Biochemistry, Water, Carbon

Carboxyl

1 Carbon double bonded to 1 oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxide

Methyl

1 Carbon, 3 hydrogens Nonpolar

Amino

1 Nitrogen, 2 Hydrogens

Hydroxyl

1 Oxygen, 1 Hydrogen Polar

Sulfhydryl

1 Sulfur, 1 Hydrogen

Carbonyl

1 carbon double bonded to 1 oxygen

Phosphate

1 phosphorus double bonded to one oxygen, single bonded to 3 Oxygens

How many orbitals does principal shell 1n have and how many electrons can it hold?

A single s subshell and it can hold a total of two electrons

How is the periodic table organized?

According to their atomic number. They are arranged in a series or rows and columns based on shared chemical and physical properties.

What is the other name of hydrocarbon chains?

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Which biological processes follow the laws of physics and chemistry?

All of them

Where are functional groups founds?

Along the carbon backbone

Electrons contribute greatly to what?

An atom's charge

Electrons do not contribute much to what?

An element's overall atomic mass

Saturated fats usually come from where?

Animals

How do we use hydrocarbons in our daily lives?

As fuels

How can hydrocarbons exist?

As linear carbon chains, carbon rings, or combinations of both

What is an isotope?

Atoms that vary only in the number of neutrons they possess

Which of the following statements is true? A. Acids and bases cannot mix together. B. Acids and bases will neutralize each other. C. Acids, but not bases, can change the pH of a solution. D. Acids donate hydroxide ions (OH-); bases donate hydrogen ions (H+).

B

A molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions in a solution is called an?

Base

Why can ions and polar molecules dissolve in water?

Because water is polar with slightly positive and slightly negative charge

cis configuration

Bent

How do buffers help prevent drastic swings in pH?

Buffers absorb the free hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions that result from chemical reactions. Because they can bond these ions, they prevent increases or decreases in pH.

How can organisms whose bodies require a near-neutral pH ingest acidic and basic substances and survive?

Buffers are the key. Buffers readily absorb excess H+ or OH- keeping the pH of the body carefully maintained in the narrow range required for survival.

How are energy levels in the Bohr model designated?

By a number and symbol n.

How are hydrocarbon chains formed?

By successive bonds between carbons that can be branched or unbranched

How is the geometry of the methane molecule determined?

By the shape of its electron orbitals

A molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions in a solution is called a(n) ________. A. acid B. isotope C. base D. donator

C

Which of the following statements is false? A. Molecules with the formulas CH3CH2COOH and C3H6O2 could be structural isomers. B. Molecules must have a double bond to be cis-trans isomers. C.To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least three different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon. D. To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least four different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon.

C

What is the fundamental component for all macromolecules?

Carbon

What are the four elements common to all living organisms?

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

What property of carbon makes it essential for organic life?

Carbon is found in all living things because it can form up to four covalent bonds between atoms or molecules. These can be nonpolar or polar covalent bonds, and they allow for the formation of long chains of carbon molecules that combine to form proteins and DNA.

What property of carbon makeS it essential for organic life?

Carbon is unique and found in all living things because it can from up to four covalent bonds between atoms or molecules. These can be nonpolar or polar covalent bonds and they allow for the formation of long chains of carbon molecules that combine to form proteins and DNA.

As the backbone of living things, Hydrocarbons may exist as?

Carbon rings, linear chains of carbons or combination of both

What are the most abundant elements in living organisms?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus

What kind of molecules are covalent bonds commonly found in?

Carbon-based organic molecules such as DNA and proteins

D forms enantiomers of amino acids are found where?

Cell wall of bacteria

What is a radioisotope?

Chemical elements whose nuclei are unstable and dissipate excess energy by emitting radiation in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays

Who devised the periodic table? When?

Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869

What is the shape of the p subshell's orbitals?

Dumbbells

What is a polar covalent bond?

Electrons that are unequally shared by the atoms and are attracted more to one nucleus than the other

T or F: Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.

False

When an electron is at its lowest level it is at what state?

Ground state

Which group on the periodic table have filled outer electron shells?

Group 18 Helium, Neon, and Argon

Which inorganic molecules utilize covalent bonds?

H2O, CO2, and O2

What type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?

Hydrogen

What is the one element that does not have any neutrons?

Hydrogen (made of one proton and one electron)

What within water molecules forms polar covalent bonds?

Hydrogen and oxygen

Why are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions necessary for cells?

Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions form weak associations between different molecules or within different regions of the same molecule. They provide the structure and shape necessary for proteins and DNA within cells so that they function properly.

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for what in regards to DNA?

Hydrogen bonds zip together the DNA double helix

How are functional groups usually classified?

Hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on charge or polarity characteristics

Name the seven main functional groups.

Hydroxyl Methyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Phosphate Sulfhydryl

What are the 7 functional groups?

Hydroxyl Methyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Phosphate Sulfhydryl

Atoms fill which energy shell first?

the innermost shell

When carbons are on opposite side of a double bond, they are in _________ configuration.

trans

Fats with at least one double bond between carbon atoms are _________________ fats.

unsaturated

Fats with at least one double bond between carbon atoms are _________________ _________.

unsaturated fats

Trans configuration

usually linear

How are the carbons arranged in the trans configuration?

In a more or less linear structure

What makes ionic bonds different from covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds are created between ions. The electrons are not shared between the atoms, but rather associated more with one ion than the other. Ionic bonds are strong bonds but are weaker than covalent bonds, meaning it takes less energy to break an ionic bond compared with a covalent one.

Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called _____________.

Isotopes

What happens to the carbon backbone in the cis configuration?

It bends

What is radioactive decay?

It describes the energy loss that occurs when an unstable atom's nucleus releases radiation

How many orbitals does principal shell 2n have and how many electrons can it hold?

It has one s and one p subshell and can hold a total of eight electrons

Triglycerides are liquid at room temperature. Why?

It is a cis unsaturated fat. The cis configuration creates a bend in a carbon backbone that does not allow the molecules to pack tightly so they remain liquid/oil at room temperature.

What is one of water's most important properties?

It is composed of polar molecules

The water's low density in its solid form is due to what?

It is due to the way hydrogen bonds are oriented as it freezes.

Name a good reason why N2 is good for living systems.

Its triple bond between nitrogens makes it hard for living systems to break apart so it can be used to make sustainable DNAs and proteins.

How are the hydrogen bonds of water broken?

Kinetic energy of the molecules due to the heat contained in the system

In nature, only which forms of amino acids enantiomers are used to make proteins?

L-forms

What do hydrocarbon chains consist of?

Linear chains of carbon atoms

Why are polar bonds often present in organic molecules?

Macromolecules often have atoms within them that differ in electronegativity.

What two subatomic particles have approximately the same mass? What is this mass in scientific notation?

Protons and neutrons 1.67x10^-24 grams or 1 amu

Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated triglycerides.

Saturated triglycerides contain no double bonds between carbon atoms; they are usually solid at room temperature. Unsaturated triglycerides contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms and are usually liquid at room temperature.

How many orbitals does subshell f have?

Seven

A covalent bond is formed by what?

Sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms

Which of the following is not a functional group that can bond with a carbon? A. Sodium B. Hydroxyl C. Phosphate D. Carbonyl

Sodium

Covalent bonds are ____________ and much more ____________ than ionic bonds.

Stronger Common

Which subshells have more complex shapes?

Subshells d an f

An element is a?

Substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions

How do you calculate the number of neutrons an element has?

Subtract the number of protons from the mass number

Where are functional groups found?

The carbon backbone of macromolecules

The valence shell determines what?

The chemical reactivity of an atom

What does a pH test measure?

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a given solution

What happens when 2 atoms chemically bond to form a molecule?

The electrons come together as the atoms form a chemical bond.

Why do atoms not just pass through one another?

The electrons that surround all atoms are negatively charged and negative charges repel each other.

Functional groups play a role in what?

The formation of molecules

Hydrocarbons play an important role in what?

The formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

What happens when water is boiled?

The higher kinetic energy of the water molecules causes the hydrogen bonds to break completely and allows water molecules to escape into the air as gas (steam or water vapor).

The number of neutrons in an atom is significant to what?

The mass of an atom

What is electron transfer?

The movement of electrons from one element to another

What are the two regions of an atom?

The nucleus and the outermost region that holds its electrons

What is the difference in chemical reactivity between elements based on?

The number and spatial distribution of an atom's electrons

In uncharged, neutral atoms, what is true about the electrons and the protons?

The number of electrons orbiting the nucleus is equal to the number of protons inside the nucleus.

The valence shell is?

The outermost shell

Which electron shell has the highest potential energy?

The outermost shell

Hydrogen is ____________ facing a different direction than oxygen.

always

What does the Bohr model depict?

an atom's electron shell configuration

What is the octet rule?

atoms are more stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the outermost electron shell

Amino acids and cholesterol incorporate the __________ ring.

benzene

What are some elements that have naturally occurring isotopes?

carbon, potassium, and uraniam

The Bohr model shows the atom as a ________ ____________.

central nucleus

When carbons or on the same side of a double bond, they are in the _____ configuration.

cis

Aromatic hydrocarbons consists of ___________ rings of carbon atoms.

closed

Aromatic hydrocarbons

closed rings of carbon atoms

When acids are added to a solution, the pH should ____________.

decrease

Structural isomers

differ in the placement of their covalent bonds

Each element has a characteristic number of what equal to its atomic number?

electrons

Each electron's negative charge is ___________ to the positive charge of a proton.

equal

How many orbitals does subshell d have?

five

Functional groups

group of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to that molecule

Geometric isomers

have similar placements of their covalent bonds but differ in how these bonds are made to the surrounding atoms

Low levels of hydrogen ions result in ________ pH.

high

Acids give off ___________ ions.

hydrogen

______________ ________ between functional groups are important to the function of macromolecules and help them fold properly into an maintain appropriate shape for functioning.

hydrogen bonds

A polar substance that interacts readily with or dissolves in water is _____________.

hydrophilic

Substances that do not interact well with water are considered _________________.

hydrophobic

Bases give off ____________ ions.

hydroxide

Individual carbon atoms have an ____________ outermost electron shell.

incomplete

What are electrolytes?

ions necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance

Triple bonds lead to a _____________ configuration.

linear

Triglycerides with trans double bounds have __________ fatty acids that _________ able to pack tightly at room temperature and form ________ _______.

linear are solid fats

Alipathic hydrocarbons

linear chains of carbon atoms

High concentrations of hydrogen ions yield a ______ pH number.

low

Isomers

molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the placement of atoms and/or chemical bonds

Enantiomers

molecules that share the same chemical structure and bonds but differ in the 3D placement of atoms so that they are mirror images of one another

How much of the volume of an atom is empty space?

most of it, greater than 99%

Which subatomic particle is variable, resulting in isotopes?

neutrons

What do the most abundant elements in living organisms help to form?

nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

The unique chemical properties of an element is defined by its?

number of protons

Double bonds lead to a _________ configuration.

planar

Water is what kind of molecule?

polar

Which subatomic particle determines an element's atomic number?

protons

There is a connection between the number of ____________ in an element, the ____________ ___________ that distinguishes one element from another and the number of __________ it has.

protons atomic number electrons

Atoms contain what three main subatomic particles?

protons, neutrons, electrons

Single bonds allow ______________ along the axis of the bond.

rotations

Name the subshells of principal shell 3n.

s, p, and d subshells that can hold 18 electrons

Name the subshells of principal shell 4n.

s, p, and d subshells that can hold 18 electrons

How are the subshells designated?

s, p, d, and f

Molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone like nitrogen or oxygen are _______________ _______________.

substituted hydrocarbons

What is an orbital?

the area where an electron is most likely to be found

What is atomic mass?

the calculated mean of the mass number for its naturally occurring isotopes

How many elements are there?

118

Which orbital is always filled first?

1s orbital

How many regions does an atom consist of?

2

The innermost shell has a maximum of ____ electrons.

2

An atom has 5 electrons in its outer shell. How many unpaired electrons does it have?

3

How many orbitals does the p subshell have?

3

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom make?

4

If xenon has an atomic number of 54 and a mass number of 108, how many neutrons does it have?

54

What is pH inside cells?

6.8

What is the pH in the blood?

7.4

How many elements occur naturally?

92

When acids are added to a solution, the pH should ________. A. decrease B. increase C. stay the same D. cannot tell without testing

A

Which of the following is not a functional group that can bond with carbon? A. sodium B. hydroxyl C. phosphate D. carbonyl

A

What is an ionic bond?

A bond formed between ions with opposite charges

Electrons fill orbitals in what kind of order?

Consistent

What does the hybridization of orbitals mean?

Covalent bonds change the shape of orbitals.

Each carbon molecule can bond with as many as________ other atom(s) or molecule(s). A. one B. two C. six D. four

D

Which of the following statements is not true? A. Water is polar. B. Water stabilizes temperature. C. Water is essential for life. D. Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.

D

What do hydrogen bonds provide?

Many of the critical life-sustaining properties of water and also stabilize the structures of proteins and DNA

What is the simplest hydrocarbon molecule?

Methane

Which hydrocarbon is the simplest?

Methane (CH4)

What kind of charge does a water molecule have?

No net charge. The polarity of water creates a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on oxygen, contributing to water's properties of attraction.

The electrons in which energy level determine the energetic stability of the atom?

Outermost level

Which two atoms are most electronegative?

Oxygen and Nitrogen (They "hog" electrons)

How are water's slightly positive and slightly negative charges generated?

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, making it more likely that a shared electron would be found near the oxygen nucleus than the hydrogen nucleus, thus the partial negative charge is near the oxygen.

A _________ of electrons represent an orbital.

Pair

Rows are the same as what on the periodic table?

Periods

What happens when the temperature of water is reduced?

The water molecules form a crystalline structure maintained by hydrogen bonding (there is not enough energy to break the bonds) that makes ice less dense than liquid water.

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

These bonds form between two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share electrons equally

How are functional groups classified?

They are either hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on their charge or polarity characteristics

How are the 26 unnaturally occurring elements made?

They are synthesized in laboratories and are unstable

How do geometric isomers differ?

They have similar placements of their covalent bonds but differ in how these bonds are made to surrounding atoms, especially in carbon-to-carbon double bonds.

Where do non-neutral pH readings come from?

They result from dissolving acids or bases in water.

What happens if there are multiple orbitals of equal energy?

They will be filled with one electron in each energy level before a second electron is added

Which kind of covalent bond is the strongest?

Triple bond

True or false: Acids and bases will neutralize each other.

True

What is a molecule?

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together

For a van der Waals interaction to occur, molecules need to be where in relation to each other?

Very close to each other

The properties of what element are key to understanding living processes?

Water

Are hydrogen and van der Waals bonds weak or strong?

Weak

Can a hydrocarbon have both alipathic and aromatic portions?

Yes, an example is beta-carotene