BIO600 Anatomy: Week 8

hydrocephalus is caused by...

-excess production of CSF -blockage of CSF circulation -reabsorption deficiency

dural reflections/septa

-falx cerebri: medial to hemispheres of cerebrum -tentorium cerebelli: covers cerebellum like a tent -falx cerebelli

internal features of the calvaria

-groove for superior sagittal sinus -paramidline pits or foveolae granulares- small depressions on the inside of calvaria formed by arachnoid granulations -grooves left by meningeal arteries

ventricles of the brain

-lateral ventricles (left and right) -third ventricle -fourth ventricle

medial surface of the brain (midsagittal section view) components

-medulla oblongata (continuous with the spinal cord caudally) -pons varolli -midbrain; continuous with the diencephalon rostrally -cerebral hemispheres, joined by huge fiber bundle

within the external connective tissue of the cheeks what can you find?

-parotid duct -branches of VII -cutaneous sensory branches of maxillary and mandibular nerves -branches of facial artery and vein -transverse facial artery and vein

epidural space

-potential space between cranium and periosteal layer, not normally present in the cranium however present in the spinal cord -fatal when space is produced by hemorrhage in cranium (epidural hematoma) -usually caused by ruptured meningeal artery -actual space is present in vertebral column however- area of loose connective tissue between bone and dura of SC

choroid plexus

-present in all four ventricles -site of CSF formation -very, very vascular, convoluted membrane

spinal cord meninges comparison to cranial

-spinal cord has basically same layers as cranial -primary difference: epidural space is present in spinal cord

squamous portion of temporal bone

flat part

5 sets of branches of the facial nerve from within the mass of the parotid gland

-temporal branches -zygomatic branches -buccal branches -marginal mandibular branches -cervical branches Two Zebras Brought My Carriage

tectum of midbrain

"roof". dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct which connects the third and fourth ventricles.

infection of glands of zeis/tarsal glands causes...

a sty

lesser wings of sphenoid bone

anterior and superior of greater wings

angular artery

branch of facial artery along lateral aspect of nose

orbicularis oculi

circular muscle around orbit. functions sphincter like to closes eye. skeletal muscle fibers in both eyelids are from this. origin and insertion are circular locations around orbit (many)

cribiform plate

contains afferents to CNI part of ethmoid bone

superior orbital fissure

contains four important nerves, part of sphenoid bone. -CNIII- oculomotor -CN IV- trochlear -CN V-opthalmic division of trigeminal (V1) -CN V1- abducens nerve and opthalmic vein

hypoglossal canal-what bone?

contains hypoglossal nerve CNXII, part of occipital bone

mandibular foramen and canal

contains inferior alveolar nerve

carotid foramen (canal) of temporal bone

contains internal carotid artery

jugular foramen of temporal bone + nerves that flow through it

contains internal jugular vein, and 3 important nerves: -vagus -glossopharyngeal -spinal accessory

lesser palatine foramen

contains lesser palatine vessels and nerves

foramen ovale

contains mandibular nerve (V3), part of sphenoid bone

mastoid portion of temporal bone

contains mastoid air cells- air spaces that communicate directly with the middle ear cavity and are separated only by very thin boney partitions from the brain.

body of sphenoid

cube like central portion (ventral to sella turcica)

external nasal nerves/external branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve

cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. emerges between nasal bone and nasal cartilage to supply more distal portion of the dorsum of the nose to the tip of the nose.

supratrochlear nerve

cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. medial to supraorbital nerve, this nerve leaves the superior medial aspect of the orbit to also ascend on the medial forehead. both the supraorbital and supratrochlear are distributed with an artery and vein of the same name.

supraorbital nerve

cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. passes through the supraorbital foramen of notch to supply forehead as far back as interauricular line.

depressor labii inferioris (quadratus)

depresses lower lip origin: mandible insertion: skin of lower lip

fornix

major efferent outflow of the hippocampus. continues to curve arching under the corpus callosum and toward the hypothalamus and mammilary bodies.

components of the brainstem

medulla, pons, midbrain

3 divisions of CN V

ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

lateral pterygoid

pulls mandible forward to open mouth and also assists in side to side movement origin: greater wing of sphenoid, lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate insertion: condyle of mandible and articular disc of TMJ

ophalmic veins and emissary veins: what risk do they pose?

represent potential dangerous routes for the spread of infection to inside of cranium

sphenoid sinus

sinus above and behind the nose

sphenoid bone

spheno means wedge, thought of as the keystone of the skull.

orbicularis oris

sphincter muscle surrounding the mouth opening. closes and compresses lips, protrudes lips, shapes for speech. origin and insertion: muscles arranged in a circular pattern with a variety or origins and insertions

superficial temporal artery

superior continuation of the external carotid (terminal branches) on the lateral surface of the skull, superior to the ear to scalp and forehead. travels together with the auriculotemporal nerve from the mandibular division of V.

perpendicular plate of ethmoid

upper septum of ethmoid bone

subdural hematoma

usually caused by ruptured vein that normally enters dural sinus

procerus

wrinkles skin of forehead. angry look. origin: nasal bone insertion: skin of forehead.

CSF: functions

1. buoyant effect on brain tissue 2. regulation of extracellular fluid content 3. route fro the spread of neuroactive hormone to nervous tissue

cranial nerves

12 pairs. originate on the basal surface of the brain (exception IV trochlear from the dorsal surface). rostral to caudal except XII, hypoglossal

ramus of mandible

2 perpendicular portions

nasal bones

2 total, paired, form the bridge of the nose

maxillae

2, unite to form upper jaw. form parts of the floor of the orbits, parts of mouth, part of lateral walls and floor of nasal cavity.

skull-how many bones?

22 total. 8 cranial, 14 facial

palantine bones

L shaped. form posterior portion of hard palate. part of floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity.

acronym to remember order of foramen in sphenoid

ROS from medial out laterally rotundum- maxillary nerve V2 ovale- mandibular nerve V3 spinosum- middle meningeal artery

CN VI

abducens. third pair of cranial nerves to eye muscles. located on the ventral midline at the junction of the pyramids and the pons

pia mater

adheres to brain and all of its contours. anchors arachnoid trabeculae. thin connective tissue

flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

afferent input from the vestibular system in controlling equilibrium. concerned with postural adjustments to gravity. the flocculus is two lateral lobes projecting from a midline portion (vernal portion) called nodulus

levator palpebrae superioris

allows upper eyelid to be movable-elevates upper eyelid. it is a skeletal muscle. actually a muscle of the orbit, courses over the eyeball to eyelid. at the distal end of this muscle is a smooth muscle under control of the ANS sympathetic called the superior tarsal muscle. origin: lesser wing of sphenoid (orbital root) insertion: superior tarsal muscle which itself attaches to superior tarsal plate.

superior petrosal sinus

along the superior portion of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. it drains into the upper portion of the sigmoid sinus. cavernous sinus drains into it.

oral cavity

also called mouth or buccal cavity. bounded superiorly by the hard and soft palate. bounded laterally by the cheeks. bounded inferiorly by the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

other view of infraorbital artery

also comes out infraorbital fossa anteriorly (anterior eye/orbit area)

hippocampus

an important structure involved in learning and memory, in the temporal lobe. it and the cortex of the parahippocampal gyrus are considered parts of the limbic system and are involved in emotional and visceral responses to stimuli

parietal lobe

anterior mid portion of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobe. contains the post-central gyrus, language area, much of the lobe is involved in integration of stimuli and the orientation of an individual with regard to space and time.

frontal bone

anterior part, makes up forehead. forms superior portion of orbits. the majority of the bone is the frontal squama/vertical plate.

frontal lobe + its notable gyri + notable contents

anterior portion of brain. there are four notable gyri in the frontal lobe: the superior, middle, inferior and pre-central gyrus. contains the primary motor cortex, premotor area, brocas area, pre-frontal cortex

cranial fossas: names and locations

anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossas

vestibule

area just inside of opening to the nostrils. lined with stratified squamous epithelium. also contains coarse hairs (especially in older males).

reticular formation

area of sort of mixed white and gray matter, contains both neurons and axons. spreads throughout medulla, pons, and midbrain. a large portion of the RF is actually the reticular activating system which functions in consciousness and arousal. other portions of the reticular formation contain centers for regulation of heart contraction, breathing, and vasoconstriction.

oral cavity proper

area within the boundary of the teeth and gums= extends from the vestibule to the fauces

when does the spinal cord in adults end? how far past this does the subarachnoid space continue?

around l1/l2, subarachnoid space continues to S2

condylar process of mandible

articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone

temporal process of zygomatic bone

articulates with temporal bone, forms zygomatic arch

zygomatic process of temporal bone

articulates with zygomatic bone

inferior sagittal sinus

at bottom of falx cerebri between hemispheres.

confluence of sinuses

at midline posterior superior aspect of bone, near knob at back of the head (external occipital protuberance)- where straight sinus flows into superior sagittal sinus. part of occipital bone. sends blood laterally to the right and left transverse sinuses, which connect to the sigmoid sinuses, which empty into the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen of the skull.

sphenopalatine foramen

at the junction of the superior portion of the palantine bones and sphenoid bone. transmits nerves and vessels from the pterygopalatine fossa to the nasal cavity and palantine canals. also recieves nerve of the pterygoid canal from the pterygoid canal carrying autonomics to nasal cavity and palate

CN VIII

auditory (vesticulocochlear) controls hearing and balance

nose

beginning and most superficial aspect of the respiratory tract. functions to increase surface area of nasal cavity for warming, humidifying, and filtering inhaled air. modifies the sound produced by the larynx.

anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

between ethmoid and frontal bones on superior medial portion of orbit. contains anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerve and artery

alveolar process

bony socket into which teeth are inserted, part of maxillae bones

oral cavity vestibule

bounded externally by the cheeks and lips and internally by the teeth and gums

transverse facial artery

branch of external carotid which courses superficially across the side of the face toward zygomatic arch.

infraorbital nerve

branch of maxillary V2. exits from infraorbital foramen with an artery and vein to be distributed to the anterior cheek.

occipital artery

branch of the external carotid artery in the neck. ascends on the posterior aspect of the skull. travels with the greater occipital nerve. (from the posterior ramus of c2-c3)

facial artery

branch of the external carotid artery, it ascends on the face lateral to the mouth and nose.

posterior auricular artery

branch of the external carotid which ascends on the lateral surface of the skull posterior to the external auditory meatus but anterior to the mastoid process.

auriculotemporal nerve

branch of the mandibular division of cranial nerve V (V3). ascends on the side of the head anterior to the external auditory meatus but posterior to the TMJ joint. supplies the TMJ and external ear. also brings secretomotor fibers to the parotid glaand from the otic ganglion. emerges from the infratemporal fossa to ascend onto the lateral aspect of the skull.

zygomaticotemporal nerve

branch of the maxillary division of cranial nerve V (V2) it emerges from the zygomaticotemporal foramen on the zygomatic bone and ascends to supply the anterior portion of the temple

inferior and superior labial arteries

branches of facial artery on upper and lower lip

supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries

branches of the opthalmic artery in the orbit which ascend on the anterior surface of the forehead. they are accompanied by veins and nerves of the same name

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus

bulges in the posterior superior medulla (backside) and receive sensory signals from sensory fibers in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. terminal synapse for proprioception and fine touch

caudate nucleus

c shaped cerebral nucleus which forms part of the lateral walls of anterior horn of lateral ventricle and body of the ventricle and part of the roof of the inferior horn (nucleus considered one of the basal ganglia)

zygomatic bones

cheekbones

hypothalamus

cluster of nuclei inferior to thalamus. forms inferior portion of the walls, and the floor of the third ventricle. connected to the pituitary gland via the infundibulum. functions as the major visceral control center of the brain. involved in limbic system functions

limbic lobe

composed of the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus

Diencephalon

composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

bone of cranium: composition (flat bones)

composed of two parallel plates of compact bone sandwiching an inner layer of spongy bone (diploe). since inner layer is thinner than outer layer, a blow to the head could potentially result in fracture to inner layer only

straight sinus

connects SSS and ISS

stylomastoid foramen

contains facial nerve (CN VII)

foramen rotundum

contains maxillary nerve (V2)

mental foramen of mandible

contains mental nerve of V3

foramen spinosum

contains middle meningeal artery (from maxillary artery) part of sphenoid bone

incisive foramen

contains nasopalantine nerve (V2) and the spehnopalantine arteries (down) and the greater palantine arteries (up)

optic foramen

contains optic nerve and opthalmic artery. part of sphenoid bone

alevolar process of mandible

contains sockets for teeth

supraorbital foramen

contains supraorbital nerve (from V1)

fourth ventricle

continues from cerebral aqueduct to the central canal. ventral to cerebellum and dorsal to the tegmentum of pons. communicates subarachnoid space via three openings 1. foramen of magendie- midline (median aperture) 2. two foramen of luschka- lateral (lateral apertures) 3. three holes at the base of the cerebellum allow CSF to enter subarachnoid space

cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) is continuous with the ____, which is continuous with..

continuous with the fourth ventricle located dorsal to the pons and medulla and the fourth ventricle is continuous with the central canal of medulla and SC

cerebrum

cortical lobes arranged in C shape from frontal lobe, through the parietal lobe and occipital lobes and into the temporal lobe. other internal structures of the brain follow this pattern.

greater and lesser palantine canals

course vertical through the palantine bones containing the greater and lesser palatine nerves and vessels

pericranium- how is it different from normal periosteum?

covers the skull calvaria. unlike most periosteum layers, it has very little osteogenic potential craniotomy usually does not result in regeneration of the bone unless bone graft is done

fontanelles

cranial bones form through intramembranous bone formation, however at birth not all the bones of the cranium have totally fused and are separated only by membrane. six fontanelles total.

superior and middle nasal concha-what bone are they a part of?

create turbulent flow of air inhaled for efficient filtration and temperature control. part of ethmoid

infratrochlear nerve

cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. inferior to supratrochlear nerve (not against bone of orbit). sends branches to the lateral nose and upper medial eyelid

lacrimal nerve

cutaneous branch of the ophthalmic nerve. very tiny nerve which emerges from the lateral orbit to supply the lateral side of the upper eyelid. very difficult to find in dissection

lacrimal ducts

distribute lacrimal fluid (tears) onto inner surface of eyelid, which in turn spreads it across surface of eye

calvaria

dome shaped superior portion of the skull and roof of cranial cavity. composed of portions of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones. covered with a periosteum known as a the pericranium.

sulci

each groove between the ridges of the cerebrum

thalamus

egg shaped cluster of nuclei. located superior to the hypothalamus on either side of the third ventricle. functions in processing all incoming sensory information in route to the cortex (except olfactory). minor function in some processing of descending motor pathways.

medial pterygoid

elevates and protrudes mandible, also functions in moving the mandible from side to side in chewing. origin: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate and from maxilla insertion: medial surface of angle of mandible (deep to massester)

temporalis

elevates and retracts mandible origin: fan shaped over temporal bone insertion: coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible

masseter

elevates mandible, most powerful origin: zygomatic arch insertion: angle and ramus of mandible

levator anguli oris

elevates upper lip. origin: maxillae just below infraorbital foramen insertion: fascia of upper lip

lacrimal canals or lacrimal canaliculi-where do these drain into?

exit from tiny papilla at the inferior medial aspect of the eye and drain into a space within the lacrimal bonds called the lacrimal sac

zygomaticofacial nerve

exits from same named foramen on the zygomatic bone to supply the prominence of the cheek and anterior temple

nasolacrimal duct

exits lacrimal sac and drains into inferior meatus of nasal cavity

mandibular nerve (V3)

exits the cranium via foramen ovale to be distributed to the face as the following cutaneous nerves: mental and buccal and auriculotemporal

arachnoid villi

extensions where arachnoid pushes through dura for reabsorption of CSF into blood (fluid goes only one way) especially prevalent in SSS. arachnoid granulations are the name for large villi

palpebrae

eyelids. epidermis and dermis overlying skeletal muscle and connective tissue. each eyelid contains a tarsal plate, which is a thick fold of CT. the innermost portion of each eyelid is a mucous membrane: palpebral conjunctiva. eyelid functions to protect from excess light and foreign objects, also for continuous spread of lubricating fluid over the eyes

motor innervation to the mouth

facial nerve

CN VII

facial nerve. directs all motor activity to the face including facial expressions

lips + what epithelium they have

fleshy folds surrounding the orifice. important in speech and eating. outside covered by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. lined inside by a mucous membrane (also stratified squamous).

petrous portion of temporal bone + what it contains

floor of cranium between sphenoid and occipital bones=contains inner ear

inferior petrosal sinus

flows out of the cavernous sinus along the junction between the sphenoid and occipital bones with the petrous portion of the temporal bone. flows into the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen.

labial frenulum

fold of mucous membrane attaching each lip to the gum

paramidline pits/granular foveolae

for arachnoid granulations

superior and inferior nuchal lines

for attachment of ligamentum nuchae (photo pointing at inferior, line above is superior)

zygomaticotemporal foramen

for zygomatictemporal nerve, on posterior or temporal surface of the zygomatic bone near the base of the frontal process.

lateral masses/labyrinths

form ethmoid sinuses

parietal bones

form most of the sides of the skull and roof of cranium

pterygoid process

form part of the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity- origins of pterygoid muscle of mastication

horizontal plate of palatine bone

form posterior hard palate

palatine processes

form the majority of the hard palate (roof of mouth). If these do not unite properly before birth-condition called cleft palate- may also involve cleft lip

greater wings of sphenoid bone

forms part of the floor and part of lateral wall of middle cranium

veins in the face

found with arteries of the same name except the retromandibular vein., -supraorbital and supratrochlear veins -dorsal nasal vein -facial vein -retromandibular vein: found descending anterior to ear

anatomical structure of nose

framework of mostly cartilage and some bone covered externally with skin and internally with mucous membrane. bridge of nose is formed by 2 nasal bones (only bone of the external nose; majority is cartilage).

greater auricular nerve

from anterior rami of cervical plexus nerves C2/C3. supplies only a limited region of the scalp posterior to the external ear near the mastoid process

ophthalmic artery + branches (and what it branches off of)

from internal carotid in cranium. has a few branches -supratrochlear and supraorbital -dorsal nasal

infraorbital artery

from maxillary artery. distributed with the infraorbital nerve on anterior maxillae.

supraorbital nerve and supratrochlear nerve

from orbit. branches of the ophthalmic division of cranial nerve V (V1). they ascend on the anterior surface of the forehead from the orbit supplying the forehead as far back as the interauricular line

greater occipital nerve

from posterior rami (or dorsal rami) of C2/C3. innervates most of posterior region of the scalp. distributed with branches of the occipital artery

lesser occipital nerve-branches off??

from the anterior rami of the cervical plexus nerves C2-C3. ascends onto the scalp posterior to the external ear

anterior fontanelle

frontal fontanelle. between 2 parietal and 2 halves of the frontal bone. closes at 18-24 months.

lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

limbic system

functional definition= limbic lobe and all its connections in diencephalon and telencephalon

CN IX

glossopharyngeal. innervation to the back of the tongue and throat. both sensory and motor.

philtrum

groove in upper lip from greek meaning "love charm"

corpus callosum components

has an enlarged and rounded posterior splenium, a body, and an anterior curved genu which tapers gently into a ventrally directed rostrum RGTS- running gets tiring sometimes

vertex of parietal bone

highest point of parietal bone

hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate

hook around which the tensor veli palatini muscle passes to the soft palate

CN XII

hypoglossal. originates medial to the olives. motor nerve to the tongue.

sella turcica

hypophyseal fossa. pituitary gland can be found here

petrotympanic fissure

immediately posterior to the mandibular fossa. point of exit of the chordae tympani branch of CN VII. part of temporal bone

sutures of the skull + 4 most important ones

immovable joints between cranial bones (means seam or stich) jagged and irregular 4 important ones: coronal suture, sagittal suture, lambdoidal suture, squamosal suture

buccal branches of facial nerve

in blue

cervical branches of the facial nerve

in blue

marginal mandibular branches of facial nerve

in blue

zygomatic branch of facial nerve

in blue

temporal branch of facial nerve

in blue in photo

lacrimal glands

in superior lateral portion of each orbit. they are peanut/almond sized and shape. manufacture and secrete tears

short term memory area

in temporal lobe. inferior portion.

primary motor cortex

in the frontal lobe, contains cells of origin for descending motor pathways. functions in initiation of voluntary movements

basal ganglia

included in these are several nuclei of the cerebrum (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamus) and a nucleus of hte midbrain (substansia nigra) which is reciprocally connected with the cerebral nuclei.

mastoiditis

infection of the bony air spaces of the mastoid portion. may spread to brain or its coverings

greater palatine foramen

inferior opening of greater palatine canal-contains greater palantine vessels and nerves

temporal bones

inferior sides of cranium and part of cranial floor

foramen lacerum of temporal bone

internal opening of carotid canal-lower portion is filled with cartilage in living skull

zygomaticus minor

just lateral to levator labii superioris. elevates upper lip origin: zygomatic bone insertion: fascia of upper lip

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

just medial to levator labii superioris but instead of just elevating upper lip, it also inserts on the alar cartilage of the nose and elevates this in addition to the lip

lumbar cistern

large subarachnoid space within dura at base of SC. from level l1/l2 to s2. this is the location of spinal taps.

dural sinuses

large venous spaces within dura. drain blood from brain.

lateral ventricles (left and right) of the brain + its horns

largest of the ventricles. body of the ventricle found primarily in the frontal and parietal lobes. -anterior horn: into frontal lobe -posterior horn: into occipital lobe -inferior horn: temporal lobe -interventricular foramen of monroe: connects anterior horn of lateral ventricles to third ventricle -caudate nucleus -corpus callosum: roof of anterior horn and body of lateral ventricles -septum pellucidum: forms medial wall separating the anterior horn and body of the lateral ventricles. -hippocampus: floor of the medial horn

transverse sinuses

lateral along superior posterior aspect of occipital bone

temporal lobe

lateral inferior portion of the cerebrum. contains the hippocampus, primary auditory cortex, wernicke's area, and short term memory area

cheeks

lateral walls of oral cavity. structure very similar to the lips. contains buccinator muscle. external connective tissue contains buccal fat pad which changes thickness with age and weight. internally lined by mucous membrane that covers an inner layer of connective tissue which contains many small mucous glands and buccal glands (many small salivary glands on internal surface)

maxillary nerve (V2)- branches and what foramen it leaves cranium from

leave the cranium via foramen rotundum and enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. has nasal and palatine branches distributed to the nasal cavity and palate and infraorbital nerve, zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerve

ophthalmic nerve (V1) + its cutaneous branches

leaves cranial cavity through superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to be distributed as the following cutaneous branches -supraorbital nerve -supratrochlear near -infratrochlear nerve -lacrimal nerve -external nasal nerves or external branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve

premotor area

located in front of pre-central gyrus. functions in initiation of voluntary movements. includes portions of the superior and middle frontal gyri.

primary visual cortex-where is it? what does it do?

located in the calcarine fissure (sulcus) on the medial portion of the occipital lobe for interpretation of visual stimuli

broca's area

located more often in L hemisphere. in the frontal lobe. functions in production of spoken language. includes portion of inferior frontal gyrus.

medulla + parts

lower end of brainstem. continuous with spinal cord. has pyramids, nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus, and olives

mandible

lower jawbone, only movable part of the skull.

buccinator

makes up most of the mass of the cheek. compresses cheeks for blowing and sucking origin: alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible and from pterygomandibular ligament (raphe) insertion: fascia of lower lateral face

muscles of mastication

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

hyoid bone

means U shaped. although not technically a facial bone. does not articulate with any bone which makes it unique.

pons

means bridge. part of brainstem. contains the basal pons, which is primarily fibers and some scattered gray matter (pontine nuclei). also contains the tegmentum, which forms part of the floor of the fourth ventricle. contains middle cerebellar penduncle. contains brachium pontis BTMB- big tiny mini boy

operculum

means lid. portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes adjacent to insula

cerebellum

means little brain. vermis, the middle section, means worm. has 3 lateral hemispheres- anterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe, posterior lobe.

crista galli

means rooster comb. attachment of dura mater. part of ethmoid bone

primary auditory cortex

midportion of the superior temporal gyrus (located along lateral sulcus on the superior portion of the temporal lobe) functions in processing of auditory information. surrounded in the temporal lobe by secondary auditory cortex for further processing of the auditory stimuli

epicranius or occipitofrontalis

muscle of the scalp. overlies the skull. divided into two parts -frontalis: over the forehead, consists of two bellies -occipitalis: over occipital bone

coronoid process of mandible

muscular attachment

external nares

nostrils, opening of nasal cavity to outside

pre-frontal cortex

not a specific anatomical term, but involves more anterior regions of the frontal lobe cortex. functions in planning, personality, insight, foresight, responding to stimuli. a region of obvious difference between humans and other primates

facial nerve also sends a motor branch posteriorly called the...

occipital branch. forms posterior auricular nerve

posterior fontanelle

occipital fontanelle. at the union of the two parietal and one occipital bone. closes at 6-8 weeks

CN III

oculomotor nerve. located behind the pituitary gland. motor nerve to eye muscles

mental nerve

off of mandibular nerve (V3). continuation of inferior alveolar nerve int he mandible merges from the mental foramen and is distributed to the chin and lower lip

buccal nerve

off of mandibular nerve (V3). emerges from deep of the ramus of the mandible and courses on the lateral aspect of the buccinator muscle to be distributed to the internal and external aspect of the cheek

acronym to remember order of branches of trigeminal

oh max man! o- ophthalmic, V1 max- maxillary, V2 man- mandibular, V3

CN 1

olfactory. sense of smell. olfactory tract and olfactory bulb above nasal cavity

olives

on anterolateral surface of the medulla lateral to the pyramids. bulges formed by olivary nuclei. relays signals into the cerebellum and recieves input signals from the basal ganglia and SC.

cavernous sinus

on either side of the sella turcica. it surrounds and bathes the internal carotid artery as it ascends to the circle of willis. also transversed by the nerves passing to the orbit (other than the optic nerve). receives blood from the ophthalmic vein and drains into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. rather than a single large cavity it is composed of numerous smaller connecting cavities which cause blood flow to be slow. sometimes considered to be a possible site of infection from the regions of the face draining into the ophthalmic vein

zygomaticofacial foramen

on lateral aspect of zygomatic bone for zygomaticofacial artery and nerve

lateral sulcus

on lateral surface separating parietal and temporal lobes

central sulcus

on lateral surface separating the parietal and frontal lobes

cingulate gyrus

on medial aspect of hemisphere

parietal-occipital sulcus

on medial surface separating the occipital and parietal lobes

acronym to remember CN nerve order

on old olympus towering tops a Fin and german viewed some hopps

hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve and hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve

on the anterior portion of the petrous portion of the temporal bone in the middle cranial fossa. part of temporal bone

posterolateral fontanelles (mastoid fontanelles)

one on each side of the junction of parietal, occipital, and temporal bones. closes at 1-2 years.

anterolateral fontanelle (sphenoidal fontanelle)

one on each side of the junction of the frontal, parietal and temporal and sphenoidal bones. closes at 3 months.

external opening of the endolymphatic duct

opening on the posterior petrous portion of the temporal bone, lateral to the internal auditory meatus. contains the endolymphatic duct which connects the endolymphatic sac (inferior to the dura on the floor of the posterior cranial fossa) to the inner ear

alevolar foramina

openings in the posterior portion of the maxillary bone which revieve the superior alveolar nerve and artery

CN II

optic nerve. vision. form the optic chiasm, in which half the fibers of each nerve cross to the other side before projecting to the different hemispheres of the cerebrum.

cerebral cortex

outer layers of gray matter

occipitalis muscle of epicranius/occipitofrontalis

over occipital bone. draws scalp backwards (wiggles ears). origin: occipital bone insertion: galea aponeuroticia (epicranial aponeurosis)

frontalis muscle of epicranius/occipitofrontalis

over the forehead, consists of two bellies. draws scalp forward and wrinkles forehead and raises eyebrows. origin: galea aponeuroticia (epicranial aponeurosis) insertion: superficial fascia of eyebrow

infraorbital foramen

part of maxillae bones, contains infraorbital nerve from V2

inferior orbital fissure

part of maxillae bones, contains part of maxillary nerve (V2)

corpora quadragemina

part of midbrain tectum. consists of four bumps: -superior colliculi: the two upper bumps associated with visual reflex -inferior colliculi: two lower bumps associated with auditory reflexes

cerebral peduncles

part of midbrain. anterior and lateral in the mesencephalon. project superiorly into the cerebrum. includes all fibers going in and out of the brain from the brainstem and SC. interpeduncular fossa= space between the peduncles on ventral surface

external occipital protuberance

part of occipital bone

foramen magnum

part of occipital bone

occipital condyles

part of occipital bone. articulate with first cervical vertebrae (atlas)

internal auditory meatus

part of temporal bone, contains CN VII and CN VIII

external auditory meatus

part of temporal bone, ear canal opening

brachium pontis

part of the pons, major input to the cerebellum from cerebrum. these pathways are important in coordinating motor activity via the pontine nuclei which are found in the gray matter of the pons.

fissures

particularly deep sulci.

pterygoid canal

passing through the inferior portion of the body of the sphenoid, carries the nerve of the pterygoid canal which is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers formed by the union of greater and deep petrosal nerves at foramen lacerum in the middle cranial fossa

epithalamus

pineal gland and other neural structures of the superior posterior portion of the diencephalon. believed to function as an internal clock. pineal is affected by light exposure.

styloid process of temporal bone-function

point of attachment for some small muscles and a ligament

external nose

portion of nose visible on anterior aspect of face. of clinical importance because much of a person identity and appearance is represented by the external nose. deformity or injury can have devastating effects on ones social interactions or personality

insula

portion of the cortex which lies buried in the depths of the lateral sulcus

groove for superior sagittal sinus

posterior aspect of occipital bone, looks like a divot

parahippocampal gyrus- continuation of which gyrus? what lobe does it help make up?

posterior continuation of the cingulate gyrus down on to the medial portion of the temporal lobe. the cinguate and this gyrus sort of encircle the diencephalon and along with the olfactory bulb and tract, make up the limbic lobe

occipital bone

posterior part of the skull and base of the cranium

occipital lobe

posterior portion of the brain. contains the primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex

wernicke's area

posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus in temporal lobe. integrates information of parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes for the understanding of sentences and complete thoughts

postcentral gyrus

posterior to central sulcus and parallel to precentral gyrus. part of the parietal lobe. primary somatosensory cortex. concerned with sensations on the surface of the body. initial processing of tactile (touch) and proprioceptive (sense of body position) stimuli by brain.

subdural space

potential space between dura and arachnoid.

ethmoid bone

principle supporting structure of the nasal cavity, forms part of the anterior cranial floor, medial wall of orbits, superior nasal septum, most of nasal cavity walls and roof

spine of the sphenoid

process on the inferior aspect of the sphenoid bone adjacent to foramen spinosum

mentalis

protrudes lower lip-elevates skin over chin, pouting muscle. origin: mandible near lower lip insertion: fascia of chin medial to depressor labii inferioris

epithelium of nasal cavity

pseudostratified ciliated columnar; beyond vestibule to pharynx

anterior lobe of the cerebellum

recieves incoming afferent inputs from the spinal cord and is concerned with postural adjustments.

posterior lobe of the cerebellum

recieves input from the cerebral cortex via the pontine nuclei and middle cerebellar peduncle for integration of voluntary movement.

pterion

region on the lateral side of the skull where the sphenoid, frontal, temporal, and parietal bones come together.

visual association cortex

remainder of the occipital lobe. this area functions mainly in visual association and higher order processing of visual information

gyri

ridges on the cerebrum

risorius

runs laterally from corners of mouth. origin: fascia over parotid gland insertion: fascia at the angle of the mouth

zygomaticus major

runs obliquely across the front of the face from upper corner of the mouth. draws the angle of the mouth upward and outward: assists in parting lips origin: zygomatic bone insertion: fascia around mouths angle

superior sagittal sinus

runs superior and medial to the cerebral hemispheres in upper extent of falx cerebri

levator labii superioris

runs superior to lip, parallel to nose. assists in raising and parting lips origin: near orbit, on maxillae insertion: fascia around upper lip

sigmoid sinus-drains into

s-shaped groove to the jugular foramen from transverse sinus

inferior nasal conchae

same function as superior and middle chonchae of ethmoid.

supraorbital and supratrochlear veins travel with and empty into..

same named arteries and empty into opthalmic veins in the orbit

trigeminal nerve CN V

sensory innervation of face. this nerve is most like a spinal nerve of all the cranial nerves. it has a sensory ganglion analogus to a dorsal root ganglion of a spinal nerve, which is situated on the floor of the cranial cavity- the trigeminal ganglion or the semilunar ganglion. trigeminal is concerned with providing sensory info from the face and motor innervation to muscles of mastication. composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

preoccipital notch

separates temporal and occipital lobes on inferior aspect of brain

longitiduinal fissure

separates the right and left hemispheres

eyelashes/glands of zeis

short thick hairs which line the border of each eyelid. base of hair follicles have glands=called tarsal glands or glands of Zeis- they are sebaceous glands. eyelashes function to protect eyes

eyebrows + their function

similar to hair follicles on scalp, but do not increase in length. hairs themselves are also much more coarse. function may be debated but are most likely a barrier to help prevent perspiration from getting into ones eyes

third ventricle

slit shaped narrow cleft ventricle at the midline of the diencephalon. separates two halves of the thalamus (except for interthalmic adhesion in some cases). boundaries: 1. lateral: thalamus 2. anterior and inferior: optic chiasm 3. posterior: pineal gland

corrugator supercilii

small muscle deep to orbicularis oculi. responsible for angry look, works with procerus muscle. origin: medial part of superciliary arch insertion: fascia and skin of eyebrow

mandibular fossa

socket for mandible, on temporal bone

acronym to remember CN function

some say marry money, but my brother says bad business marry money

diploic veins

some small veins in skull may communicate with these, within the diploe of cranial bones. they communicate with the cranial venous sinuses within the cranium via emissary veins.

CN XI

spinal accessory. motor nerve from the lower medulla to muscles that turn the head.

lacrimal apparatus

structures which manufacture and drain away tears.

dural/meningeal arteries + headaches

supply both meninges and cranial bones. nerves follow meningeal arteries thus when expansion of a vessel or sinus occurs (vasodilation) sensory receptors percieve a headache. a specifically localized headache often involves a meningeal artery, while a headache caused by the pressure at or near the sinuses is often referred to the temple or forehead (area of trigeminal innervation= major innervation of dura)

diencephalon- components

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus. portions of the medial surfaces form the walls of the narrow like the third ventricle, which opens into the large lateral ventricle of each cerebral hemisphere through a interventricular foramen (or foramen of monroe).

superficial temporal veins, posterior auricular veins, and occipital veins all travel together with the same named arteries and flow into...

the external jugular vein of the neck

inion

the highest point of the external occipital protuberance

supraorbital margin

thickening above orbits of frontal bone

denticulate ligaments

thickenings of the pia mater anchoring the spinal cord to the dural sheath and bone

arachnoid mater/layer

thin and web like layer. avascular. anchored by arachnoid trabeculae to pia mater to give support

anterior superior and posterior auricular muscles

three muscle that act to move the ear

midbrain

top part of brainstem. has tectum, corpora quadragemina, cerebral peduncles

CSF: formation

total volume of about 300mL. colorless clear liquid that contains almost no cells and very little protein. similar plasma ultra filtrate but higher ionic concentration. formed through active secretion of by the choroid epithelium of the choroid plexus in the ventricles. slowly over a period of hours the fluid moves through the ventricles and out into the subarachnoid space around the outside of the brain and SC. majority is absorbed in venous sinuses, but some passes caudally and is reabsorbed through granulations into veins near the exit points of spinal nerves. normally form and reabsorb about 80 mL/day

dura mater

toughest, outer layer of meninges.

depressor anguli oris (triangularis)

triangular muscle origin: lower border of mandible insertion: fascia at inferior portion of the angle of the mouth

motor innervation to muscles of mastication

trigeminal nerve CNV

CN V

trigeminal. emerges from the side of the pons as a big nerve with 3 parts. controls all facial sensation and motor information to chewing muscles.

CN IV

trochlear. motor to eye muscle

pyramids of the medulla

two big bundles of motor neurons descending down the ventral surface of the medulla (origin in the motor cortex), many of these fibers cross at the caudal extent of the medulla=decussation of pyramids

language area of parietal lobe

usually focused in one hemisphere-usually left. located behind the post-central gyrus on the inferior portion of the parietal lobe. functions in understanding language

CN X

vagus nerve. parasympathetic outflow direct from the brain through the digestive system.

thickness of the cranium

varies by the region and is different between individuals

platysma

very superficial muscle covering lower face and neck. draws skin around mouth laterally and inferiorly. origin: fascia over deltoid and pectoralis muscle insertion: fascia of lower lateral face

lacrimal bones

very thin, posterior and lateral to nasal bones, smallest bones of the face, thinnest bones of the body, form part of orbital medial wall

lacrimal secretion

water mostly, some salt, some mucous, some lysozyme. cleans, lubricates, and moistens. normally produce about 1mL/day. however, irritation of eyes surface will increase this greatly. may also notice excess tearing if nasolacrimal duct is blocked, like with hayfever.

subarachnoid space

where CSF is found. deep over sulci, shallow over gyri