once the protein is made, the gene for a particular trait is expressed. mRNA joins the ribosome, and the anticodons from tRNA join mRNA to form a chain of amino acids. RNA polymerase unzips DNA and free RNA nucleotides join DNA to form mRNA. A chain of amino acids is formed from peptide bonds, creating a protein. mRNA is transported from the nucleus of the cell to the ribosomes of the cell.
step five step three step one step four step two
What are examples of different alleles of the same gene?
thick and thin eyebrows, curly and straight hair
What is down syndrome?
trisomy of chromosome 21
[4.3 Notes] What does UAC code for?
tyrosine