BIO211 Lecture (ch. 23)
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. laryngopharynx (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. oropharynx (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Place the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from the outside to the inside of the body. Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx Trachea Nasopharynx Nasal cavity
Outside of Body Nasal Cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx Trachea Inside of body
The _______________ in the alveoli is 40 mm Hg and that of the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries is _________________. This causes _______________ to diffuse down its partial pressure gradient from the blood into the alveoli. P(O₂) 40 mm Hg oxygen remains constant P(CO₂) 45 mm Hg carbon dioxide
P(CO₂) 45 mm Hg carbon dioxide
The______________in the alveoli is 104 mm Hg, and the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a P(O₂) of _____________. This allows _______________ to diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries because of the P(O₂) partial pressure gradient. P(O₂) 40 mm Hg oxygen remains constant P(CO₂) 45 mm Hg carbon dioxide
P(O₂) 40 mm Hg oxygen
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. nasal cavity (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. paranasal sinuses (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. trachea (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. diaphragm (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Quiet Breathing Muscle
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. external coastals (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Quiet Breathing Muscle
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. segmental bronchi (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. respiratory bronchioles (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. terminal bronchioles (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. alveolar ducts (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. alveoli (1) Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium (2) Simple Squamous Epithelium (3) Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (4) Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium (5) Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Place the items in the correct sequence for the process that occurs as blood moves through systemic capillaries and CO2 moves into the blood plasma. (1) CO₂ is converted into H₂CO₃ by carbonic anhydrase (2) Carbonic acid splits into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (3) HCO₃⁻ exits from the erythrocyte and chloride ions go into the erythrocyte to equalize the charges (4) Carbon dioxide (CO₂) diffuses into an erythrocyte
- Carbon dioxide (CO₂) diffuses into an erythrocyte - CO₂ is converted into H₂CO₃ by carbonic anhydrase - Carbonic acid splits into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions - HCO₃⁻ exits from the erythrocyte and chloride ions go into the erythrocyte to equalize the charges
Blood enters the pulmonary vein with close to _____________ of the binding sites for oxygen saturated. alveolus 100% 95 mm Hg. systemic capillaries 75% 45 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg.
100%
The right lung has ________ lobes, and the left lung has ________ lobes. (a) 3; 3 (b) 3; 2 (c) 2; 2 (d) 5; 4
3; 2
Passing through the pulmonary artery, the P(O₂) is approximately ________________ alveolus 100% 95 mm Hg. systemic capillaries 75% 45 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg.
40 mm Hg.
Returning to the inferior vena cava, the blood is known to have a P(CO₂) of ________________ alveolus 100% 95 mm Hg. systemic capillaries 75% 45 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg.
45 mm Hg.
After passing through the systemic capillary, _______________ of the binding sites for oxygen are now bound with oxygen. alveolus 100% 95 mm Hg. systemic capillaries 75% 45 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg.
75%
Arriving at the arterial end of the tissue capillaries, the blood P(O₂) is _________________ alveolus 100% 95 mm Hg. systemic capillaries 75% 45 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg.
95 mm Hg.
Classify the items with the appropriate cell type dust cells Alveolar Type I Cells Alveolar Type II Cells Alveolar Macrophages
Alveolar Macrophages
Classify the items with the appropriate cell type engulf microorganisms Alveolar Type I Cells Alveolar Type II Cells Alveolar Macrophages
Alveolar Macrophages
Classify the items with the appropriate cell type involved in the diffusion of gases Alveolar Type I Cells Alveolar Type II Cells Alveolar Macrophages
Alveolar Type I Cells
Classify the items with the appropriate cell type squamous alveolar cells Alveolar Type I Cells Alveolar Type II Cells Alveolar Macrophages
Alveolar Type I Cells
Classify the items with the appropriate cell type secrete surfactant Alveolar Type I Cells Alveolar Type II Cells Alveolar Macrophages
Alveolar Type II Cells
Classify the items with the appropriate cell type septal cells Alveolar Type I Cells Alveolar Type II Cells Alveolar Macrophages
Alveolar Type II Cells
Central chemoreceptors monitor ____________ and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor _____________. blood P(CO₂). CSF blood H⁺ decreased increased
CSF blood
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. abdominal muscles (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Forced Expiration Muscles
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. internal intercostals (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Forced Expiration Muscles
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. serratus posterior inferior (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Forced Expiration Muscles
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. erector spinae (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Forced Inspiration Muscles
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. pectoralis minor (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Forced Inspiration Muscles
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. scalenes (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Forced Inspiration Muscles
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. serratus posterior superior (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Forced Inspiration Muscles
Classify the muscles of breathing with the correct category. stemocleidomastoid (a) Forced Expiration Muscles (b) Forced Inspiration Muscles (c) Quiet Breathing Muscle
Forced Inspiration Muscles
Choose the bones of the skull that house paranasal sinuses. Frontal ethmoid Maxilla Sphenoid Mandible Nasal Lacrimal
Frontal ethmoid Maxilla Sphenoid
The peripheral chemoreceptors differ from central chemoreceptors because they are stimulated by changes in ___________ produced independently of P(CO₂). blood P(CO₂). CSF blood H⁺ decreased increased
H⁺
Intrapleural pressure/ intrapulmonary pressure lung expansion is dependent upon a lower _______.
Intrapleural pressure
Intrapleural pressure/ intrapulmonary pressure pressure generated in the pleural cavity
Intrapleural pressure
The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called (a) alveolar sacs. (b) alveolar ducts. (c) alveolar pores. (d) terminal bronchioles.
alveolar ducts.
alveolar gas exchange/ systematic gas exchange Blood P(CO2) decreases from 45 to 40 mmHg
alveolar gas exchange
alveolar gas exchange/ systematic gas exchange Blood P(O2) increases from 40 to 104 mmHg
alveolar gas exchange
alveolar gas exchange/ systematic gas exchange exchange of respiratory gases between alveoli in lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries
alveolar gas exchange
The respiratory tract is a passageway for air between the external environment and the ______________ (air sacs) of the lungs. alveoli oxygen olfactory larynx
alveoli
A red blood cell arrives in the ________________ where it is exposed to a P(O₂) of 104 mm Hg. alveolus 100% 95 mm Hg. systemic capillaries 75% 45 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg.
alveolus
Each lung also has a(n) ______________ that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle. mediastinum apex base hilum root
apex
Pulmonary _____________ carry deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries within the lungs. pulmonary arteries left atrium. bronchial veins deoxygenated oxygenated
arteries
The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood (a) dissolved in the plasma. (b) attached to a hydrophilic carrier in the plasma. (c) as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma. (d) attached to the globin portion of hemoglobin.
as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.
The principles of this involve __________________in the brainstem that stimulate____________________ breathing inspiration expiration quiet breathing forced breathing autonomic nuclei skeletal muscle thoracic cavity pressure gradient to cyclically contract and relax.
autonomic nuclei skeletal muscle
Each lung has a wide, concave ____________ that rests inferiorly upon the muscular diaphragm. mediastinum apex base hilum root
base
The most important stimulus affecting breathing rate and depth is _____________ blood P(CO₂). CSF blood H⁺ decreased increased
blood P(CO₂).
henry's law/ boyles law/ daltons law P1V1=P2V2
boyle
henry's law/ boyles law/ daltons law volume and pressure are inversely related
boyle
Pulmonary ventilation is known as ____________, which is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs. breathing inspiration expiration quiet breathing forced breathing autonomic nuclei skeletal muscle thoracic cavity pressure gradient
breathing
The _______________ circulation is a component of the systemic circulation and transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs. pulmonary arteries left atrium. bronchial veins deoxygenated oxygenated
bronchial
The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils to paired openings called ______________ or posterior nasal apertures. choanae pharynx. palate sphenoid septum vomer. conchae meatus.
choanae
Three paired, bony projections called nasal _______________ are located along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. choanae pharynx. palate sphenoid septum vomer. conchae meatus.
conchae
conducting zone structures/ respiratory zone structures larynx
conducting zone structures
conducting zone structures/ respiratory zone structures nasal cavity
conducting zone structures
conducting zone structures/ respiratory zone structures pharynx
conducting zone structures
conducting zone structures/ respiratory zone structures terminal bronchioles
conducting zone structures
conducting zone structures/ respiratory zone structures trachea
conducting zone structures
henry's law/ boyles law/ daltons law P(N2)+P(O2)+P(H2O)=760mmHg
dalton
henry's law/ boyles law/ daltons law illustrates the relationship between partial pressure and total pressure of gases
dalton
henry's law/ boyles law/ daltons law total pressure x percentage of gas = partial pressure of that gas
dalton
Classify the items based upon how they will affect the level of oxyhemoglobin. decrease/ increase oxyhemoglobin levels decreased pH
decrease
Classify the items based upon how they will affect the level of oxyhemoglobin. decrease/ increase oxyhemoglobin levels heavy exercise
decrease
Classify the items based upon how they will affect the level of oxyhemoglobin. decrease/ increase oxyhemoglobin levels increased temperature
decrease
In general, ______________ P(O₂), ______________P(CO₂), and production of H⁺, will cause greater stimulation of the respiratory center. blood P(CO₂). CSF blood H⁺ decreased increased
decreased
Some of this ______________ blood drains into the pulmonary veins pulmonary arteries left atrium. bronchial veins deoxygenated oxygenated
deoxygenated
Hemoglobin without bound oxygen is called _________________. solubility coefficient of oxygen 98% erythrocytes iron oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin
Classify the change associated with quiet breathing with the appropriate group. inspiration changes / expiration changes air movement out of the lung
expiration changes
Classify the change associated with quiet breathing with the appropriate group. inspiration changes / expiration changes alveolar volume decreases and pressure increases
expiration changes
Classify the change associated with quiet breathing with the appropriate group. inspiration changes / expiration changes pleural cavity volume decreases and pressure increases
expiration changes
Classify the change associated with quiet breathing with the appropriate group. inspiration changes / expiration changes relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals
expiration changes
The vital capacity minus the __________________ equals the inspiratory capacity. residual volume tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. expiratory reserve volume forced expiratory volume.
expiratory reserve volume
The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the ________________ residual volume tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. expiratory reserve volume forced expiratory volume.
forced expiratory volume.
henry's law/ boyles law/ daltons law gases vary in their solubility in the water
henry
henry's law/ boyles law/ daltons law the partial pressure of a gas is the driving force to move into a liquid
henry
Each lung has a conical shape with an indented region on its mediastinal surface called the ____________. mediastinum apex base hilum root
hilum
When a person's breathing depth increases while the breathing rate remains the same, it is called (a) hyperpnea. (b) hypopnea. (c) hypoventilation. (d) hyperventilation.
hyperpnea.
A condition called _______ is when blood P(CO2) decreases below normal levels. (a) hypocapnia (b)hyperventilation (c)bradypnea (d)hypoventilation
hypocapnia
Classify the items based upon how they will affect the level of oxyhemoglobin. decrease/ increase oxyhemoglobin levels deceases P(CO2)
increase
Classify the items based upon how they will affect the level of oxyhemoglobin. decrease/ increase oxyhemoglobin levels increased P(CO2)
increase
It consists of two cyclic phases: ______________, which brings air into the lungs and ______________, which forces air out of the lungs. breathing inspiration expiration quiet breathing forced breathing autonomic nuclei skeletal muscle thoracic cavity pressure gradient
inspiration expiration
Classify the change associated with quiet breathing with the appropriate group. inspiration changes / expiration changes air movement into the lungs
inspiration changes
Classify the change associated with quiet breathing with the appropriate group. inspiration changes / expiration changes alveolar volume increases and pressure decreases
inspiration changes
Classify the change associated with quiet breathing with the appropriate group. inspiration changes / expiration changes contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
inspiration changes
Classify the change associated with quiet breathing with the appropriate group. inspiration changes / expiration changes pleural cavity volume increases and pressure decreases
inspiration changes
After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the ___________________ residual volume tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. expiratory reserve volume forced expiratory volume.
inspiratory reserve volume.
Intrapleural pressure/ intrapulmonary pressure outward pull of the chest wall and inward pull of the lungs generates a greater ____________
intrapulmonary pressure
Intrapleural pressure/ intrapulmonary pressure pressure in the lungs
intrapulmonary pressure
The vocal cords of the ______________(voice box) vibrate as air moves across them to produce sound. Sounds then resonate in upper respiratory structures. alveoli oxygen olfactory larynx
larynx
The deoxygenated blood that enters these capillaries is reoxygenated here before it returns to the _____________ pulmonary arteries left atrium. bronchial veins deoxygenated oxygenated
left atrium.
These projections partition the nasal cavity into separate air passages, each called a nasal ____________ choanae pharynx. palate sphenoid septum vomer. conchae meatus.
meatus.
The paired lungs are located within the thoracic cavity on either side of the ______________, the region that houses the heart and other structures. mediastinum apex base hilum root
mediastinum
Receptors located in the superior regions of the nasal cavity called ________________ receptors detect odors as air moves across them. alveoli oxygen olfactory larynx
olfactory
There are two gases that are exchanged during respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli while the other gas, _____________, diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. alveoli oxygen olfactory larynx
oxygen
Consequently, about _______________ of the oxygen in the blood must be transported within _________________ where it attaches to the _______________ within hemoglobin molecules. solubility coefficient of oxygen 98% erythrocytes iron oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin
oxygen 98% erythrocytes
Consequently, blood exiting the lungs via the pulmonary veins is slightly less __________________ than the blood that leaves the pulmonary capillaries. pulmonary arteries left atrium. bronchial veins deoxygenated oxygenated
oxygenated
Oxygen bound to hemoglobin is referred to as _________________. solubility coefficient of oxygen 98% erythrocytes iron oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the hard and soft _____________ choanae pharynx. palate sphenoid septum vomer. conchae meatus.
palate
These paired openings lead into the _____________ choanae pharynx. palate sphenoid septum vomer. conchae meatus.
pharynx.
The ________________ circulation conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs. pulmonary arteries left atrium. bronchial veins deoxygenated oxygenated
pulmonary
Pulmonary ventilation that occurs at rest is called _______________, whereas __________________, accompanies exercise or hard exertion. breathing inspiration expiration quiet breathing forced breathing autonomic nuclei skeletal muscle thoracic cavity pressure gradient
quiet breathing forced breathing
The P(O₂) in the alveoli _______________ because oxygen is continuously entering the alveoli through the respiratory passageways. P(O₂) 40 mm Hg oxygen remains constant P(CO₂) 45 mm Hg carbon dioxide
remains constant
The ___________________ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. residual volume tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. expiratory reserve volume forced expiratory volume.
residual volume
conducting zone structures/ respiratory zone structures alveolar ducts
respiratory zone structures
conducting zone structures/ respiratory zone structures alveoli
respiratory zone structures
conducting zone structures/ respiratory zone structures respiratory bronchioles
respiratory zone structures
Collectively, the structures that extend from this indented region are termed the _____________ of the lung. mediastinum apex base hilum root
root
The nasal ______________ divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions. choanae pharynx. palate sphenoid septum vomer. conchae meatus.
septum
Henry's law pointed out that the _______________ is very low. This means that only small amounts of oxygen are dissolved in the plasma. solubility coefficient of oxygen 98% erythrocytes iron oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin
solubility coefficient of oxygen
The roof of the nasal cavity is composed of the nasal, frontal, ethmoid, and _______________ bones. choanae pharynx. palate sphenoid septum vomer. conchae meatus.
sphenoid
alveolar gas exchange/ systematic gas exchange blood P(CO2) increases from 40 to 45 mmHg
systematic gas exchange
alveolar gas exchange/ systematic gas exchange blood P(O2) decreases from 95 to 40 mmHg
systematic gas exchange
alveolar gas exchange/ systematic gas exchange exchange of respiratory gases between tissue cells and blood in systemic capillaries
systematic gas exchange
As RBCs pass through the _________________ they experience oxygen unloading and increasing carbonic acid conversion. alveolus 100% 95 mm Hg. systemic capillaries 75% 45 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg.
systemic capillaries
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) can also be described as (a) the movement of air into and out of the lungs. (b) the process of expiration only. (c) the process of gas exchange in the lungs only. (d) the process of inspiration only.
the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
This contraction and relaxation causes dimensional changes within the __________________ and results in establishing a changing ___________________ between the lungs and the atmosphere. breathing inspiration expiration quiet breathing forced breathing autonomic nuclei skeletal muscle thoracic cavity pressure gradient
thoracic cavity pressure gradient
The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the ___________________ residual volume tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. expiratory reserve volume forced expiratory volume.
tidal volume
Bronchial ______________ collect blood from capillary beds that supply structures in the bronchial tree. pulmonary arteries left atrium. bronchial veins deoxygenated oxygenated
veins
The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the ____________________ residual volume tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume. vital capacity. expiratory reserve volume forced expiratory volume.
vital capacity.
The bony part of this divider is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the ______________ choanae pharynx. palate sphenoid septum vomer. conchae meatus.
vomer.