BIO600 Anatomy: Week 8
hydrocephalus is caused by...
-excess production of CSF -blockage of CSF circulation -reabsorption deficiency
dural reflections/septa
-falx cerebri: medial to hemispheres of cerebrum -tentorium cerebelli: covers cerebellum like a tent -falx cerebelli
internal features of the calvaria
-groove for superior sagittal sinus -paramidline pits or foveolae granulares- small depressions on the inside of calvaria formed by arachnoid granulations -grooves left by meningeal arteries
ventricles of the brain
-lateral ventricles (left and right) -third ventricle -fourth ventricle
medial surface of the brain (midsagittal section view) components
-medulla oblongata (continuous with the spinal cord caudally) -pons varolli -midbrain; continuous with the diencephalon rostrally -cerebral hemispheres, joined by huge fiber bundle
within the external connective tissue of the cheeks what can you find?
-parotid duct -branches of VII -cutaneous sensory branches of maxillary and mandibular nerves -branches of facial artery and vein -transverse facial artery and vein
epidural space
-potential space between cranium and periosteal layer, not normally present in the cranium however present in the spinal cord -fatal when space is produced by hemorrhage in cranium (epidural hematoma) -usually caused by ruptured meningeal artery -actual space is present in vertebral column however- area of loose connective tissue between bone and dura of SC
choroid plexus
-present in all four ventricles -site of CSF formation -very, very vascular, convoluted membrane
spinal cord meninges comparison to cranial
-spinal cord has basically same layers as cranial -primary difference: epidural space is present in spinal cord
squamous portion of temporal bone
flat part
5 sets of branches of the facial nerve from within the mass of the parotid gland
-temporal branches -zygomatic branches -buccal branches -marginal mandibular branches -cervical branches Two Zebras Brought My Carriage
tectum of midbrain
"roof". dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct which connects the third and fourth ventricles.
infection of glands of zeis/tarsal glands causes...
a sty
lesser wings of sphenoid bone
anterior and superior of greater wings
angular artery
branch of facial artery along lateral aspect of nose
orbicularis oculi
circular muscle around orbit. functions sphincter like to closes eye. skeletal muscle fibers in both eyelids are from this. origin and insertion are circular locations around orbit (many)
cribiform plate
contains afferents to CNI part of ethmoid bone
superior orbital fissure
contains four important nerves, part of sphenoid bone. -CNIII- oculomotor -CN IV- trochlear -CN V-opthalmic division of trigeminal (V1) -CN V1- abducens nerve and opthalmic vein
hypoglossal canal-what bone?
contains hypoglossal nerve CNXII, part of occipital bone
mandibular foramen and canal
contains inferior alveolar nerve
carotid foramen (canal) of temporal bone
contains internal carotid artery
jugular foramen of temporal bone + nerves that flow through it
contains internal jugular vein, and 3 important nerves: -vagus -glossopharyngeal -spinal accessory
lesser palatine foramen
contains lesser palatine vessels and nerves
foramen ovale
contains mandibular nerve (V3), part of sphenoid bone
mastoid portion of temporal bone
contains mastoid air cells- air spaces that communicate directly with the middle ear cavity and are separated only by very thin boney partitions from the brain.
body of sphenoid
cube like central portion (ventral to sella turcica)
external nasal nerves/external branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve
cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. emerges between nasal bone and nasal cartilage to supply more distal portion of the dorsum of the nose to the tip of the nose.
supratrochlear nerve
cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. medial to supraorbital nerve, this nerve leaves the superior medial aspect of the orbit to also ascend on the medial forehead. both the supraorbital and supratrochlear are distributed with an artery and vein of the same name.
supraorbital nerve
cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. passes through the supraorbital foramen of notch to supply forehead as far back as interauricular line.
depressor labii inferioris (quadratus)
depresses lower lip origin: mandible insertion: skin of lower lip
fornix
major efferent outflow of the hippocampus. continues to curve arching under the corpus callosum and toward the hypothalamus and mammilary bodies.
components of the brainstem
medulla, pons, midbrain
3 divisions of CN V
ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
lateral pterygoid
pulls mandible forward to open mouth and also assists in side to side movement origin: greater wing of sphenoid, lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate insertion: condyle of mandible and articular disc of TMJ
ophalmic veins and emissary veins: what risk do they pose?
represent potential dangerous routes for the spread of infection to inside of cranium
sphenoid sinus
sinus above and behind the nose
sphenoid bone
spheno means wedge, thought of as the keystone of the skull.
orbicularis oris
sphincter muscle surrounding the mouth opening. closes and compresses lips, protrudes lips, shapes for speech. origin and insertion: muscles arranged in a circular pattern with a variety or origins and insertions
superficial temporal artery
superior continuation of the external carotid (terminal branches) on the lateral surface of the skull, superior to the ear to scalp and forehead. travels together with the auriculotemporal nerve from the mandibular division of V.
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
upper septum of ethmoid bone
subdural hematoma
usually caused by ruptured vein that normally enters dural sinus
procerus
wrinkles skin of forehead. angry look. origin: nasal bone insertion: skin of forehead.
CSF: functions
1. buoyant effect on brain tissue 2. regulation of extracellular fluid content 3. route fro the spread of neuroactive hormone to nervous tissue
cranial nerves
12 pairs. originate on the basal surface of the brain (exception IV trochlear from the dorsal surface). rostral to caudal except XII, hypoglossal
ramus of mandible
2 perpendicular portions
nasal bones
2 total, paired, form the bridge of the nose
maxillae
2, unite to form upper jaw. form parts of the floor of the orbits, parts of mouth, part of lateral walls and floor of nasal cavity.
skull-how many bones?
22 total. 8 cranial, 14 facial
palantine bones
L shaped. form posterior portion of hard palate. part of floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity.
acronym to remember order of foramen in sphenoid
ROS from medial out laterally rotundum- maxillary nerve V2 ovale- mandibular nerve V3 spinosum- middle meningeal artery
CN VI
abducens. third pair of cranial nerves to eye muscles. located on the ventral midline at the junction of the pyramids and the pons
pia mater
adheres to brain and all of its contours. anchors arachnoid trabeculae. thin connective tissue
flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum
afferent input from the vestibular system in controlling equilibrium. concerned with postural adjustments to gravity. the flocculus is two lateral lobes projecting from a midline portion (vernal portion) called nodulus
levator palpebrae superioris
allows upper eyelid to be movable-elevates upper eyelid. it is a skeletal muscle. actually a muscle of the orbit, courses over the eyeball to eyelid. at the distal end of this muscle is a smooth muscle under control of the ANS sympathetic called the superior tarsal muscle. origin: lesser wing of sphenoid (orbital root) insertion: superior tarsal muscle which itself attaches to superior tarsal plate.
superior petrosal sinus
along the superior portion of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. it drains into the upper portion of the sigmoid sinus. cavernous sinus drains into it.
oral cavity
also called mouth or buccal cavity. bounded superiorly by the hard and soft palate. bounded laterally by the cheeks. bounded inferiorly by the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
other view of infraorbital artery
also comes out infraorbital fossa anteriorly (anterior eye/orbit area)
hippocampus
an important structure involved in learning and memory, in the temporal lobe. it and the cortex of the parahippocampal gyrus are considered parts of the limbic system and are involved in emotional and visceral responses to stimuli
parietal lobe
anterior mid portion of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobe. contains the post-central gyrus, language area, much of the lobe is involved in integration of stimuli and the orientation of an individual with regard to space and time.
frontal bone
anterior part, makes up forehead. forms superior portion of orbits. the majority of the bone is the frontal squama/vertical plate.
frontal lobe + its notable gyri + notable contents
anterior portion of brain. there are four notable gyri in the frontal lobe: the superior, middle, inferior and pre-central gyrus. contains the primary motor cortex, premotor area, brocas area, pre-frontal cortex
cranial fossas: names and locations
anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossas
vestibule
area just inside of opening to the nostrils. lined with stratified squamous epithelium. also contains coarse hairs (especially in older males).
reticular formation
area of sort of mixed white and gray matter, contains both neurons and axons. spreads throughout medulla, pons, and midbrain. a large portion of the RF is actually the reticular activating system which functions in consciousness and arousal. other portions of the reticular formation contain centers for regulation of heart contraction, breathing, and vasoconstriction.
oral cavity proper
area within the boundary of the teeth and gums= extends from the vestibule to the fauces
when does the spinal cord in adults end? how far past this does the subarachnoid space continue?
around l1/l2, subarachnoid space continues to S2
condylar process of mandible
articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone
temporal process of zygomatic bone
articulates with temporal bone, forms zygomatic arch
zygomatic process of temporal bone
articulates with zygomatic bone
inferior sagittal sinus
at bottom of falx cerebri between hemispheres.
confluence of sinuses
at midline posterior superior aspect of bone, near knob at back of the head (external occipital protuberance)- where straight sinus flows into superior sagittal sinus. part of occipital bone. sends blood laterally to the right and left transverse sinuses, which connect to the sigmoid sinuses, which empty into the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen of the skull.
sphenopalatine foramen
at the junction of the superior portion of the palantine bones and sphenoid bone. transmits nerves and vessels from the pterygopalatine fossa to the nasal cavity and palantine canals. also recieves nerve of the pterygoid canal from the pterygoid canal carrying autonomics to nasal cavity and palate
CN VIII
auditory (vesticulocochlear) controls hearing and balance
nose
beginning and most superficial aspect of the respiratory tract. functions to increase surface area of nasal cavity for warming, humidifying, and filtering inhaled air. modifies the sound produced by the larynx.
anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
between ethmoid and frontal bones on superior medial portion of orbit. contains anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerve and artery
alveolar process
bony socket into which teeth are inserted, part of maxillae bones
oral cavity vestibule
bounded externally by the cheeks and lips and internally by the teeth and gums
transverse facial artery
branch of external carotid which courses superficially across the side of the face toward zygomatic arch.
infraorbital nerve
branch of maxillary V2. exits from infraorbital foramen with an artery and vein to be distributed to the anterior cheek.
occipital artery
branch of the external carotid artery in the neck. ascends on the posterior aspect of the skull. travels with the greater occipital nerve. (from the posterior ramus of c2-c3)
facial artery
branch of the external carotid artery, it ascends on the face lateral to the mouth and nose.
posterior auricular artery
branch of the external carotid which ascends on the lateral surface of the skull posterior to the external auditory meatus but anterior to the mastoid process.
auriculotemporal nerve
branch of the mandibular division of cranial nerve V (V3). ascends on the side of the head anterior to the external auditory meatus but posterior to the TMJ joint. supplies the TMJ and external ear. also brings secretomotor fibers to the parotid glaand from the otic ganglion. emerges from the infratemporal fossa to ascend onto the lateral aspect of the skull.
zygomaticotemporal nerve
branch of the maxillary division of cranial nerve V (V2) it emerges from the zygomaticotemporal foramen on the zygomatic bone and ascends to supply the anterior portion of the temple
inferior and superior labial arteries
branches of facial artery on upper and lower lip
supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries
branches of the opthalmic artery in the orbit which ascend on the anterior surface of the forehead. they are accompanied by veins and nerves of the same name
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
bulges in the posterior superior medulla (backside) and receive sensory signals from sensory fibers in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. terminal synapse for proprioception and fine touch
caudate nucleus
c shaped cerebral nucleus which forms part of the lateral walls of anterior horn of lateral ventricle and body of the ventricle and part of the roof of the inferior horn (nucleus considered one of the basal ganglia)
zygomatic bones
cheekbones
hypothalamus
cluster of nuclei inferior to thalamus. forms inferior portion of the walls, and the floor of the third ventricle. connected to the pituitary gland via the infundibulum. functions as the major visceral control center of the brain. involved in limbic system functions
limbic lobe
composed of the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus
Diencephalon
composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
bone of cranium: composition (flat bones)
composed of two parallel plates of compact bone sandwiching an inner layer of spongy bone (diploe). since inner layer is thinner than outer layer, a blow to the head could potentially result in fracture to inner layer only
straight sinus
connects SSS and ISS
stylomastoid foramen
contains facial nerve (CN VII)
foramen rotundum
contains maxillary nerve (V2)
mental foramen of mandible
contains mental nerve of V3
foramen spinosum
contains middle meningeal artery (from maxillary artery) part of sphenoid bone
incisive foramen
contains nasopalantine nerve (V2) and the spehnopalantine arteries (down) and the greater palantine arteries (up)
optic foramen
contains optic nerve and opthalmic artery. part of sphenoid bone
alevolar process of mandible
contains sockets for teeth
supraorbital foramen
contains supraorbital nerve (from V1)
fourth ventricle
continues from cerebral aqueduct to the central canal. ventral to cerebellum and dorsal to the tegmentum of pons. communicates subarachnoid space via three openings 1. foramen of magendie- midline (median aperture) 2. two foramen of luschka- lateral (lateral apertures) 3. three holes at the base of the cerebellum allow CSF to enter subarachnoid space
cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) is continuous with the ____, which is continuous with..
continuous with the fourth ventricle located dorsal to the pons and medulla and the fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal of medulla and SC
cerebrum
cortical lobes arranged in C shape from frontal lobe, through the parietal lobe and occipital lobes and into the temporal lobe. other internal structures of the brain follow this pattern.
greater and lesser palantine canals
course vertical through the palantine bones containing the greater and lesser palatine nerves and vessels
pericranium- how is it different from normal periosteum?
covers the skull calvaria. unlike most periosteum layers, it has very little osteogenic potential craniotomy usually does not result in regeneration of the bone unless bone graft is done
fontanelles
cranial bones form through intramembranous bone formation, however at birth not all the bones of the cranium have totally fused and are separated only by membrane. six fontanelles total.
superior and middle nasal concha-what bone are they a part of?
create turbulent flow of air inhaled for efficient filtration and temperature control. part of ethmoid
infratrochlear nerve
cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. inferior to supratrochlear nerve (not against bone of orbit). sends branches to the lateral nose and upper medial eyelid
lacrimal nerve
cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. very tiny nerve which emerges from the lateral orbit to supply the lateral side of the upper eyelid. very difficult to find in dissection
lacrimal ducts
distribute lacrimal fluid (tears) onto inner surface of eyelid, which in turn spreads it across surface of eye
calvaria
dome shaped superior portion of the skull and roof of cranial cavity. composed of portions of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones. covered with a periosteum known as a the pericranium.
sulci
each groove between the ridges of the cerebrum
thalamus
egg shaped cluster of nuclei. located superior to the hypothalamus on either side of the third ventricle. functions in processing all incoming sensory information in route to the cortex (except olfactory). minor function in some processing of descending motor pathways.
medial pterygoid
elevates and protrudes mandible, also functions in moving the mandible from side to side in chewing. origin: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate and from maxilla insertion: medial surface of angle of mandible (deep to massester)
temporalis
elevates and retracts mandible origin: fan shaped over temporal bone insertion: coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible
masseter
elevates mandible, most powerful origin: zygomatic arch insertion: angle and ramus of mandible
levator anguli oris
elevates upper lip. origin: maxillae just below infraorbital foramen insertion: fascia of upper lip
lacrimal canals or lacrimal canaliculi-where do these drain into?
exit from tiny papilla at the inferior medial aspect of the eye and drain into a space within the lacrimal bonds called the lacrimal sac
zygomaticofacial nerve
exits from same named foramen on the zygomatic bone to supply the prominence of the cheek and anterior temple
nasolacrimal duct
exits lacrimal sac and drains into inferior meatus of nasal cavity
mandibular nerve (V3)
exits the cranium via foramen ovale to be distributed to the face as the following cutaneous nerves: mental and buccal and auriculotemporal
arachnoid villi
extensions where arachnoid pushes through dura for reabsorption of CSF into blood (fluid goes only one way) especially prevalent in SSS. arachnoid granulations are the name for large villi
palpebrae
eyelids. epidermis and dermis overlying skeletal muscle and connective tissue. each eyelid contains a tarsal plate, which is a thick fold of CT. the innermost portion of each eyelid is a mucous membrane: palpebral conjunctiva. eyelid functions to protect from excess light and foreign objects, also for continuous spread of lubricating fluid over the eyes
motor innervation to the mouth
facial nerve
CN VII
facial nerve. directs all motor activity to the face including facial expressions
lips + what epithelium they have
fleshy folds surrounding the orifice. important in speech and eating. outside covered by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. lined inside by a mucous membrane (also stratified squamous).
petrous portion of temporal bone + what it contains
floor of cranium between sphenoid and occipital bones=contains inner ear
inferior petrosal sinus
flows out of the cavernous sinus along the junction between the sphenoid and occipital bones with the petrous portion of the temporal bone. flows into the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen.
labial frenulum
fold of mucous membrane attaching each lip to the gum
paramidline pits/granular foveolae
for arachnoid granulations
superior and inferior nuchal lines
for attachment of ligamentum nuchae (photo pointing at inferior, line above is superior)
zygomaticotemporal foramen
for zygomatictemporal nerve, on posterior or temporal surface of the zygomatic bone near the base of the frontal process.
lateral masses/labyrinths
form ethmoid sinuses
parietal bones
form most of the sides of the skull and roof of cranium
pterygoid process
form part of the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity- origins of pterygoid muscle of mastication
horizontal plate of palatine bone
form posterior hard palate
palatine processes
form the majority of the hard palate (roof of mouth). If these do not unite properly before birth-condition called cleft palate- may also involve cleft lip
greater wings of sphenoid bone
forms part of the floor and part of lateral wall of middle cranium
veins in the face
found with arteries of the same name except the retromandibular vein., -supraorbital and supratrochlear veins -dorsal nasal vein -facial vein -retromandibular vein: found descending anterior to ear
anatomical structure of nose
framework of mostly cartilage and some bone covered externally with skin and internally with mucous membrane. bridge of nose is formed by 2 nasal bones (only bone of the external nose; majority is cartilage).
greater auricular nerve
from anterior rami of cervical plexus nerves C2/C3. supplies only a limited region of the scalp posterior to the external ear near the mastoid process
ophthalmic artery + branches (and what it branches off of)
from internal carotid in cranium. has a few branches -supratrochlear and supraorbital -dorsal nasal
infraorbital artery
from maxillary artery. distributed with the infraorbital nerve on anterior maxillae.
supraorbital nerve and supratrochlear nerve
from orbit. branches of the ophthalmic division of cranial nerve V (V1). they ascend on the anterior surface of the forehead from the orbit supplying the forehead as far back as the interauricular line
greater occipital nerve
from posterior rami (or dorsal rami) of C2/C3. innervates most of posterior region of the scalp. distributed with branches of the occipital artery
lesser occipital nerve-branches off??
from the anterior rami of the cervical plexus nerves C2-C3. ascends onto the scalp posterior to the external ear
anterior fontanelle
frontal fontanelle. between 2 parietal and 2 halves of the frontal bone. closes at 18-24 months.
lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
limbic system
functional definition= limbic lobe and all its connections in diencephalon and telencephalon
CN IX
glossopharyngeal. innervation to the back of the tongue and throat. both sensory and motor.
philtrum
groove in upper lip from greek meaning "love charm"
corpus callosum components
has an enlarged and rounded posterior splenium, a body, and an anterior curved genu which tapers gently into a ventrally directed rostrum RGTS- running gets tiring sometimes
vertex of parietal bone
highest point of parietal bone
hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate
hook around which the tensor veli palatini muscle passes to the soft palate
CN XII
hypoglossal. originates medial to the olives. motor nerve to the tongue.
sella turcica
hypophyseal fossa. pituitary gland can be found here
petrotympanic fissure
immediately posterior to the mandibular fossa. point of exit of the chordae tympani branch of CN VII. part of temporal bone
sutures of the skull + 4 most important ones
immovable joints between cranial bones (means seam or stich) jagged and irregular 4 important ones: coronal suture, sagittal suture, lambdoidal suture, squamosal suture
buccal branches of facial nerve
in blue
cervical branches of the facial nerve
in blue
marginal mandibular branches of facial nerve
in blue
zygomatic branch of facial nerve
in blue
temporal branch of facial nerve
in blue in photo
lacrimal glands
in superior lateral portion of each orbit. they are peanut/almond sized and shape. manufacture and secrete tears
short term memory area
in temporal lobe. inferior portion.
primary motor cortex
in the frontal lobe, contains cells of origin for descending motor pathways. functions in initiation of voluntary movements
basal ganglia
included in these are several nuclei of the cerebrum (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamus) and a nucleus of hte midbrain (substansia nigra) which is reciprocally connected with the cerebral nuclei.
mastoiditis
infection of the bony air spaces of the mastoid portion. may spread to brain or its coverings
greater palatine foramen
inferior opening of greater palatine canal-contains greater palantine vessels and nerves
temporal bones
inferior sides of cranium and part of cranial floor
foramen lacerum of temporal bone
internal opening of carotid canal-lower portion is filled with cartilage in living skull
zygomaticus minor
just lateral to levator labii superioris. elevates upper lip origin: zygomatic bone insertion: fascia of upper lip
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
just medial to levator labii superioris but instead of just elevating upper lip, it also inserts on the alar cartilage of the nose and elevates this in addition to the lip
lumbar cistern
large subarachnoid space within dura at base of SC. from level l1/l2 to s2. this is the location of spinal taps.
dural sinuses
large venous spaces within dura. drain blood from brain.
lateral ventricles (left and right) of the brain + its horns
largest of the ventricles. body of the ventricle found primarily in the frontal and parietal lobes. -anterior horn: into frontal lobe -posterior horn: into occipital lobe -inferior horn: temporal lobe -interventricular foramen of monroe: connects anterior horn of lateral ventricles to third ventricle -caudate nucleus -corpus callosum: roof of anterior horn and body of lateral ventricles -septum pellucidum: forms medial wall separating the anterior horn and body of the lateral ventricles. -hippocampus: floor of the medial horn
transverse sinuses
lateral along superior posterior aspect of occipital bone
temporal lobe
lateral inferior portion of the cerebrum. contains the hippocampus, primary auditory cortex, wernicke's area, and short term memory area
cheeks
lateral walls of oral cavity. structure very similar to the lips. contains buccinator muscle. external connective tissue contains buccal fat pad which changes thickness with age and weight. internally lined by mucous membrane that covers an inner layer of connective tissue which contains many small mucous glands and buccal glands (many small salivary glands on internal surface)
maxillary nerve (V2)- branches and what foramen it leaves cranium from
leave the cranium via foramen rotundum and enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. has nasal and palatine branches distributed to the nasal cavity and palate and infraorbital nerve, zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerve
ophthalmic nerve (V1) + its cutaneous branches
leaves cranial cavity through superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to be distributed as the following cutaneous branches -supraorbital nerve -supratrochlear near -infratrochlear nerve -lacrimal nerve -external nasal nerves or external branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve
premotor area
located in front of pre-central gyrus. functions in initiation of voluntary movements. includes portions of the superior and middle frontal gyri.
primary visual cortex-where is it? what does it do?
located in the calcarine fissure (sulcus) on the medial portion of the occipital lobe for interpretation of visual stimuli
broca's area
located more often in L hemisphere. in the frontal lobe. functions in production of spoken language. includes portion of inferior frontal gyrus.
medulla + parts
lower end of brainstem. continuous with spinal cord. has pyramids, nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus, and olives
mandible
lower jawbone, only movable part of the skull.
buccinator
makes up most of the mass of the cheek. compresses cheeks for blowing and sucking origin: alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible and from pterygomandibular ligament (raphe) insertion: fascia of lower lateral face
muscles of mastication
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid
hyoid bone
means U shaped. although not technically a facial bone. does not articulate with any bone which makes it unique.
pons
means bridge. part of brainstem. contains the basal pons, which is primarily fibers and some scattered gray matter (pontine nuclei). also contains the tegmentum, which forms part of the floor of the fourth ventricle. contains middle cerebellar penduncle. contains brachium pontis BTMB- big tiny mini boy
operculum
means lid. portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes adjacent to insula
cerebellum
means little brain. vermis, the middle section, means worm. has 3 lateral hemispheres- anterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe, posterior lobe.
crista galli
means rooster comb. attachment of dura mater. part of ethmoid bone
primary auditory cortex
midportion of the superior temporal gyrus (located along lateral sulcus on the superior portion of the temporal lobe) functions in processing of auditory information. surrounded in the temporal lobe by secondary auditory cortex for further processing of the auditory stimuli
epicranius or occipitofrontalis
muscle of the scalp. overlies the skull. divided into two parts -frontalis: over the forehead, consists of two bellies -occipitalis: over occipital bone
coronoid process of mandible
muscular attachment
external nares
nostrils, opening of nasal cavity to outside
pre-frontal cortex
not a specific anatomical term, but involves more anterior regions of the frontal lobe cortex. functions in planning, personality, insight, foresight, responding to stimuli. a region of obvious difference between humans and other primates
facial nerve also sends a motor branch posteriorly called the...
occipital branch. forms posterior auricular nerve
posterior fontanelle
occipital fontanelle. at the union of the two parietal and one occipital bone. closes at 6-8 weeks
CN III
oculomotor nerve. located behind the pituitary gland. motor nerve to eye muscles
mental nerve
off of mandibular nerve (V3). continuation of inferior alveolar nerve int he mandible merges from the mental foramen and is distributed to the chin and lower lip
buccal nerve
off of mandibular nerve (V3). emerges from deep of the ramus of the mandible and courses on the lateral aspect of the buccinator muscle to be distributed to the internal and external aspect of the cheek
acronym to remember order of branches of trigeminal
oh max man! o- ophthalmic, V1 max- maxillary, V2 man- mandibular, V3
CN 1
olfactory. sense of smell. olfactory tract and olfactory bulb above nasal cavity
olives
on anterolateral surface of the medulla lateral to the pyramids. bulges formed by olivary nuclei. relays signals into the cerebellum and recieves input signals from the basal ganglia and SC.
cavernous sinus
on either side of the sella turcica. it surrounds and bathes the internal carotid artery as it ascends to the circle of willis. also transversed by the nerves passing to the orbit (other than the optic nerve). receives blood from the ophthalmic vein and drains into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. rather than a single large cavity it is composed of numerous smaller connecting cavities which cause blood flow to be slow. sometimes considered to be a possible site of infection from the regions of the face draining into the ophthalmic vein
zygomaticofacial foramen
on lateral aspect of zygomatic bone for zygomaticofacial artery and nerve
lateral sulcus
on lateral surface separating parietal and temporal lobes
central sulcus
on lateral surface separating the parietal and frontal lobes
cingulate gyrus
on medial aspect of hemisphere
parietal-occipital sulcus
on medial surface separating the occipital and parietal lobes
acronym to remember CN nerve order
on old olympus towering tops a Fin and german viewed some hopps
hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve and hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve
on the anterior portion of the petrous portion of the temporal bone in the middle cranial fossa. part of temporal bone
posterolateral fontanelles (mastoid fontanelles)
one on each side of the junction of parietal, occipital, and temporal bones. closes at 1-2 years.
anterolateral fontanelle (sphenoidal fontanelle)
one on each side of the junction of the frontal, parietal and temporal and sphenoidal bones. closes at 3 months.
external opening of the endolymphatic duct
opening on the posterior petrous portion of the temporal bone, lateral to the internal auditory meatus. contains the endolymphatic duct which connects the endolymphatic sac (inferior to the dura on the floor of the posterior cranial fossa) to the inner ear
alevolar foramina
openings in the posterior portion of the maxillary bone which revieve the superior alveolar nerve and artery
CN II
optic nerve. vision. form the optic chiasm, in which half the fibers of each nerve cross to the other side before projecting to the different hemispheres of the cerebrum.
cerebral cortex
outer layers of gray matter
occipitalis muscle of epicranius/occipitofrontalis
over occipital bone. draws scalp backwards (wiggles ears). origin: occipital bone insertion: galea aponeuroticia (epicranial aponeurosis)
frontalis muscle of epicranius/occipitofrontalis
over the forehead, consists of two bellies. draws scalp forward and wrinkles forehead and raises eyebrows. origin: galea aponeuroticia (epicranial aponeurosis) insertion: superficial fascia of eyebrow
infraorbital foramen
part of maxillae bones, contains infraorbital nerve from V2
inferior orbital fissure
part of maxillae bones, contains part of maxillary nerve (V2)
corpora quadragemina
part of midbrain tectum. consists of four bumps: -superior colliculi: the two upper bumps associated with visual reflex -inferior colliculi: two lower bumps associated with auditory reflexes
cerebral peduncles
part of midbrain. anterior and lateral in the mesencephalon. project superiorly into the cerebrum. includes all fibers going in and out of the brain from the brainstem and SC. interpeduncular fossa= space between the peduncles on ventral surface
external occipital protuberance
part of occipital bone
foramen magnum
part of occipital bone
occipital condyles
part of occipital bone. articulate with first cervical vertebrae (atlas)
internal auditory meatus
part of temporal bone, contains CN VII and CN VIII
external auditory meatus
part of temporal bone, ear canal opening
brachium pontis
part of the pons, major input to the cerebellum from cerebrum. these pathways are important in coordinating motor activity via the pontine nuclei which are found in the gray matter of the pons.
fissures
particularly deep sulci.
pterygoid canal
passing through the inferior portion of the body of the sphenoid, carries the nerve of the pterygoid canal which is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers formed by the union of greater and deep petrosal nerves at foramen lacerum in the middle cranial fossa
epithalamus
pineal gland and other neural structures of the superior posterior portion of the diencephalon. believed to function as an internal clock. pineal is affected by light exposure.
styloid process of temporal bone-function
point of attachment for some small muscles and a ligament
external nose
portion of nose visible on anterior aspect of face. of clinical importance because much of a person identity and appearance is represented by the external nose. deformity or injury can have devastating effects on ones social interactions or personality
insula
portion of the cortex which lies buried in the depths of the lateral sulcus
groove for superior sagittal sinus
posterior aspect of occipital bone, looks like a divot
parahippocampal gyrus- continuation of which gyrus? what lobe does it help make up?
posterior continuation of the cingulate gyrus down on to the medial portion of the temporal lobe. the cinguate and this gyrus sort of encircle the diencephalon and along with the olfactory bulb and tract, make up the limbic lobe
occipital bone
posterior part of the skull and base of the cranium
occipital lobe
posterior portion of the brain. contains the primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex
wernicke's area
posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus in temporal lobe. integrates information of parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes for the understanding of sentences and complete thoughts
postcentral gyrus
posterior to central sulcus and parallel to precentral gyrus. part of the parietal lobe. primary somatosensory cortex. concerned with sensations on the surface of the body. initial processing of tactile (touch) and proprioceptive (sense of body position) stimuli by brain.
subdural space
potential space between dura and arachnoid.
ethmoid bone
principle supporting structure of the nasal cavity, forms part of the anterior cranial floor, medial wall of orbits, superior nasal septum, most of nasal cavity walls and roof
spine of the sphenoid
process on the inferior aspect of the sphenoid bone adjacent to foramen spinosum
mentalis
protrudes lower lip-elevates skin over chin, pouting muscle. origin: mandible near lower lip insertion: fascia of chin medial to depressor labii inferioris
epithelium of nasal cavity
pseudostratified ciliated columnar; beyond vestibule to pharynx
anterior lobe of the cerebellum
recieves incoming afferent inputs from the spinal cord and is concerned with postural adjustments.
posterior lobe of the cerebellum
recieves input from the cerebral cortex via the pontine nuclei and middle cerebellar peduncle for integration of voluntary movement.
pterion
region on the lateral side of the skull where the sphenoid, frontal, temporal, and parietal bones come together.
visual association cortex
remainder of the occipital lobe. this area functions mainly in visual association and higher order processing of visual information
gyri
ridges on the cerebrum
risorius
runs laterally from corners of mouth. origin: fascia over parotid gland insertion: fascia at the angle of the mouth
zygomaticus major
runs obliquely across the front of the face from upper corner of the mouth. draws the angle of the mouth upward and outward: assists in parting lips origin: zygomatic bone insertion: fascia around mouths angle
superior sagittal sinus
runs superior and medial to the cerebral hemispheres in upper extent of falx cerebri
levator labii superioris
runs superior to lip, parallel to nose. assists in raising and parting lips origin: near orbit, on maxillae insertion: fascia around upper lip
sigmoid sinus-drains into
s-shaped groove to the jugular foramen from transverse sinus
inferior nasal conchae
same function as superior and middle chonchae of ethmoid.
supraorbital and supratrochlear veins travel with and empty into..
same named arteries and empty into opthalmic veins in the orbit
trigeminal nerve CN V
sensory innervation of face. this nerve is most like a spinal nerve of all the cranial nerves. it has a sensory ganglion analogus to a dorsal root ganglion of a spinal nerve, which is situated on the floor of the cranial cavity- the trigeminal ganglion or the semilunar ganglion. trigeminal is concerned with providing sensory info from the face and motor innervation to muscles of mastication. composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
preoccipital notch
separates temporal and occipital lobes on inferior aspect of brain
longitiduinal fissure
separates the right and left hemispheres
eyelashes/glands of zeis
short thick hairs which line the border of each eyelid. base of hair follicles have glands=called tarsal glands or glands of Zeis- they are sebaceous glands. eyelashes function to protect eyes
eyebrows + their function
similar to hair follicles on scalp, but do not increase in length. hairs themselves are also much more coarse. function may be debated but are most likely a barrier to help prevent perspiration from getting into ones eyes
third ventricle
slit shaped narrow cleft ventricle at the midline of the diencephalon. separates two halves of the thalamus (except for interthalmic adhesion in some cases). boundaries: 1. lateral: thalamus 2. anterior and inferior: optic chiasm 3. posterior: pineal gland
corrugator supercilii
small muscle deep to orbicularis oculi. responsible for angry look, works with procerus muscle. origin: medial part of superciliary arch insertion: fascia and skin of eyebrow
mandibular fossa
socket for mandible, on temporal bone
acronym to remember CN function
some say marry money, but my brother says bad business marry money
diploic veins
some small veins in skull may communicate with these, within the diploe of cranial bones. they communicate with the cranial venous sinuses within the cranium via emissary veins.
CN XI
spinal accessory. motor nerve from the lower medulla to muscles that turn the head.
lacrimal apparatus
structures which manufacture and drain away tears.
dural/meningeal arteries + headaches
supply both meninges and cranial bones. nerves follow meningeal arteries thus when expansion of a vessel or sinus occurs (vasodilation) sensory receptors percieve a headache. a specifically localized headache often involves a meningeal artery, while a headache caused by the pressure at or near the sinuses is often referred to the temple or forehead (area of trigeminal innervation= major innervation of dura)
diencephalon- components
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus. portions of the medial surfaces form the walls of the narrow like the third ventricle, which opens into the large lateral ventricle of each cerebral hemisphere through a interventricular foramen (or foramen of monroe).
superficial temporal veins, posterior auricular veins, and occipital veins all travel together with the same named arteries and flow into...
the external jugular vein of the neck
inion
the highest point of the external occipital protuberance
supraorbital margin
thickening above orbits of frontal bone
denticulate ligaments
thickenings of the pia mater anchoring the spinal cord to the dural sheath and bone
arachnoid mater/layer
thin and web like layer. avascular. anchored by arachnoid trabeculae to pia mater to give support
anterior superior and posterior auricular muscles
three muscle that act to move the ear
midbrain
top part of brainstem. has tectum, corpora quadragemina, cerebral peduncles
CSF: formation
total volume of about 300mL. colorless clear liquid that contains almost no cells and very little protein. similar plasma ultra filtrate but higher ionic concentration. formed through active secretion of by the choroid epithelium of the choroid plexus in the ventricles. slowly over a period of hours the fluid moves through the ventricles and out into the subarachnoid space around the outside of the brain and SC. majority is absorbed in venous sinuses, but some passes caudally and is reabsorbed through granulations into veins near the exit points of spinal nerves. normally form and reabsorb about 80 mL/day
dura mater
toughest, outer layer of meninges.
depressor anguli oris (triangularis)
triangular muscle origin: lower border of mandible insertion: fascia at inferior portion of the angle of the mouth
motor innervation to muscles of mastication
trigeminal nerve CNV
CN V
trigeminal. emerges from the side of the pons as a big nerve with 3 parts. controls all facial sensation and motor information to chewing muscles.
CN IV
trochlear. motor to eye muscle
pyramids of the medulla
two big bundles of motor neurons descending down the ventral surface of the medulla (origin in the motor cortex), many of these fibers cross at the caudal extent of the medulla=decussation of pyramids
language area of parietal lobe
usually focused in one hemisphere-usually left. located behind the post-central gyrus on the inferior portion of the parietal lobe. functions in understanding language
CN X
vagus nerve. parasympathetic outflow direct from the brain through the digestive system.
thickness of the cranium
varies by the region and is different between individuals
platysma
very superficial muscle covering lower face and neck. draws skin around mouth laterally and inferiorly. origin: fascia over deltoid and pectoralis muscle insertion: fascia of lower lateral face
lacrimal bones
very thin, posterior and lateral to nasal bones, smallest bones of the face, thinnest bones of the body, form part of orbital medial wall
lacrimal secretion
water mostly, some salt, some mucous, some lysozyme. cleans, lubricates, and moistens. normally produce about 1mL/day. however, irritation of eyes surface will increase this greatly. may also notice excess tearing if nasolacrimal duct is blocked, like with hayfever.
subarachnoid space
where CSF is found. deep over sulci, shallow over gyri