BIO101-Chapter 3 concepts
What statement correctly describes the structure of the DNA double helix?
Base pairs project toward the middle and are joined by hydrogen bonds.
Carbohydrates contain many ______ bonds that are well suited for energy storage because they can be broken to obtain energy.
C-H
Macromolecules are made of smaller units called ______.
Monomers
Polymers are built of smaller subunit molecules known as ______.
Monomers
If one strand of a DNA molecule had the sequence AATGCACCGTTC, what would be the sequence of the other strand of DNA?
TTACGTGGCAAG
Select all the reasons why A and T do not pair with either C or G in a DNA molecule.
Two big bases cannot pair together without distorting the helix. Two little bases cannot pair together without distorting the helix. The pairings could not form proper hydrogen bonds.
In DNA, the base_____always pairs with the base thymine, and the base cytosine always pairs with the base_____
adenine or A guanine or G
A single carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an R group, a carboxyl group, and amino group forms the basic structure of ______.
amino acids
A macromolecule with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that functions in energy storage is called a ______.
carbohydrate
A monosaccharide is a ______ composed of ______.
carbohydrate; one subunit
Which of the following are examples of organic molecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Select all of the components of an amino acid.
carboxyl group central carbon atom functional group amino group hydrogen atom
What structural polysaccharide in plants can only be digested by some organisms that possess special enzymes?
cellulose
Select all of the following that affect how a protein folds, and thus its ability to function properly.
change in pH of the protein's environment sequence of amino acids in primary structure
The bases in the two strands of a DNA helix are ______, meaning that the sequence of one strand determines the sequence of the other strand.
complementary
Select all of the nucleotide bases that are found both in DNA and RNA.
cytosine guanine adenine
Select all of the types of proteins.
defensive proteins enzymes transport proteins contractile proteins structural proteins
When a hydroxyl group (OH) is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (H) is removed from another monomer, forming a covalent bond between the two monomers, the process is called ______ synthesis.
dehydration
What is a simple carbohydrate that is composed of two monosaccharides linked together?
dissacchride
Select all of the examples of proteins.
enzymes collagen keratin
The polysaccharides glycogen, cellulose, and starch are complex carbohydrates composed of ______ monomers.
glucose
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
glucose
Trans fats can be produced by industrially adding ______ to unsaturated fats.
hydrogen
When a water molecule is added to a polymer, _______ from water becomes attached to one subunit and the hydroxyl attaches to another subunit, breaking the covalent bond between two monomers. This process is referred to as hydrolysis.
hydrogen
A polymer can be broken down when a water molecule comes in and breaks the covalent bond between monomers in a process called ______.
hydrolysis
Select all the factors that can cause a protein to become denatured.
increasing the temperature lowering the pH
Biological molecules that contain many C-H bonds and that are nonpolar and not soluble in water are called ______.
lipids
Saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats because saturated fats have the ______ number of hydrogen atoms and no ______ bonds between carbon atoms.
maximum; double
The subunits of macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are called ______.
monomers
What statement is true about the relationship between monomers and polymers?
monomers are small subunits of polymers
A type of carbohydrate called a simple sugar is composed of one subunit and is called a ______.
monosaccharide
Select all of the characteristics of lipids.
not soluble in water storage molecules with numerous energy rich C-H bonds
Genetic information is stored and expressed within cells by polymers called
nucleic acid
The monomer of a nucleic acid is called a _____ which consists of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic nitrogen-containing base.
nucleotides
Large molecules that are found in our food and make up our bodies such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are all examples of ___ molecules.
organic
The type of covalent bond that links amino acids together in a protein is called a(n) ______ bond.
peptide
A nucleotide is composed of which of the following? Select all that apply.
phosphate group five-carbon sugar an organic nitrogen base
Select all of the following that are lipids.
phospholipids steroids cholesterol waxes
Nucleic acids consist of long ______ chains.
polynucleotide
The most complex carbohydrates are classified as ______.
polysaccharides
the sequence of the amino acids in a polypeptide chain is called the ______ structure of a protein.
primary
What type of macromolecule functions in structural support, transport of materials, defense of the organism, and as enzymes in chemical reactions?
proteins
Select the four main types of macromolecules found in organisms.
proteins lipids carbohydrates nucleic acids
Collagen and keratin are examples of macromolecules called
proteins, structural proteins, or protein
When a protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain, it is referred to as having a ______ structure.
quaternary
Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are examples of the ______ structure of a protein.
secondary
The initial folding of a polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding is called the ______structure of a protein.
secondary
Select all of the following that describe glucose.
simple carbohydrate simple sugar monosaccharide made of six carbons
RNA consists of a ______ strand of nucleotides, and DNA consists of a ______ strand of nucleotides.
single,double
In cells, macromolecules called nucleic acids ______.
store genetic information
What is an example of a transport disaccharide?
sucrose
The three-dimensional structure of a single polypeptide chain as determined by polarity of amino acids is called the ______ structure of a protein.
tertiary
Steroids are a type of lipid. Select all of the steroids from the choices listed.
testosterone cholesterol estradiol
What directly and primarily determines how a protein functions?
three dimensional shape
At room temperature, ______ fats are liquid, while ______ fats are solid.
unsaturated; saturated
In dehydration synthesis, monomers are linked with a covalent bond to build macromolecules, and a molecule of ______ is removed.
water
If a nucleic acid uses uracil as a nucleotide, then you would know that it is ______. If a nucleic acid uses thymine as a nucleotide, then you would know that it is ______.
RNA ; DNA
Select all of the ways that RNA differs from DNA.
RNA is a single strand of nucleotides. RNA uses ribose sugar. RNA uses uracil as a base.
Nucleic acids encode information in their sequence of nucleotides, represented by the letters A, T, G, C, and U. What set of nucleotides is used in DNA?
A , C , T, G
Select the true statement about base pairings in a DNA molecule.
A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C.
What nucleic acid stores genetic information and is double-stranded?
DNA
Carbon-hydrogen bonds found in carbohydrates are well suited for storage of ______.
ENERGY
How do enzymes aid the process of dehydration synthesis?
Enzymes facilitate the positioning of the molecules so that the correct chemical bonds are stressed and broken.
The unique chemical properties of an amino acid is largely determined by its ______.
R group