BIO&160 - CH6 HMWRK Q'S

What two-carbon precursor molecule from carbohydrate metabolism is used to produce fatty acids?

acetyl-CoA

As shown below, an electron carrier, such as __________, acts as an energy-storage molecule when it is __________. The figure shows a chemical equation of respiration. Here, a glucose molecule reacts with six oxygen molecules. The products are six carbon dioxide molecules, six water molecules, and ATP with heat.

NADH ... reduced

Besides sugars and fats, organisms can use other molecules as fuel for cellular respiration. When protein molecules are used, _____ are produced as waste.

amino groups

Each turn of the citric acid cycle generates one ATP and ___ additional energy-rich molecules: __________.

four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

In the equation shown below, during cellular respiration __________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced. The figure shows a chemical equation of respiration. Here, a glucose molecule reacts with six oxygen molecules. The products are six carbon dioxide molecules, six water molecules, and ATP with heat.

glucose ... oxygen

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration.

mitochondria

Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage, even compared to carbohydrates, because __________.

with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons

A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis _____.

by the transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

What molecules belong in space A and B? There is a scheme representing a chemical cycling system. Labels A and B are put one after another at the arrow from trees to an animal. The animal is labeled C. An organelle which is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells and is painted orange is labeled D and put near the animal. Labels E and F are put one after another at the arrow from the animal to the trees and are located in the air and soil. Trees are labeled G. A green double-membrane organelle found in plants is put near the trees is labeled H.

glucose and oxygen

What organelle is indicated by the letter C? There is a scheme representing a chemical cycling system. Labels A and B are put one after another at the arrow from trees to an animal. The animal is labeled C. An organelle which is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells and is painted orange is labeled D and put near the animal. Labels E and F are put one after another at the arrow from the animal to the trees and are located in the air and soil. Trees are labeled G. A green double-membrane organelle found in plants is put near the trees is labeled H.

mitochondrion

What process occurs within Box B? There is a scheme of metabolic processes. Glucose to pyruvate transformation is put in a box labeled A, placed in the cytosol. ATP is a product of this process. From the box A, there is an arrow to a box labeled B. There is a cycle in the box B, which takes place in a mitochondrion. From the box B, electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 are transported to a box labeled C, which also is placed in the mitochondrion. CO2 and ATP are the products of the cycle in the box B. ATP is the product of the process in the box C as well. Electrons carried via NADH flow from the box A to the box C too. There is a molecule labeled D which enters the box C, transforms there and then leaves the box as a molecule E.

the citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because _____.

these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain

Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain?

Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step

What is the ultimate fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration?

They are used to form water

What molecules belong in spaces E and F? There is a scheme representing a chemical cycling system. Labels A and B are put one after another at the arrow from trees to an animal. The animal is labeled C. An organelle which is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells and is painted orange is labeled D and put near the animal. Labels E and F are put one after another at the arrow from the animal to the trees and are located in the air and soil. Trees are labeled G. A green double-membrane organelle found in plants is put near the trees is labeled H.

carbon dioxide and water

A single glucose molecule produces about 38 molecules of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. However, this only represents approximately 34% of the chemical energy present in this molecule. The rest of the energy from glucose is __________.

converted to heat

Cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is _____.

found in NADH and FADH2

What process occurs in Box A? There is a scheme of metabolic processes. Glucose to pyruvate transformation is put in a box labeled A, placed in the cytosol. ATP is a product of this process. From the box A, there is an arrow to a box labeled B. There is a cycle in the box B, which takes place in a mitochondrion. From the box B, electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 are transported to a box labeled C, which also is placed in the mitochondrion. CO2 and ATP are the products of the cycle in the box B. ATP is the product of the process in the box C as well. Electrons carried via NADH flow from the box A to the box C too. There is a molecule labeled D which enters the box C, transforms there and then leaves the box as a molecule E.

glycolysis

When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to __________.

kinetic energy and heat

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center want to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles begin to function anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of _____.

lactic acid

Recent data suggests that heat-generating brown fat is most active in __________.

lean people exposed to cold temperatures

A molecule is oxidized when it __________.

loses an electron

What molecule is indicated by the letter D? There is a scheme of metabolic processes. Glucose to pyruvate transformation is put in a box labeled A, placed in the cytosol. ATP is a product of this process. From the box A, there is an arrow to a box labeled B. There is a cycle in the box B, which takes place in a mitochondrion. From the box B, electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 are transported to a box labeled C, which also is placed in the mitochondrion. CO2 and ATP are the products of the cycle in the box B. ATP is the product of the process in the box C as well. Electrons carried via NADH flow from the box A to the box C too. There is a molecule labeled D which enters the box C, transforms there and then leaves the box as a molecule E.

oxygen

What process occurs in structure H? There is a scheme representing a chemical cycling system. Labels A and B are put one after another at the arrow from trees to an animal. The animal is labeled C. An organelle which is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells and is painted orange is labeled D and put near the animal. Labels E and F are put one after another at the arrow from the animal to the trees and are located in the air and soil. Trees are labeled G. A green double-membrane organelle found in plants is put near the trees is labeled H.

photosynthesis

A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to __________.

recycle NADH through fermentation