BIOB 160 Final Exam
When glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, total energy, and entropy are as follows:
+delta G, + delta H, - delta S
In pea plants, the tall phenotype is dominant to the dwarf phenotype. If a heterozygous pea plant is crossed with a homozygous tall pea plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be dwarf in size?
0
Glycosidic links can be formed between carbon atoms
1-6
Albinism is a recessive trait. A man and woman who both have normal pigmentation have one child out of three who has albinism (without melanin pigmentation). What are the genotypes of this child's parents?
1/4
How many molecules of carbon dioxide would be produced by 5 turns of the citric acid cycle?
10
In a diploid cell with 5 chromosome pairs (2n=10), how many centromere will be found in a nucleus at G2 of the cell division cycle?
10
Cinnabar eye color is a sex-linked, recessive characteristic in fruit flies. If a female having cinnabar eyes is crossed with a wild-type male, what percentage of the F1 males will have cinnabar eyes?
100%
When Mendel crosses yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants, all the offspring were yellow-seeded. When he took these F1 yellow-seeded plants and crossed them to green-seeded plants, what genotypic ratio was expected?
1:1
If there are 40 centromeres in a cell at anaphase of mitosis, how many chromosome will be found in each daughter cell following cytokinesis?
20
In a diploid cell with 5 chromosome pairs (2n=10), how many sister chromatids will be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis?
20
In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome. Males are ZZ and females are ZW. A recessive lethal allele that causes death of the embryo is sometimes present on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male that is heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female?
2:1 male to female
If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I will be
2x
Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. If 1,000 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have red, terminal flowers?
3/16
How many grams of the molecule C2H4O2 would be required to make 1L of a 0.5M solution of the molecule?
30
How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete it's valence shell?
4
At what temperature is water at it's denest?
4C
At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: 3' CCTAGGC_TGCAATCC 5'. An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T of the template. Which of the following represent the primer sequence?
5' ACGUUAGG 3'
Which of the following sequences is most likely to be cut by a restriction enzyme?
5'- AATATT -3' 3' - TTATAA -5'
Use this model of a eukaryotic transcription to answer the following question. E = exon and I = intron 5'-UTR E1 I1 E2 E3 I3 E4 UTR3' Which compenents of the previous molecule will also be found in mRNA in the cytosol?
5'-UTR E1 E2 E3 E4 UTR-3'
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?
8
Which of the following processes occus in eukaryotic gene expression?
A cap is added tothe 5' end of the mRNA
Cells do not catabolize carbon dioxide because
CO2 is already completely oxidized
What are the nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type?
Cytosine and uracil
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of which of the following macromolecules?
DNA and protein
Suppose you are provided with an actively dividing culture of E. coli bacteria to which radioactive thymine has been added. What would happen if a cell replicates once in the presence of this radioactive base?
DNA in both daigher cells would be radioactive
In E. Coli, which enzymes catalyze the elongation of a new DNA strand in the 5'-3' direction?
DNA polymerase III
Why does a new DNA strand elongate only in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA synthesis?
DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the free 3' end
Which of the following preclude lists the processes in order for one cycle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Denature DNA: anneal primers: extend primers
Most likely to coupled to the reaction ATP + H2O -- ADP +Pi, delta G=-7.3
E+P,-- EP delta G=5
What organelle is NOT a common destination for small vesicles that bud off the Golgi aparatus?
ER
What best describes chemical equilibrium?
Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products.
Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms per nucleus. In which stage of the cell cycle did the nucleus contain 6 picograms of DNA?
G2
Gray seed color in peas is dominant to white. Assume that Mendel conducted a series of experiments where plants with gray seeds were crossed among themselves, and the following progeny were produced: 302 gray and 98 white. What is the most probable genotype of each parent?
Gg x Gg
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?
HT
Why does ice float in liquid water?
Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.
Which of the following statements best describes the significance of the TATA box in the promoters of eukaryotes?
Is is the recognition site for the binding of a specific transcription factor
Which of the following characteristics of Taq polymerase make it useful in the PCR process?
It is heat stable and can withstand the heating step of PCR
What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
It joins Okazaki fragments together
Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
The final step in a Sanger DNA sequencing reaction is to run the DNA fragments on a gel. What purpose does this serve?
It separates DNA fragments generated during the sequencing reaction based on one-nucleotide differences in their size.
During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?
Molecular oxygen
False about NAD+
NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH
What describes NAD+
NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.
In E. coli, there is a mutation in a gene called dnaB that alters the helicase the normally acts at the origin of replication. Which of the following events would you expect to occur as a result of this mutation?
No replication fork will be formed
What produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
Oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
What types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids and proteins
Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of which of the following processes?
Plasmid and bacterial cell reproduction
One possible use of transgenic plants is in the production of human proteins, such as vaccines. Which of the following is a possible hindrance that must be overcome in order for this process to wirk properly?
Prevention of transmission of plant allergens to the vaccine recipients
Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?
RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript.
What information is critical to the success of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) itself?
The DNA sequence off the ends of the DNA to be amplified must be known
Induced fit hypothesis
The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between the leading and the lagging strands of DNA during DNA replication?
The leading strand is synthesiZed in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction
In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a sukaryotic cell after she has removed its 5' cap and poly-A tail. Which of the following processes would you expect her to fine to have occurred?
The molecule is digested by enzymes because it is not protected at the 5' end
Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between ATP and the nucleotides used during DNA synthesis?
The nucleotides have the sugar deoxyribose; ATP has the sugar ribose
What is true about anabolic pathways?
They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of geneticallyh enginerred plants?
They include transgenic rice plants that can grow in water and more salty than seawater
In E. Coli, what is the function of DNA polymerase III?
To add nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand
In E. coli, to repair a thymine domed by nucleotide excision repair, in which order do the necessary enzyme act?
Uncleared, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
What best describes a carbonyl group?
a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond
What is the most important for ehe glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membrane?
a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another
What is not considered to be a weak molecular interaction?
a covalent bond
The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?
a hydrogen bond
What does not contain a functional ribosome?
a nucleolus
What contains function ribosomes
a plant mitochondrion, an animal mitochondrion, a prokaryotic cell, a chloroplast
What would there be the greatest need for osmoregulation?
a solution moving form a river into an ocean
A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is
a sperm
Water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the
absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water
Require energy from ATP hydrolysis
active transport, Na+ ions moving out of the cell, proton pumps, translation of potassium into a cell
Functions of integral membrane protins
active transport, hormone reception, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton attachment
How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
add a catalyst
Metaphase is characterized by
alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell
Mendel's law of independent assortment has it's basis in which of the following event of meiosis I?
alignment of pairs of homologous chromosomes along the middle of the cell
Which of the following individuals will inherit an X-linked allele from a man who carries it?
all of his daughter
Which of the following statements correctly explains the fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment?
all the the genes controlling the traits behaves as if they were on different chromosomes
Molecules that can potentially be converted to intermediates of glycolysis and/or the citric acid cycle include
amino acids and proteins, glycerol and fatty acids, glucose and sucrose, starch and glycogen
What is most structurally similar to ATP
an amino acid with 3 phosphate groups attached
Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that
an electron may move to an electron shell farther out form the nucleus
What is not part of a prokaryotic cell?
an endoplasmic reticulum
The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires
an energy source such as ATP or a proton gradient
What correctly describes the normal toxicity conditions for typical plant and animal cell? The animal cell is in
an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution
Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division?
anaphase I of meiosis
the two strands making up the DNA double helix molecule
are held together by hydrogen bonds
The side effects of Ritalin may be caused by contamination of enantiomers or molecules that
are mirror images of one another
Glucose and fructose structures differ in that
arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Common structural features of an animal secretory cell and a photosynthetic plant cell?
both cells have chloroplasts
How does a non-competitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?
by changing the structure of the enzyem
What is a second messenger
cAMP, calcium ion, DAG, IP3
A molecule with the chemical formula C16H32O16 is probably a..
carbohydrate
What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
What property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different elements that any other type of atom?
carbon has a valance of 4
Which functional groups can act as a acids?
carboxyl and phosphate
the lowest level of biological organization that can perform all the activities required for life
cells
Four emergent properties of water
cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temp, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent
Hydrocarbons
contain only hydrogen and carbon
The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA
contains one less oxygen atom
ATP generally energizes a cellular process by
coupling free energy released by ATP hydrolysis to free energy needed by other reactions
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the
creation of a protein gradient
What is the term used for a change in a proteins 3-dimensional shape or conformation die to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges or ionic bonds?
denaturation
Isotopes of a given element
differ in a number of neutrons and some of them are radioactive
Structural isomers are molecules that
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by
dimerization and phosphorylation
During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate form each other?
during both mitosis and meiosis II
Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16?
each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes
What is true about hydrogen bonds in water?
each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with 4 other molecules, hydrogen bonds among water molecules are shart-lived
The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals
enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temp drops
A chemical reaction that has a postitive delta G is correctly described as
endogonic
Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the
entropy in the universe
Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following?
environmental factors such as soil pH affect the phenotype
The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is most precisely described as
feedback inhibitors
What are some polysaccharides?
glycogen, starch, chitin,
Metabolic degradation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water
has a free energy change fo -686, is exergonic, involves oxidation-reduction
Desert rabbits are adapted to the warm climate because their large ears aid in the removal of heat due to the
high heat of vaporization of water
Which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?
homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other
The gasoline consumed by an automobile is a fossil fuel consisting mostly of
hydocarbons
what type of interaction stabilizes the alpha helix and the beta pleaded sheet structures of proteins?
hydrogen bonds
paracrine signaling
includes secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extracellular fluid
What is true about enzymes?
increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy barriers
Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructos-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-biphosphate. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to...
inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the route of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
The active site of an enzyme is the region that
is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme
When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?
is is lost to the enviroment
Diffusion
it is the passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
A particular organism has 46 chromosomes in it's karyotype. Which of the following is correct regarding this organism?
it produces gametes with 23 chromosomes
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as it's predominant function group. What is true about this compound
it should dissolve in water
What would be true for the signaling system in an animal a cell that lacks the ability to produce GTP?
it would not be able to activate and inactive the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscope is that
light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells
Molecules that are part of the cell membrane
lipids, proteins, phosphate groups, steriods
If animal cells hydrolytic enzymes are packages to prevent general destruction of cellular components, what organell function in this compartmentalization?
lysosome
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
making of water
Why are makes more often affected by sex-linked traits than femals?
males are homozygous for the X chromosome
The two homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of dividing cell during
meiosis I
Parts of the cytoskeleton
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, actin
Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrial inter-membrane space
Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes?
mitosis
Atomic nucleus is
much smaller than it's shell
When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form...
non-polar covalent bonds
What occurs in the cytosol of the cell?
none of the above
G1 is associated with which of the following cellular events?
normal growth and cell function
Which curve was most likely generated from an enzyme that requires a cofactor?
not possible to determine
If an enzyme is added to a solution where it's substrates and products are in equilibrium, what would occur?
nothing; the reaction would stay at equilibrium
Nucleotides are to____ as _______ are to proteins
nucleic acids; amino acids
How do isotopes of the same element differ form each other?
number of neutrons
Mendel continued some of his experiments into the F2 or F3 generation to _____.
observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear
Why did all of the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties?
one allele was dominant
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a serious condition caused by a recessive allele of a gene on the human X chromosome. How likely is it for a woman to have this conition?
one-half of the daughter of an affected father and a carrier mother could have this condition
A covalent chemical bond is one in which
outer-shell electrons of one atom are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms
CO2 is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl, CoA and the citric acid cycle
What would be the pH of a solution with a [OH-] concentration of 10^-12M?
pH 2
The membrane activity most nearly opposite to exocytosis is
phagocytosis
Adenylyl cylase has the opposite effect of what?
phosphodiesterase
If 128 molecules of the general type shown in the figure below were covalently joined together in sequence, the single molecule that would result would be a
polysaccharide
What is NOT true about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic cells contain small membrane-bound organelles
An inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity would have which of the following effects?
prolong the effect of epinephrine by maintaining elevated cAMPm levels in the cytoplasm
Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to specific amino acids in proteins are
receptor tyrosine-rinases
When a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom, the molecule becomes
reduced
Hydrogen bonds______ energy when formed and _______ energy when breaking
release; absorbed
Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?
replication of the DNA
Which of the following events occurs during interphase of the cell cycle?
replication of the DNA
What are the properties or processes do we associate with living things?
responding to the environment, energy processing, growth and reproduction, revolutionary adaptations
What is the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system?
rough ER- vesicles- Golgi-plasma membrane
A primary objective of cell fractionation is to
separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined.
The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because of different
side chains
Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that
sister chromatids separate during anaphase
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
small and hydrophobic
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
substrate-level phosphorylation
What is the main source of energy for producers such as plants and other photosynthetic organisms?
sunlight or solar light
Bound ribosomes
synthesis proteins and secretory proteins
An example of a hydrogen bond is the bond between
the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule
many mammals control their body temp by sweating. which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temp
the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds
A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decompose to form a solution of simple sugars becasue
the activation energy barrie for this reaction cannot be surmounted
According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is correct?
the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzymes active site
What will happen to a RBC, which has an internal concentration of about 0.9% if it is placed into a beaker of pure water?
the cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC
How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I?
the cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA
Which of the following statements regarding gene linkage is correct?
the closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them
Which of the following statements defines a genome?
the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is
the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mito membrane
When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red-and -white -eyed flies. Remarkable, all the white eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result?
the gene involved is located on the X chromosome
If an enzyme has been inhibited noncompetitively,
the inhibitor molecule may be chemically unrelated to the substrate
What is true for all exergonic reaction?
the reaction proceeds with a net release of free-energy
What is true about a system at chemical equilibrium?
the system can do no work
What does a recombination frequency of 50% indicate?
the two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes
Catabolic pathways
they are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to which they supply energy in the form of ATP
According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids?
they can move laterally along the plane of the membrane
What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?
traits are inherited in discrete units and are not the result of "blending"
Which of the following statements correctly describes how Mendel accounted for the observation the traits had disappeared in the F1 generation and then reappeared in the F2 generation?
traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were "hidden" by the dominant ones in the F1
Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm?
two
The tertiary structure pf a protein is the
unique 3D shape of the fully folded polypeptide
What is true about osmosis?
water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to higher
When does a hydronium ion form?
when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion from another water molecule
If we continue to follow the cell lineage from question 4, then the DNA content of a single cell of metaphase of meiosis II will be
x
