BIO101-Chapter 3 concepts

What statement correctly describes the structure of the DNA double helix?

Base pairs project toward the middle and are joined by hydrogen bonds.

Carbohydrates contain many ______ bonds that are well suited for energy storage because they can be broken to obtain energy.

C-H

Macromolecules are made of smaller units called ______.

Monomers

Polymers are built of smaller subunit molecules known as ______.

Monomers

If one strand of a DNA molecule had the sequence AATGCACCGTTC, what would be the sequence of the other strand of DNA?

TTACGTGGCAAG

Select all the reasons why A and T do not pair with either C or G in a DNA molecule.

Two big bases cannot pair together without distorting the helix. Two little bases cannot pair together without distorting the helix. The pairings could not form proper hydrogen bonds.

In DNA, the base_____always pairs with the base thymine, and the base cytosine always pairs with the base_____

adenine or A guanine or G

A single carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an R group, a carboxyl group, and amino group forms the basic structure of ______.

amino acids

A macromolecule with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that functions in energy storage is called a ______.

carbohydrate

A monosaccharide is a ______ composed of ______.

carbohydrate; one subunit

Which of the following are examples of organic molecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Select all of the components of an amino acid.

carboxyl group central carbon atom functional group amino group hydrogen atom

What structural polysaccharide in plants can only be digested by some organisms that possess special enzymes?

cellulose

Select all of the following that affect how a protein folds, and thus its ability to function properly.

change in pH of the protein's environment sequence of amino acids in primary structure

The bases in the two strands of a DNA helix are ______, meaning that the sequence of one strand determines the sequence of the other strand.

complementary

Select all of the nucleotide bases that are found both in DNA and RNA.

cytosine guanine adenine

Select all of the types of proteins.

defensive proteins enzymes transport proteins contractile proteins structural proteins

When a hydroxyl group (OH) is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (H) is removed from another monomer, forming a covalent bond between the two monomers, the process is called ______ synthesis.

dehydration

What is a simple carbohydrate that is composed of two monosaccharides linked together?

dissacchride

Select all of the examples of proteins.

enzymes collagen keratin

The polysaccharides glycogen, cellulose, and starch are complex carbohydrates composed of ______ monomers.

glucose

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

glucose

Trans fats can be produced by industrially adding ______ to unsaturated fats.

hydrogen

When a water molecule is added to a polymer, _______ from water becomes attached to one subunit and the hydroxyl attaches to another subunit, breaking the covalent bond between two monomers. This process is referred to as hydrolysis.

hydrogen

A polymer can be broken down when a water molecule comes in and breaks the covalent bond between monomers in a process called ______.

hydrolysis

Select all the factors that can cause a protein to become denatured.

increasing the temperature lowering the pH

Biological molecules that contain many C-H bonds and that are nonpolar and not soluble in water are called ______.

lipids

Saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats because saturated fats have the ______ number of hydrogen atoms and no ______ bonds between carbon atoms.

maximum; double

The subunits of macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are called ______.

monomers

What statement is true about the relationship between monomers and polymers?

monomers are small subunits of polymers

A type of carbohydrate called a simple sugar is composed of one subunit and is called a ______.

monosaccharide

Select all of the characteristics of lipids.

not soluble in water storage molecules with numerous energy rich C-H bonds

Genetic information is stored and expressed within cells by polymers called

nucleic acid

The monomer of a nucleic acid is called a _____ which consists of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic nitrogen-containing base.

nucleotides

Large molecules that are found in our food and make up our bodies such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are all examples of ___ molecules.

organic

The type of covalent bond that links amino acids together in a protein is called a(n) ______ bond.

peptide

A nucleotide is composed of which of the following? Select all that apply.

phosphate group five-carbon sugar an organic nitrogen base

Select all of the following that are lipids.

phospholipids steroids cholesterol waxes

Nucleic acids consist of long ______ chains.

polynucleotide

The most complex carbohydrates are classified as ______.

polysaccharides

the sequence of the amino acids in a polypeptide chain is called the ______ structure of a protein.

primary

What type of macromolecule functions in structural support, transport of materials, defense of the organism, and as enzymes in chemical reactions?

proteins

Select the four main types of macromolecules found in organisms.

proteins lipids carbohydrates nucleic acids

Collagen and keratin are examples of macromolecules called

proteins, structural proteins, or protein

When a protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain, it is referred to as having a ______ structure.

quaternary

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are examples of the ______ structure of a protein.

secondary

The initial folding of a polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding is called the ______structure of a protein.

secondary

Select all of the following that describe glucose.

simple carbohydrate simple sugar monosaccharide made of six carbons

RNA consists of a ______ strand of nucleotides, and DNA consists of a ______ strand of nucleotides.

single,double

In cells, macromolecules called nucleic acids ______.

store genetic information

What is an example of a transport disaccharide?

sucrose

The three-dimensional structure of a single polypeptide chain as determined by polarity of amino acids is called the ______ structure of a protein.

tertiary

Steroids are a type of lipid. Select all of the steroids from the choices listed.

testosterone cholesterol estradiol

What directly and primarily determines how a protein functions?

three dimensional shape

At room temperature, ______ fats are liquid, while ______ fats are solid.

unsaturated; saturated

In dehydration synthesis, monomers are linked with a covalent bond to build macromolecules, and a molecule of ______ is removed.

water

If a nucleic acid uses uracil as a nucleotide, then you would know that it is ______. If a nucleic acid uses thymine as a nucleotide, then you would know that it is ______.

RNA ; DNA

Select all of the ways that RNA differs from DNA.

RNA is a single strand of nucleotides. RNA uses ribose sugar. RNA uses uracil as a base.

Nucleic acids encode information in their sequence of nucleotides, represented by the letters A, T, G, C, and U. What set of nucleotides is used in DNA?

A , C , T, G

Select the true statement about base pairings in a DNA molecule.

A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C.

What nucleic acid stores genetic information and is double-stranded?

DNA

Carbon-hydrogen bonds found in carbohydrates are well suited for storage of ______.

ENERGY

How do enzymes aid the process of dehydration synthesis?

Enzymes facilitate the positioning of the molecules so that the correct chemical bonds are stressed and broken.

The unique chemical properties of an amino acid is largely determined by its ______.

R group