Biochemistry 3050 Exam 4
How do you know something has been reduced?
It becomes more negative
How do you know something has been oxidized?
It becomes more positive
D-Ribose and L-Ribose are examples of what?
Enantiomers
What are flavoproteins?
Contain bound flavin nucleotides (FAD/FMN)
What is therogenin?
"Brown fat" activated by fatty acids of adipose cells in babies to generate heat
1 FADH2 = ___ ATP
1.5
Complex I generated how many protons?
10
How many protons accumulate in the intermembrane of brain and muscles?
104
how many protons accumulate in the intermembrane of liver?
112
How many FADH2 does Kreb's generate?
2
How many NADH does glycolysis generate?
2
1 NADH = ___ ATP
2.5
How many FADH2 is generated for ETC?
2FADH2 from Kreb's
How many protons are used to make 1 ATP?
4 Three for ATP synthase and 1 to bring phosphate
How many ATP is generated by SLP?
4 ATP 2 from glycolysis 2 from kreb's
How toxic is cyanide toxicity per individual?
50-200 mg
Complex II generated how many protons?
6
How much CO2 is generated?
6 CO2 2 from glycolysis 4 from Kreb's
How many NADH does Kreb's generate?
8
How many NADH is generated for ETC?
8 NADH 2 from glycolysis 6 from Kreb's
What is amytal?
A barbiturate drug that blocks electron transport from NADH to Ubiquinone at the same point as the insecticide rotenone
What are allosteric regulation inhibitors?
ATP Acetyl CoA NADH
What are the negative regulators for pyruvate kinase?
ATP AcetylCoA
What are the negative regulators for phosphofructokinase1?
ATP Citrate
What are the negative regulators for pyruvate dehydrogenase?
ATP NADH
What are the negative regulators of isocitrate dehydrogenase?
ATP NADH
What are the negative regulators of citrate synthetase?
ATP NADH Citrate Succinyl CoA
What is ubuiquinone?
A lipophilic molecule
What are the positive regulators for pyruvate kinase?
ADP
What are the positive regulators of phosphofructokinase1?
ADP AMP
What are the positive regulators for pyruvate dehydrogenase?
ADP AMP NAD+
What are the positive regulators for isocitrate dehydrogenase?
ADP NAD+
What are the positive regulators for citrate synthetase?
ADP NADH+ AcetylCoA
What are allosteric regulation activators?
AMP CoASH NAD+
The beta subunit is responsible for what?
ATP synthesis
Citric acid cycle is what kind of respiration?
Aerobic
Reduction of sugars result in what?
Alditols
How do you prevent lectin poisoning?
Cooking in high heat or moist heat Soaking seeds for at least one hour
What does lactic acid fermentation do?
Allows regeneration of NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue producing some ATP
What kind of linkage does sucrose have?
Alpha (1,2) linkage
What is the linkage between the sugars in glyogen?
Alpha (1,4) glucose linkage
What kind of linkage is between the sugars in starch?
Alpha (1,4) glucose linkage
What kind of linkage is maltose?
Alpha (1,4) linkage
What kind of linkage is between the branched sugars in starch?
Alpha (1,6) glucose linkage
Sucrose's linkage may also be known as what?
Alpha beta (1,2) linkage
What is amytal also known as?
Amobarbitol
What enzyme digests alpha glucoses?
Amyolase
What happens in Complex III?
Cytochrome b/c1 complex Transfers electrons from reduced ubiquinone to oxidized cytochrome C
What happens in Complex IV?
Cytochrome c oxidase Transfers electrons from reduced cytochrome C to oxygen to produce H2O
Alcoholic fermentation is what kind of respiration?
Anaerobic
Homolactic fermentation is what kind of respiration?
Anaerobic
Where is glycogen obtained from?
Animals
Antimycin is used as what?
Antibiotic for fungi
What is gramicidin?
Antibiotic produced by B. breva used to treat local infections of gram positive bacteria
What reaction generates NAD+ in the cytosol?
Aspartate --> Oxaloacetate --> Malate
What happens to the sugar during reduction?
CHO --> CH2OH
What is the main component of F one?
Beta
What kind of linkage does chitin and peptidoglycan have?
Beta
What kind of linkage does lactose have?
Beta (1,4) linkage
What kind of linkages connect the sugars in cellulose?
Beta (1,4) linkage
What linkage does cellobiose have?
Beta (1,4) linkage
How does aldaric acid form?
CHO and CH2OH turns into COOH
What is rotenone?
Board spectrum insecticide produced by some leguminous plants
Where is the NHCOCH3 modification on peptidoglycan?
Bottom
How does uronic acid form?
Bottom CH2OH turns into COOH
Where does the glycerol phosphate shuttle take place?
Brain and muscles
What is amylopectin?
Branched form of starch
What goes through catabolic pathways?
Carbohydrate Fat Protein
What proteins are involved in Complex III and IV only?
Cytochromes
What are uncouplers?
Hydrophobic compounds with dissociable proton CARRY protons back across the membrane
Where is Ricin found?
Castor seeds
What is the chemiostatic theory?
Chemical reactions of ATP synthesis could be coupled to osmotic gradients
What is another name for ubiquinone?
Coenzyme Q
What is sucrose?
Common table sugar Cane or beet
What are the 4 components of ETC?
Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV
What is the reaction for DHAP reductase?
DHAP --> Glycerol-3-phosphate
How does pyruvate kinase regulate glycolysis?
Direct covalent modification. Gets phosphorylated and is less active
What is the ring order of glucose?
Down Up Down
What is the ring order of galactose?
Down up up
What is cellobiose?
Degradation of product of cellulose
What does Ricin do?
Destroys the glycosidic bond between sugar and nitrogen base in rRNA, prevents eukaryotic translation
What is glucose originally called?
Dextrose
How does mannose differ from glucose?
Diastereomer C2
D-Ribose and D-arabinose are examples of what?
Diastereomers
What are epimers?
Diastereomers that differ at a single chiral carbon
What are ionophores?
Hydrophobic molecules that insert into membranes to form CHANNELS that allow the free passage of cations back across membranes
How does galactose differ from glucose?
Epimer C4
D-glucose and D-galactose are examples of what?
Epimers
D-glucose and D-mannose are examples of what?
Epimers
What does alcohol fermentation do?
Ethanol consumption stimulates NADH synthesis in the liver and excess will inhibit glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation
What are the components of ATP synthase?
F zero and F one
Antimycin is known as a what?
Fishicide
What is the ring order of fructose?
Five membered with two CH2OH
What proteins are involved in Complex I and II only?
Flavoproteins Fe-S proteins
What sugars make up lactose?
Galactose to glucose
The rotor moves which subunit?
Gamma
What sugars make up sucrose?
Glucose to fructose
How does glucokinase regulate glycolysis?
Glucose will be sent to the liver and glucokinase will break it down to either glycogen or lipogenesis
What enzymes are part of the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase DHAP Reductase
What is the reaction of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase?
Glycerol-3-phosphate-->DHAP
Each parallel strand in cellulose is joined by what?
Hydrogen bonds
What goes through anabolic pathways?
Glycogen/Starch Synthesis of RNA/DNA Phosphlipids Fats Amino acid synthesis
What is special about fructose?
Has a ketone group so it forms a five member ring
What are cytochromes?
Heme proteins - contain single Fe atoms bound to heme. Have a higher reduction potential except oxygen
High reduction potential means what?
High affinity for electrons Not likely to be oxidized Likely to be reduced Good oxidizing agent
What does rotenone do?
Inhibits respiratory e transport
Where is F zero?
Inner membrane
What is maltose's role in starch hydrolysis?
Intermediate product
Gramicidin is an example of what?
Ionophore
What is the linear order of fructose?
Ketone Left Right Right
What is Vitamin C?
Lactone that protects cells from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
Oxidation of sugars result in what?
Lactones
Where is sucrose found?
Leaves and stems of plants
What is the linear order of mannose?
Left Left Right Right
What happens with alternate oxidases?
Little ATP prduced, much heat loss Fragrances are volatilized, insect pollinators are attached Regeneration of oxidized nucleotide Aerobic respiration continues
What produced rotenone?
Lonchocarpus -- derris root
What reaction generates NADH for complex I in the matrix?
Malate --> Oxaloacetate --> Aspartate
What enzymes go through anapleurotic reactions?
Malate dehydrogenase
What is maltose?
Malt sugar
What is the Jonestown Massacre?
Man used cyanide toxicity to kill his cult
Where is F one?
Matrix
What is the structure of glycogen?
Multiple branches
What does DHAP reductase generate?
NAD+
What are the negative regulators of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
NADH SuccinylCoA
What happens with Complex I?
NADH Dehydrogenase Accepts NADH Transfers electrons from NADH to oxidized ubiquinone
What is sodium azide chemically?
Na-N=N=N
What are Fe-S proteins?
Non-heme proteins; contain 2-4 Fe atoms bound to protein via cysteine residues
What are diastereomers?
Non-mirror image isomers
What is an enantiomer?
Non-superimposable mirror image
Does cellobiose exist in nature?
Not freely
Where is cellobiose found?
Tree bark
Between F zero and F one, which one can function independently?
One
Where does the aspartate-malate shuttle take place?
liver
How is a lactone produced?
When carbonyl groups of aldonic or uronic acids react with an OH group on the same molecule
What kind of enzyme is glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase?
Oxioreductase
Is sucrose a non-reducing sugar?
Yes
Who proposed the chemiostatic theory?
Peter Mitchell in 1961
What causes lectin poisoning?
Plants and insects put out proteins connected to their cell membranes that bind to carbohydrates
What three things can regulate glycolysis?
Pryuvate kinase Inhibitors/Activators Glucokinase
The alpha subunit is responsible for what?
Regulatory
What is the structure of starch?
Repeating units of alpha glucose
What sugars make up glycogen?
Repeating units of alpha glucose
What sugars make up cellulose?
Repeating units of beta glucose
What is Ricin also known as?
Ribosome inactivating protein (RIP)
What is the linear order of galactose?
Right Left Left Right
What is the OH order of linear glucose?
Right Left Right Right
What are the inhibitors of ETC?
Rotenone Amytal Antimycin Sodium Azide Cyanide Toxicity
What are the inhibitors of ETC?
Rotenone Amytal Antimycin Sodium Azide Cyanide toxicity
What is a stereoisomer?
Same atoms, same chemical formula, different structure
Amytal is sometimes used as a what?
Sedative
How does antimycin work?
Stops respiratory e transport between Cyt B and C
What is amylose?
Straight form of starch
What is the function of peptidoglycan?
Structural support in bacterial cell walls
What is the function of cellulose?
Structural support in cell walls and plants
What happens with Complex II?
Succinate DH complex Transfers electrons from succinate (via bound FADH2) to oxidized ubiquinone
What is an alditol?
Sugar alcohols produced by the reduction of aldehyde and ketone groups of monosaccharides
What is galactose used for?
Synthesis of biomolecules and communication
What is ADP/ATP translocator?
uses antiport to drive ADP uptake and exchange for ATP
Where is the NHCOCH3 modification on chitin?
Top
How does an aldonic acid form?
Top CHO turns into COOH
What is dinitrophenol?
Toxic phenol used as insecticide
What protein is involved in all four complexes?
Ubiquinone
Dinitrophenol is an example of what?
Uncoupler
What is the ring order of mannose?
Up Up Down
What is the function of chitin?
Used for structural support in the cell walls of fungi and the external skeletons of insects and crustaceans
What is phosphate translocator?
Uses protein gradient to drive ATP synthase and grab phosphate
The azide in sodium azide is how reactive?
Very reactive, especially in light
What sugars make up cellobiose?
glucose to glucose
What sugars make up maltose?
glucose to gluocose
What is lactose?
milk sugar