Biodiversity lab final fau review

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Binomial nomenclature

"two names") to uniquely classify each organism

MALE VS FEMALE GRASSHOPPERS

(FEMALE ON TOP, MALE BELOW) - NOTE THE OVIPOSITOR THAT CREATES A SPLIT WHICH IS WHERE THE EGGS WILL BE EXUDED

Fins *shark External anatomy

(dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, caudal): stability, lift, propulsion

Cephalothorax on subphylum chelicerata

(head + body)

Mammary glands

(provide milk as nourishment for newborns)

Squalene *shark Internal anatomy

- lipid produced in liver for buoyancy -Specific gravity less than seawater

*Phylum Arthropods -Subphylum Uniramia what are Chilopoda (centipedes)

-1 pair appendages/segment -Dorso-ventrally flattened -Generally venomous!

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 6. Class Aves*characteristics

-Amniotic egg -Endothermic - regulate own body temperature -Four-chambered heart -Bill instead of teeth -Fused pelvic bones -Air sacs used in respiration -Hollow bones, pectoral modifications, large eyes allow for flight

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata special characteristics

-Cephalization -Endoskeleton -Two pairs of jointed appendages (fins, wings, legs, forelimbs, hind limbs) -Outer covering of protective tissue (modified into feathers, hair, scales)

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 4. Class Amphibia*Characteristics:

-Have four legs with four toes on each foot -Respire via lungs, gills, or skin -Three-chambered heart -Ectothermic -Reproduction requires water or moist habitat -Larvae are free-living in water, adults are terrestrial

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Osteichthyes - bony fishes* characteristics

-Most covered in dermal ctenoid scales (some have no scales) -Have layer of mucus to be more viscous in water -Fusiform body/streamlined for locomotion -Highly diverse morphologies -True gills -Lateral line -Swim bladder

open circulartory system

-No "true" heart/capillaries; blood = blood + hemolymph, forced into large sinuses (cavities) and bathes organs (i.e., fills body cavities) Ex: some mollusks (snails, clams), arthropods

what is the purpose of the exoskeleton or cuticle in Phylum Arthropod

-Protection, attachment for muscles -Impermeable to water

what are the common characteristics shared by all Arthropods?

-Segmentation -Hard exoskeleton -Jointed appendages *Note how each of these are modified in the different groups!

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Uniramia *Class Diplopoda (millipedes)

-Trunk segments fused in pairs, 2 appendages/segment -Cylindrical shape

What is hemolymph?

-is a fluid that is pumped through sinuses for gas exchange = open circulatory system

Phylum Chordata

-vertebrates are found in all habitats -highest diversity of which found in coral reffs and rainforrests -42000 known species

PhylogenyIn animals, four characteristics that determine phylogeny are?

1)Invertebrate v. vertebrate (backbone) 2)True tissues (organized/specialized cells) 3)Symmetry (balanced proportions) 4) Number of tissue Layers (for symmetrical organisms)

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Unirami Class Insecta has

1-2 pairs of wings (extensions of the cuticle on the dorsal side) •3 pairs of legs

Mollusca four classes

1-Polyplacophora (chitons) 2-Gastropoda (snails,slugs) 3-Bivalvia (clams, mussels) 4-Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, nautilus)

Platyhelminthes classes

1-Trematoda (flukes) 2-Cestoda (tapeworms) 3-Turbellaria (flatworms)

Phylum Arthropods -Subphylum Uniramia (3) classes are?

1. Diplopoda (millipedes) 2. Chilopoda (centipedes) 3. Insecta

Phylum Chordata (4) common characteristics shared by all chordates at some point of development

1. Notochord 2. Dorsal hollow nerve chord 3. Gill slits/pouches 4. Post-anal tail

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia (3)subclasses:

1.Monotremata 2.Marsupialia 3.Placentalia

Phylum Arthropoda (4) subphyla are?

1.Trilotomorpha 2.Chelicerata 3.Uniramia 4.Crustacea

what are the (3) subphyla with in phylum Chordata

1.Urochordata 2.cephalochordata 3.Vertebrata

Tripartite

3 body regions: head, thorax, abdomen

Phylum Arthropoda *Subphylum Crustacea

3+ pairs of appendages modified into mouthparts (like Uniramia)Differ from Uniramians:

Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Chelicerata

Abdomen •NO antennae or mandibles

swim bladder

An internal gas-filled organ that helps a bony fish stabilize its body at different water depths.

what is the Number 1 most diverse phylum

Arthropoda

In terms of body symmetry sponges are?

Asymmetrical

In terms of body symmetry worms are ?

Bilateral

Mollucks have what kind of symmetry

Bilateral

Carl Linnaeus (1735)

Binomial nomenclature

Closed Circulatory System

Blood is pumped through a system of arteries, veins, capillaries to organs Ex: squid, some higher invertebrates (annelids-really simple), all vertebrates

what is the exoskeloton called that covers the cephalothorax of a horse shoe crab ?

Carapace

Respiratory system *shark Internal anatomy

Cartilaginous gill arch Gill rakers Internal gill slits

the exoskeleton of an Arthropod is a cuticle composed of?

Chitin

The cuticule, or exoskeloton, of arthropods is composed of what?

Chitin #Protection

Comb jellies us what for locomote and feed?

Cillia

Cnidarians contain stinging cells called

Cnide

The cells that create water flow in a sponge is called?

Collar cells

*Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Uniramia Class insecta

Contains more species than any other group •Butterflies, moths, bees, mosquitoes, flies, termites

Phylum Arthropoda *Subphylum Crustacea examples

Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, copepods, water fleas, wood lice

Phylum Arthropods-subphylum Trilotomorphia

EXTINCT!!!

Oviparous

Eggs hatch outside the mother's body (think: ovi=over and out) *mammals (platypus)

Ampullae of Lorenzini *shark External anatomy

Electroreception

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA-CLASS BIVALVIA(CLAM DISSECTION)

External: Umbo Adductor muscle (anterior and posterior) Siphons (in/excurrent) Internal: Foot Gills Mantle Siphons Gonads

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA, CLASS ASTEROIDEA

Five-pointed radial symmetry (adults), bilateral as young (larvae)Calcareous ossicles form "skeleton" ampulla to control water flow (*spines on top exchange gas!) Can sever their arms in a disturbance = autotomize (sexually regenerate the arm later *if 1/5th remains)

Class Trematoda

Flukes • ALL Parasitic • One or more intermediate hosts before infecting definitive host.

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Amphibia

Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts

crayfish contain____ glands which facilitate exceretion

Green

Subkingdom Eumatozoa

Have true tissue (all other animals)

name the (3) segments that the grasshopper you viewed is divided into the..

Head,Thorax,and abdomen

Circulatory system:

Heart (2 chambers, 4 parts): Conus arteriosus, ventricle, atria, sinus venosus

Phylum Arthropoda-Subphylum Chelicerata -Class Merostomata are?

Horseshoe crabs

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

In males, posterior end is hooked to hold female during reproduction; females larger and lighter in color

insects utilizes this function like kidneys for salt/water balance

Malpighian tubules

to grow,arthropods must shed their exoskeleton;a process reffered to as___...

Molting

Sea stars contain tube feet which aid in

Motion

Internal structures of squid dissection

NIDAMENTAL GLANDS OVARY (FEMALES)/TESTIS (MALES GILLS/GILL (BRACHIAL) HEARTS STOMACH INK SAC PEN CAECUM RADULA BEAK

Open Circulatory System

No "true" heart/capillaries; blood + hemolymph forced into sinuses (cavities), bathes organs (fills body cavities) Ex: some mollusks (snails, clams), arthropods (like insects)

Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta (few setae)

No parapodia few setae for locomotion • Terrestrial, freshwater and marine •Lumbricus (common earthworm)

claspers *shark External anatomy

ONLY Males!!

arthropods contain an ____ circulatory system filled with a fluid called ...

Open,Hemolymph

Mode of Reproduction/Birth (all 3 observed in Chondricthyes

Oviparous Ovoviviparous Viviparous

Digestive system *shark Internal anatomy

Pharynx -> esophagus ->stomach (cardiac and pyloric) -> intestines (duodenum first part) ->ileum (with spiral valve) ->cloaca ->anus

Subphylum Chelicerata contain feeding appendages called____as well as appendages for sensing called___....

Podipops,Antanneas

Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa

Polyp & medusa ex. port.man-of-war

Lateral line *shark External anatomy

Pressure and vibration changes

Ectothermic

Regulate body temperature using surrounding microclimate (some can freeze solid)

how many classes does vertebrata have ?

Seven(7)

Subphylum Chelicerata appendages

Six pairs of appendages -1 pair of chelicerae -1 pair of pedipalps (sensing and feeding) -4 pairs of legs (walking)

Phylum Arthropoda-Cheilicerata examples

Spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs

Phylum Arthropoda - Subphylum Chelicerata - Class Arachnida

Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites

Taxonomy

The science of naming living things, or 'classifying'them, based on shared and diverging characteristics

___ are the EXTINCT ancestors of modern Arthropods

Trilobtomorpha

Sponges are considered subkingdom parazoa, which differs from Eumatozoa due to lack of ?

True Tissue

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata

Tunicates, sea squirts, acorn worms Larval form possesses most of the chordate characteristics Notochord, gill slits, dorsal nerve chord, endostyle*

Diploblastic

Two germ cell layers (endoderm & ectoderm layers or epidermis & gastrodermis)

Rostrum

a point at the anterior portion of the head

Deuterostome

anus forms first, mouth second (Ex. Echinoderms, chordates), Radial & indeterminate cleavage A second opening will form later, giving rise to digestive tube

Book gills

are areas of gas exchange, O2 removed from water; can also function in swimming

Echinidoderms as larvae Body symmetry is

bilateral

Spleen: *shark Internal anatomy

blood production

Placentalia

born fully developed after longer period of gestation (nutrition and gas exchange via placenta), then further develop by nursing milk EX*humans, pandas, dogs, cats)

Class Insecta

butterflies, bees,moths

Tracheal system

chitin-lined tubes that carry oxygen directly to cells throughout the body

pigmented cells that allow squid, among other organisms , to change color called

chromatophores

Endostyle

ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx that produces mucus to gather suspended food particles from the water

Phylum Ctenophora

comb jellies

Class Malacostraca

crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish

Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Crustacea * Class Malacostraca

crabs, lobsters, shrimp,crayfish

lateral line: a SENSE ORGAN

detects movements and pressure changing in the surrounding environment

Pancreas *shark Internal anatomy

digestive enzymes (difficult to find)

Ampullae of Lorinzini

electroreception

tissue layers

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Green glands

excretory organs, not actually green

whats is Chelicerae?

feeding appendages in the form of pincers or fangs

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flatworms, flukes, tapeworms

Vertebrata can be divided by many characteristics such as

habitat requirements, feeding habits, jaws, etc

Biramous

have forked/clawed appendages

Class Merstomata

horseshoe crabs

Phylum Cnidria

hyrda,jellyfish, and coral

what is an advantage of a greater Cephalization?

increase neutral and respiratory development

Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) Trophi

jaw-like structures in pharynx, grind food collected by corona

What are mandibles?

jawlike structures

Liver *shark Internal anatomy

large, buoyancy in sharks

Reduced kidneys *shark Internal anatomy

located dorsally next to backbone

Muscular foot

locomotion/attaching to surface

The shells bivalves are secreted by the

mantle

Book lungs

modified internal book gills; areas of gas exchange -Internal stacked plates help increase surface area for gas exchange between hemolymph and air

Nares (nostrils)*shark External anatomy

olfaction

Rectal gland: *shark Internal anatomy

osmoregulation; misleadingly identified in manual

Cephalochordates and Vertebrates believed to have evolved separately from urochordate larvae by______larvae reach sexual maturity without attaining adult body form

paedomorphosis

Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa

polyp & medusa; marine, medusa dominant

Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa

polyp only Ex. corals and anemon

Phylum of Kingdom Animalia

porifera, cnidarian, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, mollusks, arthropoda, echinodermata, chordates

viviparous

producing living young (not eggs)

Ovoviviparous

producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body

Nictitating membrane *shark External anatomy

protection of eye

Spiracle: *shark External anatomy

pump that expels water

Placoid scales (dermal denticles) *shark External anatomy

reduce drag

Fusiform body shape*shark External anatomy

reduces drag in sharks

ECHINODERMS ARE DIVERSE

sand dollars sea cucumbers Basket stars feather star

amniotic egg

self contained (no aquatic environment required); leathery or calcified; protects embryo but allows gas exchange across shell so bypasses larval stage

What are pedipalps?

sensing and feeding

Gill rakers *shark Internal anatomy

sharp and pointed to protect

What is molting?

shedding of the exoskeleton

Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) Setae

short, external bristles

Internal gill slits *shark Internal anatomy

shunts water entering the mouth to pass over the gills (see by opening esophagus)

cloaca

single opening for digestive, excretory, reproductive systems ex Platypus & Echidna

Carapace

single sheet of exoskeleton covering the cephalothorax

Radula

specialized toothed feeding structure in mouth for cutting, scraping, and stabbing

Class Arachnida

spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

The internal cavity of a sponge is called?

spongeocoel

phylum Porifera

sponges

Cartilaginous gill arch

support for gill lamellae-site of respiration

Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) cryptobiosis

survive long time in harsh environments

Telson

tail used to help flip over

true or false subphylum crustacea has 2 pairs of antenna

true

Tail fan composed of a pair of

uropods

Sea stars contain tube feet which aid motion abs are a part of the...

water vascular system

Marsupialia

young initially nourished by the placenta in uterus, then finish development in the pouch while nursing-EXKangaroo, wallaby, Tasmanian devil, Opossum

Phylum Mollusca-Class Polyplacophora

• Chitons • Live on rocky substrates in intertidal • Modified foot for attachment on rocks •Dorso-ventral compression • Shell modified into 8 plates

Phylum Mollusca-Class Bivalvia (two parts/halves)

• Hinged (umbo) external shell with 2 valves • Filter feeders - presence of incurrent and excurrent siphons • Muscular foot is modified for locomotion, burrowing or attachment • Reduced sensory systems • No well defined head or radula

Phylum Annelida Class Polychaeta (many setae)

• Most abundant class of annelids • Primarily in marine habitats •Nereis(free-living clamworm)•

Class Turbellaria

• Mostly FREE LIVING • Inhabits a diversity of habitats •Dugesia sp.(Planaria)

Phylum Mollusca-Class Gastropoda (stomach foot)

• Snails and Slugs •FW, marine and terrestrial habitats • Most spiral external shell • Undergo torsion during development • Foot is modified for "creeping" locomotion • Shell can be closed with hard operculum for protection and to prevent desiccation

Class Cestoda

• Tapeworms• ALL Parasitic - intestinal parasites of vertebrates •Proglottids-Segments • Each proglottid produces sperm and eggs •Scolex-modified first segment with hooks and suckers • No digestive tract, absorb nutrients through body surface

Phylum Mollusca-Class Cephalopoda (head foot)

• Very complex! • Predators - presence of beak • Foot modified into tentacles and arms with suction cups (locomotion, feeding, defense and reproduction) • Move by jet-propulsion• Lack external shell (except Nautilus) • Reduced internal shell (squid and cuttlefish) and some with no shell (Octopus) • Large brains, advanced vision • Closed circulatory system

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes *characteristics

•All have jaws •Cartilaginous skeletons •Placoid scales •Males have claspers •Paired fins and nostrils •Birth (viviparous, oviparous, ovoviviparous) •NO swim bladder (unlike bony fish - Osteichthyes)

Phylum Mollusca: 4 classes

•Class Polyplacophora (chitons) •Class Gastropoda (snails,slugs) •Class Bivalvia (clams, mussels) •Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, nautilus)

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA ("SPINY SKIN") 5 classes:

•Crinoidea (Feather stars, sea lillies) •Asteroidea (sea star) •Ophiuroidea (basket star, brittle star) •Holothuroidea (sea cucumber) •Echinoidea (sea urchin, sand dollar, sea biscuit) •*6 if you include Concentricloidea (sea daisies)

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 5. Class Reptilia *Characteristics:

•First to develop amniotic egg- •Ectothermic •Strong skeletons 3-4 chambered heart, dry scales

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia *Characteristics

•Hair (at some point in development) •Mammary glands •Most viviparous •Endothermic• Well-developed brains •4-chambered heart •Socketed teeth

Phylum Arthropoda -Subphylum Uniramia

•Jaw-like mandibles •1 pair of sensory antennae •1 pair of compound eyes

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha

•Lampreys and hagfish •Jawless •Cartilaginous skeleton. •Unpaired fins •Single nostril •Two-chambered heart

Phylum Rotifera (rotifers)

•Microscopic! • Aquatic and interstitial habitats (moist/terrestrial)

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Cephalocordata

•Representative: Brachiostoma/Amphioxus, or lancelets•Retains all chordate characteristics throughout its life cycle

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

•Second most diverse phylum •Bilateral Symmetry

Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)

•Segmented body • Bilateral symmetry • Triploblastic • Eucoelomate-tubular jacket of muscle surrounding a fluid-filled coelom

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 5. Class Reptilia

•Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators

Phylum Cnidaria Classes

◦Hydrozoa ◦Schyphozoa ◦Anthozoa


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