Bio Unit 4
Characteristics of Viruses
-Causes most diseases like AIDS -Obligate Intracellular parasites
What are benefits of using Latin names in binomial nomenclature?
-Different people have different common names for the same animal -Latin was a universal language known by scholars -Different animals have the same common name
What are applications of transgenic bacteria?
-Production of growth hormones -Produces insulin -Clean up of oil spills
Terms that refer to 'Plasmid':
-Vector -Prokaryotic DNA
The order of the production of recombinant DNA, rDNA:
1) Identify an mRNA from a target gene 2) Use reverse transcriptase to produce a complementary DNA 3) Cleave the cDNA and Vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme 4) Introduce DNA ligase to connect sticky ends of DNA 5) Allow vector to reproduce to clone the gene
How many classes of angiosperms?
2 classes
binomial nomenclature system
2 terms 1) Genus 2) Epithet
how many numbers of angiosperms?
300,000
Paramecium
A ciliated (it propels itself via cilia) protist that lives in fresh water and eats other tiny organisms for food.
Ciliates
A group of protozoans that move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia. Most complex and specialized.
Fungi
A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients (saprotrophic); has 100,000 species
Foraminifera
A large group of amoeboid protists with reticulating pseudopods—fine strands of cytoplasm that branch and merge to form a dynamic net. They typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure.
A virus is similar in size to
A large protein
Cephalopods
A member of a group of molluscs that include squids and octopus "head-footed"
eutrophication
A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.
Radiolarians
A protist, usually marine, with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body.
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Molluscs
A soft-bodied animal characterized by a muscular foot, mantle, mantle cavity, and radula; includes gastropods (snails and slugs), bivalves (clams, oysters, and scallops), and cephalopods (squids and octopuses).
Apicomplexans
A type of parasitic protozoan that lacks mobility and forms spores. Some apicomplexan cause serious human disease
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacteria
Structures that have the same function in different groups but do not have common ancestry are referred to as:
Analogous Structures
Similarity due to convergent evolution is called:
Analogy
What type of trait is not useful for determining the evolutionary relationships of an ancestor's descendants?
Ancestral
segmented worms
Annelida common name
What would you find in a high temperature, high salt environment?
Archaea
Latin names are used in the _____ nomenclature system.
Binomial
The field of study that relies heavily on computer technologies to analyze genomic and proteomic data is called:
Bioinformatics
Products made with or derived from transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are called
Biotechnology Products
What are the products of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria?
Carbohydrates and Oxygen
Plant and fungal cells differ structurally in that plant cell walls are composed of what? While fungal cell walls are composed of what
Cellulose Chitin
An organism that can produce organic molecules using carbon dioxide and energy from inorganic molecules, instead of the sun, is called:
Chemoautotroph
A polymer of glucose that contains nitrogen and is found in the cell walls of fungi is called
Chitin
Hydras
Cnidaria
A ______ ancestor is one that has given rise to two or more lines of descent.
Common
Comparing the human genome to that of other organisms is called:
Comparative Genomics
Dentrification
Conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas
The zooxanthellae are dinoflagellates that often have symbolic relationships with whom?
Corals
Photosynthetic bacteria that first introduced oxygen into the atmosphere, but can appear blue, red, and even black are called:
Cyanobacteria
A technology that can identify and distinguish among individuals based on the variation of DNA is called:
DNA Fingerprinting
What enzymes are needed to make rDNA?
DNA Ligase & restriction enzymes
Traits that can be used to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms are called:
Derived Traits
What is a type of algae identified by its two flagella? One that acts as a rudder and one that spins the cell forward.
Dinoflagellate
Rank of Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
High to Low
Domain Supergroup Kingdom Phylum
Archaea, bacteria, and Eukarya are the names given to the three
Domains of life
A newly invented virus that becomes more prominent because of its ability to cause serious disease:
Emerging Virus
Membrane-bound nuclei are found in members of domain
Eukarya
Characteristics of protists
Eukaryote; Autotroph and heterotroph; diverse, multicellular; colonial, single celled
types of parasitic worms
Flukes (infect liver, intestines, and lungs and can be deadly in large numbers) Tapeworms (live in the intestines) Roundworms (infect the intestines, muscles, and fluids under the skin)
Ascomycota
Form sexual spores in saclike asci
What specific type of genomic study determines the roles of genome in cells and organisms?
Functional Genomics
The type of cloning through which identical copies of a functional unit of DNA are made is called __________ cloning.
Gene
What does a virus direct a host cell to duplicate?
Genetic Material
Biotechnology products are produced by ________ modifies organisms.
Genetically
Genetic engineering allows scientists to change the _______ of organisms.
Genome
A scientist seeking to study the complete genetic makeup of an organism is studying the field of:
Genomics
basidiospores
Haploid spores formed in basidium
The structural similarities that come from having a common ancestor is called:
Homology
If a segment of non-coding DNA contained a sequence TTAG every 2,000 bases throughout the entire chromosome, you would call this a(n):
Interspersed Repeat
DNA ___ is an enzyme that links DNA fragments together.
Ligase
What is the most complex type of organism to clone?
Mammal
Chytrids
Member of the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early-diverging fungal lineage.
Plankton
Microscopic organisms that float and drift in the freshwater and serve as the foundation of the food chain
A tangled mass of hyphae composing the vegetative body of a fungus is
Mycelium
What is found in all viruses?
Nucleic acid core Capsid Proteins
brown algae
One of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists, the most common type of seaweed. Brown algae include the kelps.
Parasitism
One organism benefits and the other is harmed
Chemoautotrophs
Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other chemicals as energy source instead of light.
Cyanobacteria obtain their nutrients through the process of
Photosynthesis
A "family tree" that shows evolutionary history of a taxa is called:
Phylogeny
What is the most encompassing level of taxonomic classification?
Phylum
Protists are an abundant compound of ___, the collection of tiny floating organisms suspended in water that serves as a food source for many animals.
Plankton
The ___ is a technique that uses DNA polymerase with heating/cooling cycles to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus and membranous organelles typical of eukaryotes:
Prokaryotes
What is found in a virus?
Proteins Nucleic Acid Core Capsid
The study of all the proteins that an organism is produced is called:
Proteomics
What kingdoms are included with Eukarya?
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
A segment of DNA containing genes from both mice and humans would be called:
Recombinant DNA
PCR works by amplifying short tandem __________ sequences, sequences of DNA that are repeated many times and are considered noncoding.
Repeat
The sequence AAGCTTCGTTC is found 5 places on a chromosome. It is a(n):
Repetitive DNA Element
Fungi in which hyphae are divided into distinct cells by cell walls are called what
Septate fungi
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
When using binomial nomenclature, the second term is the:
Specific Epithet
acid deposition
Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to Earth's surface
What describes the study of evolutionary history of life on earth?
Systematics
If a segment of non-coding DNA contained a sequence TTAGTTTAGTTTAGT, this is called:
Tandem Repeat
The branch of biology concerned with naming, identifying, and classifying organisms is called:
Taxonomy
contractile vacuole
The cell structure that collects extra water from the cytoplasm and then expels it from the cell
What is the first step in the process of recombinant DNA production?
The target DNA and vector are treated with the same restriction enzyme
Which feature distinguishes the Eukarya from the other two domains?
They have membrane bound nuclei
How are organisms in a particular taxonomic category grouped together?
They share a trait or set of traits.
What is a role of the restriction enzyme?
To cut DNA
Eudicots
Two Cotyledons Flower Parts typically in multiples of 4 or 5 Leaves with netlike venation of vascular tissue Taproot system
How is convergent evolution best explained?
Two different species develop similar traits due to adaptation to similar environments.
A plasmid is often used in biotechnology applications as a _____ to transfer foreign genetic material.
Vector
Reptiles characteristics
Vertebrates with scaly skin Lay eggs with rubbery shells ectothermy four limbs
an obligate intracellular parasite
Virus
What features were used by Linnaeus to classify birds and crocodiles separately?
Wings & Feathers
Water mold
a funguslike protist that is composed of branching filaments of cells and parasites over dead cells
Glomeromycota
a group of fungi that form symbiotic relationships with the roots of trees
Diplomonads
a protist that has modified mitochondria, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella; also causes giardiosis
A reproductive cell that does not need to fuse with another reproductive cell in order to develop into a new organism is called
a spore
The unicellular protists that have small sacs lying just beneath their plasma membranes are
alveolates
Monocot
an angiosperm with one cotyledon in each seed parallel flowers in threes or multiples of threes
pyrenoid
an organelle that synthesizes and stores starch
Saprotrophs
an organism that feeds on or derives nourishment from decaying organic matter.
Fungi are more closely related to ___ than ___
animals; heterotrophs
Green Algae
are unicellular, however there is multicellular like seaweed
In the ascomycota, the spores released during asexual reproduction are called conidiospores and the spores released during sexual reproduction is called:
ascospores
A finger like sac in a sac fungus in which nuclear fusion meiosis and ascospore production occurs during sexual reproduction is called what?
ascus
The fungae that dont have walls dividing their hyphae into distinct cellular compartments are called what?
aseptate fungi
The steps of Viral Reproduction
attachment, entry (penetration), biosynthesis, assembly (maturation), release
steps of lytic cycle
attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release
Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants
because they are heterotrophic
bilateral sym
bony fish
Kelp that grows along shorelines and form dense types of what?
brown algae
Asexual fungal reproductive mechanism shown by single-celled yeasts that involve a cell forming and then getting pinched off of the parent cell is called
budding
mycorihizae are formed
by way of plant root and fungi
feeding habits of molluscs
carnivores herbivores parasites filter feeders
A pathogen is an organism that
causes disease
which terms mean headfooted and refers to the squid, nautilus, and the octopi
cephalophod
squids, octopi, and the natilus are members of a group of molluscs collected called the
cephalopods
What pigments are associated with brown algae?
chlorophyll a & c carotenoid
Basidiomycota
club fungi (mushrooms)
Zygomycota
common molds
Asexual occurs when
conditions are favorable
Sexual occurs when
conditions are not favorable
During asexual reproduction in sac fungi, conidiospores are produced within specialized aerial hyphae called what?
conidiophores
During asexual reproduction in sac fungi, conidiospores are produced within specialized aerial hyphae called:
conidiophores
List in order
crustose fruticose follose
eye spot (stigma)
detects sources of light. It works by blocking some light sources so the euglena can tell which direction the brightest source is coming from
A stramenopile alga with valves made of silca is called a
diatom
A fungal cell that contains two separate haploid nuclei from different parental hyphae
dikaryotic
mature mushroom
dikaryotic
zygote in basidium
diploid
what is the shape of body leeches?
dorsoventrally flattened
Uses for diatomaceous earth
filtering agents polishing agents soundproofing material
Clams burrow by using
foot
In most cases, during lichen production, each reproductive unit contains
fungal hyphae and algal cells
plants evolved
green algae
Charophytes
green algae that are the closest relatives of land plants
vascular plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed in a fruit are called
gymnosperes
the two types of vascular plants that produce seeds are called the ___ and the ___.
gymnosperms and angiosperms
Three main stages in fungal reproduction
haploid hyphae dikaryotic stage diploid zygote
Euglenids may be
heterotrophic autotrophic
Protoza
heterotrophic protists that obtain organic compounds from their environment
what are cnidarians
hydras; polyps; jellyfishes; sea anemones; corals
Opisthokonts
includes fungi, animals, nucleariids, choanoflagellates
Most ciliates
ingest their food
Algin
is made from brown algae (food additive)
radial symmetry
jellyfish
Microsporidia
microscopic protozoans that cause disease in insects
the size range of annelids, or segmented worms, is from
microscopic to 4 meters
Single celled fungi that are obligate parasites to insects and vertebrates are called
microsporidia
What fungi are single cellular?
microsporidia chytridiomycota
Pseudopods
moves amoeboid cells
a scientist that studies fungi
mycologist
Conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia
nitrogen fixation
The bryophytes are also referred to as
nonvascular plants
An organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen gas is an
obligate anaerobe
The unique molecule found in bacterial cell walls that is composed of unique combinations of sugars and amino acids:
peptidoglycan
An organism that uses photosynthesis to synthesize organic molecules using carbon dioxide and solar energy is called a(n):
photoautotroph
Algae
photoautotrophic protists that use photosynthesis
Bacteria are classified as
prokaryotic cells
comb jellies
propelled by beating cilia, use colloblasts to capture food, and resemble jelly fish
The function of fruit is to
protect and help disperse seeds
cniderians
radial symmetry; stinger bearing tentacles e.g. coral, sea anemone, jellyfish function: capture prey
Lichen characteristics, biodiversity, growth rates and reproduction
reproduction by fragmentation has a heterotrophic partners has a photosynthetic partner has a fungal partner
hairlike extensions on the lower surface of a liverwort thallus called
rhizoids
What club fungi parasite cereal grains?
rusts & smuts
Organisms, like fungi, that release digestive enzymes into the environment and absorb the resulting organic breakdown products are called
saprotrophs
organisms, like fungi, that release digestive enzymes into the environment and absorb resulting organic breakdown particles are called:
saprotrophs
a sporophyte embryo and food for that embryo within a protective coat is called a
seed
what is the repetition of body parts along the lengths of the body called?
segmentation
annelids characteristics
setae coelom segmentation
Transposons are
specific regions/sequences of DNA that can move in and between chromosomes.F
asymetry
sponges
cysts within muscle tissue which contain larvae called bladder worms are formed by which group of parasitic flatworms
tapeworms
Excavata
the eukaryotic supergroup that contains flagellated single-celled organisms with a feeding deep groove and atypical mitochondria
Protists
the group of eukaryotes that are very diverse, usually single celled, but may be multicellular or colonial
ascus
the reproductive structure where spores develop on sac fungi
Because dinoflagellates are producers
they form the bottom of the aquatic food chain
gram positive and gram negative bacteria stain differently because
they have different amounts of peptidoglycan in their cell walls
all plants have evolved from a common green algal ancestor
true
sponges are the only
true tissue because they have only a cellular level of organization
a gourmet mycorrhizal sac fungus which, in the past, was located by pigs is called:
truffle
Xylem is a vascular tissue that transports
water and minerals through stems from roots and leaves.
a parasitic lifestyle in flukes and tapeworms
well-developed reproductive system digestion-resistent tegument
Can the mycelium of some fungi be grown into custom shaped packing material?
yes
Chytridiomycota
zoospore