Mastering A&P chapter 4

What is the purpose of the fasciae in the body?

All of the listed responses are correct

Anne Marie has a condition called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that affects the connective tissue found in her joints and skin. What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

All types of connective tissue have specialized cells embedded in a matrix composed of extracellular fibers and ground substance.

What statement about tissues is correct?

An organ combines several different tissues

Which surface attaches to the underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues?

Basal

Where is the tissue level of organization?

Between cells and organs

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

Cardiac

Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ______ that blocks the growth of blood vessels.

Chondrocytes

What is the only type of cell found in cartilage matrix?

Chondrocytes

What basic tissue type is responsible for structural support of other tissues and also stores energy?

Connective

What are the different types of connective tissue?

Connective tissue can be divided into three main types: connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.

Which of the four basic tissue types form coverings or linings of organs?

Epithelial tissue

In exfoliative cytology, epithelial cells are removed and examined without any lasting damage to the tissue from which these cells are removed. Why is there usually NO lasting damage?

Epithelial tissue is capable of regeneration.

Because connective tissue is found throughout the body, more than just Anne Marie's joints and skin could be affected by Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. What is fascia and where is it found?

Fasciae are layers of connective tissue that surround and support organs.

It has been shown that as a person ages, the amount of collagen in the skin decreases and becomes more disorganized. Of the choices below, which is the best explanation for why this happens?

Fibroblasts become less active as we age.

The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.

Hyaline

What cell is activated during an injury to connective tissue that stimulates the inflammatory response?

Mast cell

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome specifically affects collagen fibers. What other types of fibers in addition to collagen are found in connective tissue?

Reticular and elastic fibers are also found in connective tissues.

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Which of the three muscle types has multiple nuclei?

Skeletal

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) recieves signals from other cells and is also main metabolic region of the neuron?

Soma

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

Stratified squamous epithelium

A patient goes to his doctor because he has noticed a pain and a rubbing sound when he breathes. The patient has also noticed that his abdomen has gotten bigger, but he eats a healthy diet. What is most likely the cause of the patient's condition?

The serous membranes are inflamed and scratching against one another, resulting gin pleurisy.

Which of the following is NOT a property of neuroglia?

They conduct electrical impulses.

A group of cells working together to perform a particular function is called a(n) __________.

Tissue

inflammation is

a process that clears damaged cells and dangerous microorganisms from an injury

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

absorption and secretion

Cells that store fat are called

adipocytes

An epithelial cell can be divided into two functional regions. They are the ________ and the basal surface.

apical

The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.

apocrine

Which type of secretion involves the loss of apical cytoplasm?

apocrine

Which of these carries information from the neural cell body to the next cell?

axons

Most of the nervous tissue of the body is in the

brain and spinal cord

Which blood vessels have porous walls that allow water and small solutes to seep through?

capillaries

Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of ________ tissue.

cardiac muscle

Chondroitin surface is abundant in the matrix of

cartilage

To celebrate her 50th birthday, Anna got her ear pierced in the elastic cartilage portion (pinna). The piercing specialist informed her that it will take at least 6 weeks to heal. This is because __________.

cartilage is avascular, so healing takes longer

The majority of cancers are caused by

chemical exposure or other environmental factors.

During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is the LEAST likely in the region of the injury? increase in blood flow swelling increase in histamine increase in basophils cold, pale skin

cold, pale skin

Identify the connective tissue fiber at the end of the arrow that resists pulling and stretching forces in one direction.

collagen

The dominant type of extracellular protein fiber in dense connective tissue is

collagen

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

collagen, reticular, and elastic

Which type of compound gland, shown at the end of the arrow, is found in salivary glands?

compound tubuloalveolar

Blood is which type of tissue?

connective

Epithelial tissue is always attached to which other major tissue type

connective tissue

Which structure typically receives information from other neurons?

dendrite

Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called

desmosomes

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?

desmosomes

The auricle or outer ear contains

elastic cartilage

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are _________ glands.

endocrine

The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ________ tissue.

epithelial

Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of

epithelium

what type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood

erythrocyte

Exfoliative cytology involves the removal of epithelial cells for examination. Which of the following is NOT a clinical application of exfoliative cytology?

examination of cardiac muscle cells after a heart attack

The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes

exfoliative cytology

An example of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium would be

exposed skin

When Rachel was 10, she had a mini-bike accident resulting in severe road rash on her right calf. This injury eventually healed, but resulted in permanent __________.

fibrous

You are observing a type of connective tissue that contains a variety of cells in a watery matrix. Based on these observations, what category of connective tissue are you looking at?

fluid connective tissue

The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the

gap junction

what junction is required for cell-to-cell communication?

gap junction

The viscous component of connective tissue matrix is called

ground substance

Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are ________ glands

holocrine

Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?

hyaline cartilage

The body's first tissue response to any injury is

inflammation

Mast cells, in the process of stimulating an inflammatory response, secrete all EXCEPT which of the following? interleukin-1 histamine heparin prostaglandins

interleukin-1

The color distinction between white fat and brown fat exists because brown fat

is highly vascular

Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or

leukocytes

Transitional epithelium is found

lining the urinary bladder

Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is called

lymph

Which tissue is correctly paired with its category of connective tissue?

lymph fluid connective tissue

Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are

macrophages

In areolar connective tissue, ________ cells release histamine to stimulate inflammation.

mast

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as

matrix

Which cell, at the end of the arrow, is present in many connective tissues and can differentiate into different types of cells?

mesenchymal

Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption usually have ________ at their free surface.

microvilli

Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?

mucous

Wharton's jelly is a form of

mucous connective tissue

The body's longest cells are

neurons

The function _______ is to propagate electrical signals from one place to another.

neurons

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the

peritoneum

The watery fluid component of blood is called

plasma

Antibodies are produced by

plasma cells

The serous membrane covering the lungs is the

pleura

A marked loss in strength and elasticity of connective tissue characterizes Marfan's syndrome. Which connective tissue component imparts strength and elasticity?

proteinaceous connective tissue fibers

The internal framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.

reticular tissue

Gland cells produce

secretions

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of

serous membranes

What tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach?

simple columnar epithelium

The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as

simple squamous

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium

Myosatellite cells are found in association with ________ muscle.

skeletal

Voluntary movements are carried out by the contraction of

skeletal muscle

The muscle tissue that shows no striations is _______ muscle.

smooth

The muscle found in the walls of most hollow organs of the body is

smooth muscle.

The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the

superficial fascia

Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance, with a wide variety of cell types. This tissue would most likely have come from the

superficial fascia between skin and muscle

What is the cause of the striated appearance of skeletal and cardiac muscle?

the repeating arrangement of the contractile proteins, actin and myosin

The __________ stops materials from moving between cells across an epithelium.

tight junction

You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the

trachea

What type of epithelial tissue is specialized to stretch repeatedly without damage?

transitional epithelium

Which formed element of the blood contains a nucleus?

white blood cells