Biodiversity lab final fau review
Binomial nomenclature
"two names") to uniquely classify each organism
MALE VS FEMALE GRASSHOPPERS
(FEMALE ON TOP, MALE BELOW) - NOTE THE OVIPOSITOR THAT CREATES A SPLIT WHICH IS WHERE THE EGGS WILL BE EXUDED
Fins *shark External anatomy
(dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, caudal): stability, lift, propulsion
Cephalothorax on subphylum chelicerata
(head + body)
Mammary glands
(provide milk as nourishment for newborns)
Squalene *shark Internal anatomy
- lipid produced in liver for buoyancy -Specific gravity less than seawater
*Phylum Arthropods -Subphylum Uniramia what are Chilopoda (centipedes)
-1 pair appendages/segment -Dorso-ventrally flattened -Generally venomous!
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 6. Class Aves*characteristics
-Amniotic egg -Endothermic - regulate own body temperature -Four-chambered heart -Bill instead of teeth -Fused pelvic bones -Air sacs used in respiration -Hollow bones, pectoral modifications, large eyes allow for flight
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata special characteristics
-Cephalization -Endoskeleton -Two pairs of jointed appendages (fins, wings, legs, forelimbs, hind limbs) -Outer covering of protective tissue (modified into feathers, hair, scales)
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 4. Class Amphibia*Characteristics:
-Have four legs with four toes on each foot -Respire via lungs, gills, or skin -Three-chambered heart -Ectothermic -Reproduction requires water or moist habitat -Larvae are free-living in water, adults are terrestrial
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Osteichthyes - bony fishes* characteristics
-Most covered in dermal ctenoid scales (some have no scales) -Have layer of mucus to be more viscous in water -Fusiform body/streamlined for locomotion -Highly diverse morphologies -True gills -Lateral line -Swim bladder
open circulartory system
-No "true" heart/capillaries; blood = blood + hemolymph, forced into large sinuses (cavities) and bathes organs (i.e., fills body cavities) Ex: some mollusks (snails, clams), arthropods
what is the purpose of the exoskeleton or cuticle in Phylum Arthropod
-Protection, attachment for muscles -Impermeable to water
what are the common characteristics shared by all Arthropods?
-Segmentation -Hard exoskeleton -Jointed appendages *Note how each of these are modified in the different groups!
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Uniramia *Class Diplopoda (millipedes)
-Trunk segments fused in pairs, 2 appendages/segment -Cylindrical shape
What is hemolymph?
-is a fluid that is pumped through sinuses for gas exchange = open circulatory system
Phylum Chordata
-vertebrates are found in all habitats -highest diversity of which found in coral reffs and rainforrests -42000 known species
PhylogenyIn animals, four characteristics that determine phylogeny are?
1)Invertebrate v. vertebrate (backbone) 2)True tissues (organized/specialized cells) 3)Symmetry (balanced proportions) 4) Number of tissue Layers (for symmetrical organisms)
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Unirami Class Insecta has
1-2 pairs of wings (extensions of the cuticle on the dorsal side) •3 pairs of legs
Mollusca four classes
1-Polyplacophora (chitons) 2-Gastropoda (snails,slugs) 3-Bivalvia (clams, mussels) 4-Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, nautilus)
Platyhelminthes classes
1-Trematoda (flukes) 2-Cestoda (tapeworms) 3-Turbellaria (flatworms)
Phylum Arthropods -Subphylum Uniramia (3) classes are?
1. Diplopoda (millipedes) 2. Chilopoda (centipedes) 3. Insecta
Phylum Chordata (4) common characteristics shared by all chordates at some point of development
1. Notochord 2. Dorsal hollow nerve chord 3. Gill slits/pouches 4. Post-anal tail
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia (3)subclasses:
1.Monotremata 2.Marsupialia 3.Placentalia
Phylum Arthropoda (4) subphyla are?
1.Trilotomorpha 2.Chelicerata 3.Uniramia 4.Crustacea
what are the (3) subphyla with in phylum Chordata
1.Urochordata 2.cephalochordata 3.Vertebrata
Tripartite
3 body regions: head, thorax, abdomen
Phylum Arthropoda *Subphylum Crustacea
3+ pairs of appendages modified into mouthparts (like Uniramia)Differ from Uniramians:
Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Chelicerata
Abdomen •NO antennae or mandibles
swim bladder
An internal gas-filled organ that helps a bony fish stabilize its body at different water depths.
what is the Number 1 most diverse phylum
Arthropoda
In terms of body symmetry sponges are?
Asymmetrical
In terms of body symmetry worms are ?
Bilateral
Mollucks have what kind of symmetry
Bilateral
Carl Linnaeus (1735)
Binomial nomenclature
Closed Circulatory System
Blood is pumped through a system of arteries, veins, capillaries to organs Ex: squid, some higher invertebrates (annelids-really simple), all vertebrates
what is the exoskeloton called that covers the cephalothorax of a horse shoe crab ?
Carapace
Respiratory system *shark Internal anatomy
Cartilaginous gill arch Gill rakers Internal gill slits
the exoskeleton of an Arthropod is a cuticle composed of?
Chitin
The cuticule, or exoskeloton, of arthropods is composed of what?
Chitin #Protection
Comb jellies us what for locomote and feed?
Cillia
Cnidarians contain stinging cells called
Cnide
The cells that create water flow in a sponge is called?
Collar cells
*Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Uniramia Class insecta
Contains more species than any other group •Butterflies, moths, bees, mosquitoes, flies, termites
Phylum Arthropoda *Subphylum Crustacea examples
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, copepods, water fleas, wood lice
Phylum Arthropods-subphylum Trilotomorphia
EXTINCT!!!
Oviparous
Eggs hatch outside the mother's body (think: ovi=over and out) *mammals (platypus)
Ampullae of Lorenzini *shark External anatomy
Electroreception
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA-CLASS BIVALVIA(CLAM DISSECTION)
External: Umbo Adductor muscle (anterior and posterior) Siphons (in/excurrent) Internal: Foot Gills Mantle Siphons Gonads
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA, CLASS ASTEROIDEA
Five-pointed radial symmetry (adults), bilateral as young (larvae)Calcareous ossicles form "skeleton" ampulla to control water flow (*spines on top exchange gas!) Can sever their arms in a disturbance = autotomize (sexually regenerate the arm later *if 1/5th remains)
Class Trematoda
Flukes • ALL Parasitic • One or more intermediate hosts before infecting definitive host.
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Amphibia
Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts
crayfish contain____ glands which facilitate exceretion
Green
Subkingdom Eumatozoa
Have true tissue (all other animals)
name the (3) segments that the grasshopper you viewed is divided into the..
Head,Thorax,and abdomen
Circulatory system:
Heart (2 chambers, 4 parts): Conus arteriosus, ventricle, atria, sinus venosus
Phylum Arthropoda-Subphylum Chelicerata -Class Merostomata are?
Horseshoe crabs
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
In males, posterior end is hooked to hold female during reproduction; females larger and lighter in color
insects utilizes this function like kidneys for salt/water balance
Malpighian tubules
to grow,arthropods must shed their exoskeleton;a process reffered to as___...
Molting
Sea stars contain tube feet which aid in
Motion
Internal structures of squid dissection
NIDAMENTAL GLANDS OVARY (FEMALES)/TESTIS (MALES GILLS/GILL (BRACHIAL) HEARTS STOMACH INK SAC PEN CAECUM RADULA BEAK
Open Circulatory System
No "true" heart/capillaries; blood + hemolymph forced into sinuses (cavities), bathes organs (fills body cavities) Ex: some mollusks (snails, clams), arthropods (like insects)
Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta (few setae)
No parapodia few setae for locomotion • Terrestrial, freshwater and marine •Lumbricus (common earthworm)
claspers *shark External anatomy
ONLY Males!!
arthropods contain an ____ circulatory system filled with a fluid called ...
Open,Hemolymph
Mode of Reproduction/Birth (all 3 observed in Chondricthyes
Oviparous Ovoviviparous Viviparous
Digestive system *shark Internal anatomy
Pharynx -> esophagus ->stomach (cardiac and pyloric) -> intestines (duodenum first part) ->ileum (with spiral valve) ->cloaca ->anus
Subphylum Chelicerata contain feeding appendages called____as well as appendages for sensing called___....
Podipops,Antanneas
Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa
Polyp & medusa ex. port.man-of-war
Lateral line *shark External anatomy
Pressure and vibration changes
Ectothermic
Regulate body temperature using surrounding microclimate (some can freeze solid)
how many classes does vertebrata have ?
Seven(7)
Subphylum Chelicerata appendages
Six pairs of appendages -1 pair of chelicerae -1 pair of pedipalps (sensing and feeding) -4 pairs of legs (walking)
Phylum Arthropoda-Cheilicerata examples
Spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs
Phylum Arthropoda - Subphylum Chelicerata - Class Arachnida
Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
Taxonomy
The science of naming living things, or 'classifying'them, based on shared and diverging characteristics
___ are the EXTINCT ancestors of modern Arthropods
Trilobtomorpha
Sponges are considered subkingdom parazoa, which differs from Eumatozoa due to lack of ?
True Tissue
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates, sea squirts, acorn worms Larval form possesses most of the chordate characteristics Notochord, gill slits, dorsal nerve chord, endostyle*
Diploblastic
Two germ cell layers (endoderm & ectoderm layers or epidermis & gastrodermis)
Rostrum
a point at the anterior portion of the head
Deuterostome
anus forms first, mouth second (Ex. Echinoderms, chordates), Radial & indeterminate cleavage A second opening will form later, giving rise to digestive tube
Book gills
are areas of gas exchange, O2 removed from water; can also function in swimming
Echinidoderms as larvae Body symmetry is
bilateral
Spleen: *shark Internal anatomy
blood production
Placentalia
born fully developed after longer period of gestation (nutrition and gas exchange via placenta), then further develop by nursing milk EX*humans, pandas, dogs, cats)
Class Insecta
butterflies, bees,moths
Tracheal system
chitin-lined tubes that carry oxygen directly to cells throughout the body
pigmented cells that allow squid, among other organisms , to change color called
chromatophores
Endostyle
ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx that produces mucus to gather suspended food particles from the water
Phylum Ctenophora
comb jellies
Class Malacostraca
crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish
Phylum Arthropoda- Subphylum Crustacea * Class Malacostraca
crabs, lobsters, shrimp,crayfish
lateral line: a SENSE ORGAN
detects movements and pressure changing in the surrounding environment
Pancreas *shark Internal anatomy
digestive enzymes (difficult to find)
Ampullae of Lorinzini
electroreception
tissue layers
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Green glands
excretory organs, not actually green
whats is Chelicerae?
feeding appendages in the form of pincers or fangs
Phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms, flukes, tapeworms
Vertebrata can be divided by many characteristics such as
habitat requirements, feeding habits, jaws, etc
Biramous
have forked/clawed appendages
Class Merstomata
horseshoe crabs
Phylum Cnidria
hyrda,jellyfish, and coral
what is an advantage of a greater Cephalization?
increase neutral and respiratory development
Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) Trophi
jaw-like structures in pharynx, grind food collected by corona
What are mandibles?
jawlike structures
Liver *shark Internal anatomy
large, buoyancy in sharks
Reduced kidneys *shark Internal anatomy
located dorsally next to backbone
Muscular foot
locomotion/attaching to surface
The shells bivalves are secreted by the
mantle
Book lungs
modified internal book gills; areas of gas exchange -Internal stacked plates help increase surface area for gas exchange between hemolymph and air
Nares (nostrils)*shark External anatomy
olfaction
Rectal gland: *shark Internal anatomy
osmoregulation; misleadingly identified in manual
Cephalochordates and Vertebrates believed to have evolved separately from urochordate larvae by______larvae reach sexual maturity without attaining adult body form
paedomorphosis
Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa
polyp & medusa; marine, medusa dominant
Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa
polyp only Ex. corals and anemon
Phylum of Kingdom Animalia
porifera, cnidarian, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, mollusks, arthropoda, echinodermata, chordates
viviparous
producing living young (not eggs)
Ovoviviparous
producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body
Nictitating membrane *shark External anatomy
protection of eye
Spiracle: *shark External anatomy
pump that expels water
Placoid scales (dermal denticles) *shark External anatomy
reduce drag
Fusiform body shape*shark External anatomy
reduces drag in sharks
ECHINODERMS ARE DIVERSE
sand dollars sea cucumbers Basket stars feather star
amniotic egg
self contained (no aquatic environment required); leathery or calcified; protects embryo but allows gas exchange across shell so bypasses larval stage
What are pedipalps?
sensing and feeding
Gill rakers *shark Internal anatomy
sharp and pointed to protect
What is molting?
shedding of the exoskeleton
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) Setae
short, external bristles
Internal gill slits *shark Internal anatomy
shunts water entering the mouth to pass over the gills (see by opening esophagus)
cloaca
single opening for digestive, excretory, reproductive systems ex Platypus & Echidna
Carapace
single sheet of exoskeleton covering the cephalothorax
Radula
specialized toothed feeding structure in mouth for cutting, scraping, and stabbing
Class Arachnida
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
The internal cavity of a sponge is called?
spongeocoel
phylum Porifera
sponges
Cartilaginous gill arch
support for gill lamellae-site of respiration
Phylum Rotifera (rotifers) cryptobiosis
survive long time in harsh environments
Telson
tail used to help flip over
true or false subphylum crustacea has 2 pairs of antenna
true
Tail fan composed of a pair of
uropods
Sea stars contain tube feet which aid motion abs are a part of the...
water vascular system
Marsupialia
young initially nourished by the placenta in uterus, then finish development in the pouch while nursing-EXKangaroo, wallaby, Tasmanian devil, Opossum
Phylum Mollusca-Class Polyplacophora
• Chitons • Live on rocky substrates in intertidal • Modified foot for attachment on rocks •Dorso-ventral compression • Shell modified into 8 plates
Phylum Mollusca-Class Bivalvia (two parts/halves)
• Hinged (umbo) external shell with 2 valves • Filter feeders - presence of incurrent and excurrent siphons • Muscular foot is modified for locomotion, burrowing or attachment • Reduced sensory systems • No well defined head or radula
Phylum Annelida Class Polychaeta (many setae)
• Most abundant class of annelids • Primarily in marine habitats •Nereis(free-living clamworm)•
Class Turbellaria
• Mostly FREE LIVING • Inhabits a diversity of habitats •Dugesia sp.(Planaria)
Phylum Mollusca-Class Gastropoda (stomach foot)
• Snails and Slugs •FW, marine and terrestrial habitats • Most spiral external shell • Undergo torsion during development • Foot is modified for "creeping" locomotion • Shell can be closed with hard operculum for protection and to prevent desiccation
Class Cestoda
• Tapeworms• ALL Parasitic - intestinal parasites of vertebrates •Proglottids-Segments • Each proglottid produces sperm and eggs •Scolex-modified first segment with hooks and suckers • No digestive tract, absorb nutrients through body surface
Phylum Mollusca-Class Cephalopoda (head foot)
• Very complex! • Predators - presence of beak • Foot modified into tentacles and arms with suction cups (locomotion, feeding, defense and reproduction) • Move by jet-propulsion• Lack external shell (except Nautilus) • Reduced internal shell (squid and cuttlefish) and some with no shell (Octopus) • Large brains, advanced vision • Closed circulatory system
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes *characteristics
•All have jaws •Cartilaginous skeletons •Placoid scales •Males have claspers •Paired fins and nostrils •Birth (viviparous, oviparous, ovoviviparous) •NO swim bladder (unlike bony fish - Osteichthyes)
Phylum Mollusca: 4 classes
•Class Polyplacophora (chitons) •Class Gastropoda (snails,slugs) •Class Bivalvia (clams, mussels) •Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, nautilus)
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA ("SPINY SKIN") 5 classes:
•Crinoidea (Feather stars, sea lillies) •Asteroidea (sea star) •Ophiuroidea (basket star, brittle star) •Holothuroidea (sea cucumber) •Echinoidea (sea urchin, sand dollar, sea biscuit) •*6 if you include Concentricloidea (sea daisies)
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 5. Class Reptilia *Characteristics:
•First to develop amniotic egg- •Ectothermic •Strong skeletons 3-4 chambered heart, dry scales
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia *Characteristics
•Hair (at some point in development) •Mammary glands •Most viviparous •Endothermic• Well-developed brains •4-chambered heart •Socketed teeth
Phylum Arthropoda -Subphylum Uniramia
•Jaw-like mandibles •1 pair of sensory antennae •1 pair of compound eyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha
•Lampreys and hagfish •Jawless •Cartilaginous skeleton. •Unpaired fins •Single nostril •Two-chambered heart
Phylum Rotifera (rotifers)
•Microscopic! • Aquatic and interstitial habitats (moist/terrestrial)
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Cephalocordata
•Representative: Brachiostoma/Amphioxus, or lancelets•Retains all chordate characteristics throughout its life cycle
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
•Second most diverse phylum •Bilateral Symmetry
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
•Segmented body • Bilateral symmetry • Triploblastic • Eucoelomate-tubular jacket of muscle surrounding a fluid-filled coelom
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 5. Class Reptilia
•Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators
Phylum Cnidaria Classes
◦Hydrozoa ◦Schyphozoa ◦Anthozoa