BIO103- ch 7,8,9

if yeasts are grown under anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted first to ___ and then to ___

acetaldehyde; Ethel alcohol

the region of the enzyme molecule that interacts with a substrate is called the___

active site

In the equation G = H - TS predicts that

an entry increases, the amount of free energy decreases

during fermentation the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH Is that they

are transfer to an organic molecule

In the equation G = H - TS

as entropy increases the amount of free energy decreases

the equation g equals h - TS predicts that

as entropy increases the amount of free energy decreases

how are chlorophyll molecules attached to thylakoid membranes

by a long hydrocarbon side chain

which reactant of aerobic respiration is oxidized

carbon dioxide

which of the following are accessory photosynthetic pigments that expand the spectrum of light to provide energy for photosynthesis

carotenoids in chlorophyll B

what is the function of the oxidoreductases

catalyze oxidation reduction reactions

refer to the accompanying figure the line on the graph labeled c represents the blank

change in free energy

which of these absorbs light primarily in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum and is the main pigment of photosynthesis

chlorophyll

which is a product from the first reaction of the citric acid cycle

citrate

a non polypeptide compound that binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor is called

coenzyme

how do competitive inhibitors hinder biochemical reactions

competitive inhibitors reduce the concentration of substrate

according to the second law of thermodynamics the amount of usable energy available to do work in the universe ___ over time

decreases

in a reaction in which the rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction a state of ___ is attained

dynamic equilibrium

in a reaction in which the rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction, a state of ___ is attained

dynamic equilibrium

during chemiosmosis, what must be transferred from nadh to fadh2 to electron acceptor molecules

electrons

what type of energy is represented by a positive change in g?

endergonic

why are enzymes considered important biological catalysts

enzymes lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction

A (n) exergonic reaction results in a net gain of free energy

false

ATP is generated when protons flow through the cytochrome complex in the thylakoid membrane

false

an enzyme raises the activation energy of the reaction it catalyzes

false

an example of an anabolic reaction is the splitting of a polysaccharide into monosaccharides

false

an example of an anabolic reaction is the splitting of the polysaccharide into monosaccharides

false

and non-competitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme

false

at a constant temperature and pH the rate of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction is inversely proportional to the enzyme concentration

false

at a plant's light compensation point the rate of photosynthesis is greater than the rate of respiration

false

in competitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at the allosteric site

false

in liver cells each pair nadh produced via glycolysis results in two ATP molecules in the electron transport chain

false

in non-competitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme

false

in photosynthesis the oxygen atoms released as O2 comes from CO2

false

in the process of aerobic respiration nitrate can function as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

false

phosphofructokinase is stimulated by high levels of ATP

false

the cell maintains a ratio of ATP to ADP that is at the equilibrium point

false

the stage of cellular respiration in which most of the ATP is produced is the citric acid cycle

false

when an electron returns to its ground state energy will be released as heat or as an emission of light known as

fluorescence

in which of the following reactions is pyruvate degraded and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA

formation of acetyl CoA

figure 9-3 carbon is fixed in which part of the accompanying diagram

four

the direction of an exergonic reaction can best be described as moving

from higher to lower free energy

Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from which molecule

g3p

in glycolysis a phosphorylated sugar fructose 1 6 biphosphate is split forming two molecules of

g3p

which type of electromagnetic waves has the shortest wavelength

gamma waves

what is the primary function of the leaf structure labeled as 5 in the accompanying figure

gas exchange

which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration

glucose, lipids, proteins, and fatty acids

a group of thylakoid discs make up what part of the chloroplast

granum

what color does chlorophyll reflect

green

both alcohol fermentation and lactate fermentation are highly ___ because the fuel is only partially ___

inefficient; oxidized

which class of enzyme can catalyze the conversion of a molecule from one isometric form to another

isomerases

as you climb a flight of stairs what type of energy are your legs in motion using

kinetic energy

during which phase of photosynthesis is ATP and NADPH synthesized

light dependent phase

energy that is usable and organized is classified as having

low entropy

energy that is usable and organized is classified as having___

low entropy

an electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a__ atomic orbital to a__atomic orbital

lower energy; higher energy

which of the following is the common factor for enzymes

magnesium

at night CAM plants incorporate CO2 into ___ which is stored in the ___ of their cells

malate; vacuoles

at night CAM plants incorporate CO2 into ___ which is stored in the ___ of their cells

mallet; vacuoles

where does the citric acid cycle take place in a eukaryotic cell

mitochondrial matrix

during the first phase of glycolysis two ____ reactions take place to transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the sugar because glucose is relatively stable and not easily broken down

phosphorylation

the synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis or respiration is the results of what process

phosphorylation of ADP

land plants algae and certain prokaryotes are known as

photo autotrophs

which photosynthetic unit consists of a pair of chlorophyll a molecules within an absorption peak of 700 nm

photos stem I

what is the process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules

photosynthesis

by definition substances that absorb visible light are called

pigments

what form of energy is stored within the molecules of ATP

potential

you are out cycling and start to climb a hill. as you cross the hill, just before cycling down, what kind of energy have you stored?

potential energy

the energy release during the chain of electron transport molecules is used to create a(n) ___ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane for chemiosmosis

proton

and glycolysis a six carbon glucose molecule is converted into two three carbon molecules of

pyruvate

what is the fluid-filled sac within the inner membrane of a chloroplast called

stroma

what is it called when a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate

substrate level phosphorylation

what is the chemical reaction illustrated in the figure

the energy investment phase of glycolysis

which best describes the energy of activation

the energy required to break existing bonds

the maintenance of a high ATP to ADP ratio within cells ensures that

the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP will be strongly exergonic

which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true

the proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy

using the labels in the accompanying figure where are chloroplasts found in the greatest density

three and four

where is the electron transport chain of photosynthesis located

thylakoid membrane

what is the role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration

to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

CAM plants open their stomata at night, emitting CO2 while minimizing water loss

true

a closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings

true

fermentation is an anaerobic process that does not use an electron transport chain

true

in the tricarboxylic acid cycle oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA forming citrate

true

most vitamins are coenzymes

true

some enzymes can only function if an additional chemical component called a cofactor is present

true

the downhill flow of protons through the ATP synthase complex Powers the production of ATP

true

the part of a chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light energy is the porphyrin ring

true

the product of the Calvin cycle that is the greatest practical importance to the plant is carbohydrate

true

which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics

when energy is used it is irreplaceable

which of the following is an exploited product of lactate fermentation

yogurt

what does the oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates yield

2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH

after the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl COA molecules how many NADH molecules have been produced from one glucose molecule

4

what is needed in the following reaction___ +Pi+energy ->ADP

AMP

in glycolysis glucose receives two phosphate groups from blank thus forming fructose 1, 6 biphosphate

ATP

what is the energy source that drives the Calvin cycle

ATP and NADPH

in the electron transport chain exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which

ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP

in the electron transport chain, exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which

ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP

how does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration utilizes NO3− as the terminal electron acceptor.

what is the first step in the Calvin cycle

CO2 attaches to RuBP

what are the reactants of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

H2O, ADP, NADP+

glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ___ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose

2

during the citric acid cycle each acetyl group entering the cycle yields

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

how many carbon fixation reactions make up the Calvin cycle

13