BIO103- ch 7,8,9
if yeasts are grown under anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted first to ___ and then to ___
acetaldehyde; Ethel alcohol
the region of the enzyme molecule that interacts with a substrate is called the___
active site
In the equation G = H - TS predicts that
an entry increases, the amount of free energy decreases
during fermentation the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH Is that they
are transfer to an organic molecule
In the equation G = H - TS
as entropy increases the amount of free energy decreases
the equation g equals h - TS predicts that
as entropy increases the amount of free energy decreases
how are chlorophyll molecules attached to thylakoid membranes
by a long hydrocarbon side chain
which reactant of aerobic respiration is oxidized
carbon dioxide
which of the following are accessory photosynthetic pigments that expand the spectrum of light to provide energy for photosynthesis
carotenoids in chlorophyll B
what is the function of the oxidoreductases
catalyze oxidation reduction reactions
refer to the accompanying figure the line on the graph labeled c represents the blank
change in free energy
which of these absorbs light primarily in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum and is the main pigment of photosynthesis
chlorophyll
which is a product from the first reaction of the citric acid cycle
citrate
a non polypeptide compound that binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor is called
coenzyme
how do competitive inhibitors hinder biochemical reactions
competitive inhibitors reduce the concentration of substrate
according to the second law of thermodynamics the amount of usable energy available to do work in the universe ___ over time
decreases
in a reaction in which the rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction a state of ___ is attained
dynamic equilibrium
in a reaction in which the rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction, a state of ___ is attained
dynamic equilibrium
during chemiosmosis, what must be transferred from nadh to fadh2 to electron acceptor molecules
electrons
what type of energy is represented by a positive change in g?
endergonic
why are enzymes considered important biological catalysts
enzymes lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction
A (n) exergonic reaction results in a net gain of free energy
false
ATP is generated when protons flow through the cytochrome complex in the thylakoid membrane
false
an enzyme raises the activation energy of the reaction it catalyzes
false
an example of an anabolic reaction is the splitting of a polysaccharide into monosaccharides
false
an example of an anabolic reaction is the splitting of the polysaccharide into monosaccharides
false
and non-competitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme
false
at a constant temperature and pH the rate of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction is inversely proportional to the enzyme concentration
false
at a plant's light compensation point the rate of photosynthesis is greater than the rate of respiration
false
in competitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at the allosteric site
false
in liver cells each pair nadh produced via glycolysis results in two ATP molecules in the electron transport chain
false
in non-competitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme
false
in photosynthesis the oxygen atoms released as O2 comes from CO2
false
in the process of aerobic respiration nitrate can function as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
false
phosphofructokinase is stimulated by high levels of ATP
false
the cell maintains a ratio of ATP to ADP that is at the equilibrium point
false
the stage of cellular respiration in which most of the ATP is produced is the citric acid cycle
false
when an electron returns to its ground state energy will be released as heat or as an emission of light known as
fluorescence
in which of the following reactions is pyruvate degraded and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
formation of acetyl CoA
figure 9-3 carbon is fixed in which part of the accompanying diagram
four
the direction of an exergonic reaction can best be described as moving
from higher to lower free energy
Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from which molecule
g3p
in glycolysis a phosphorylated sugar fructose 1 6 biphosphate is split forming two molecules of
g3p
which type of electromagnetic waves has the shortest wavelength
gamma waves
what is the primary function of the leaf structure labeled as 5 in the accompanying figure
gas exchange
which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration
glucose, lipids, proteins, and fatty acids
a group of thylakoid discs make up what part of the chloroplast
granum
what color does chlorophyll reflect
green
both alcohol fermentation and lactate fermentation are highly ___ because the fuel is only partially ___
inefficient; oxidized
which class of enzyme can catalyze the conversion of a molecule from one isometric form to another
isomerases
as you climb a flight of stairs what type of energy are your legs in motion using
kinetic energy
during which phase of photosynthesis is ATP and NADPH synthesized
light dependent phase
energy that is usable and organized is classified as having
low entropy
energy that is usable and organized is classified as having___
low entropy
an electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a__ atomic orbital to a__atomic orbital
lower energy; higher energy
which of the following is the common factor for enzymes
magnesium
at night CAM plants incorporate CO2 into ___ which is stored in the ___ of their cells
malate; vacuoles
at night CAM plants incorporate CO2 into ___ which is stored in the ___ of their cells
mallet; vacuoles
where does the citric acid cycle take place in a eukaryotic cell
mitochondrial matrix
during the first phase of glycolysis two ____ reactions take place to transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the sugar because glucose is relatively stable and not easily broken down
phosphorylation
the synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis or respiration is the results of what process
phosphorylation of ADP
land plants algae and certain prokaryotes are known as
photo autotrophs
which photosynthetic unit consists of a pair of chlorophyll a molecules within an absorption peak of 700 nm
photos stem I
what is the process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules
photosynthesis
by definition substances that absorb visible light are called
pigments
what form of energy is stored within the molecules of ATP
potential
you are out cycling and start to climb a hill. as you cross the hill, just before cycling down, what kind of energy have you stored?
potential energy
the energy release during the chain of electron transport molecules is used to create a(n) ___ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane for chemiosmosis
proton
and glycolysis a six carbon glucose molecule is converted into two three carbon molecules of
pyruvate
what is the fluid-filled sac within the inner membrane of a chloroplast called
stroma
what is it called when a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate
substrate level phosphorylation
what is the chemical reaction illustrated in the figure
the energy investment phase of glycolysis
which best describes the energy of activation
the energy required to break existing bonds
the maintenance of a high ATP to ADP ratio within cells ensures that
the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP will be strongly exergonic
which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true
the proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy
using the labels in the accompanying figure where are chloroplasts found in the greatest density
three and four
where is the electron transport chain of photosynthesis located
thylakoid membrane
what is the role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration
to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
CAM plants open their stomata at night, emitting CO2 while minimizing water loss
true
a closed system does not exchange energy with its surroundings
true
fermentation is an anaerobic process that does not use an electron transport chain
true
in the tricarboxylic acid cycle oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA forming citrate
true
most vitamins are coenzymes
true
some enzymes can only function if an additional chemical component called a cofactor is present
true
the downhill flow of protons through the ATP synthase complex Powers the production of ATP
true
the part of a chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light energy is the porphyrin ring
true
the product of the Calvin cycle that is the greatest practical importance to the plant is carbohydrate
true
which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics
when energy is used it is irreplaceable
which of the following is an exploited product of lactate fermentation
yogurt
what does the oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates yield
2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH
after the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl COA molecules how many NADH molecules have been produced from one glucose molecule
4
what is needed in the following reaction___ +Pi+energy ->ADP
AMP
in glycolysis glucose receives two phosphate groups from blank thus forming fructose 1, 6 biphosphate
ATP
what is the energy source that drives the Calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH
in the electron transport chain exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which
ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP
in the electron transport chain, exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which
ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP
how does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration utilizes NO3− as the terminal electron acceptor.
what is the first step in the Calvin cycle
CO2 attaches to RuBP
what are the reactants of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
H2O, ADP, NADP+
glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ___ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose
2
during the citric acid cycle each acetyl group entering the cycle yields
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
how many carbon fixation reactions make up the Calvin cycle
13
