BIOL 100

Following DNA replication, what is the name for the identical duplicates when each homologous chromosome is copied, what forms?

An identical structure called a sister chromatid

At which phase of the scientif method uses to make calculations based on the raw measurements.

Analaysis

During which phase of the scientific method are the results of a test evaluated for agreement with the original predictive statement?

Analysis

Why must the specimen be centered before switching to a higher magnification?

As magnifaction increases, the field of view decreases, and the speciman may no longer be in view

Which of these is the term used to describe a long molecule of DNA wrapped around structural proteins in a eukaryotic nucleus?

Chromosome

At which phase of the scientific method is there a discussion regarding the confirmation or rejection of the hypothesis?

Conclusion

The results of an experiment are represented in tables, charts, or graphs and its hypothesis is discussed during the ____ phase of the scientific method.

Conclusion

Define: Nucleus (Information Processing)

Contains the genetic information of a cell, the DNA

Define: Mitochondria (Energy)

Convert the energy found in nutrients to a form usable by the cell

T/F Cancer only affects the elderly, such as 50+

False

Identify features that are present in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells

Membrane bounded organelles A nucleus

In what phase of mitosis are the chromosomes aligned along the equator of the cell?

Metaphase

A centrosome aids in the distribution of _____ during cell division.

chromosomes

Staining cells such that their color is different from the background enhances which quality of the cells?

contrast

Resolution is an image quality factor that involves being able to see fine ---which is essential for image clarity.

detail

While examining a cell under a microscope, you observe a nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. You are examining a _____ cell.

eukaryotic cell

The portion of a slide that is visible through the eyepiece is called the

field of the view

Which lens has a magnification of 40×?

high power objective

The lenses of a bright-field microscope are responsible for the _____ of the object you are viewing

magnifaction

What cell has no membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus , and Relatively smaller

prokaryotic cell

The human body's production of new cells is

regulated by hormones and genes.

Increasing the _____ would allow you to tell if what appears as one object is really two objects extremely near each other.

resolution

Which of the following is a defense mechanism of pillbugs against predation?

rolls up

Which lens has a magnification of 100×?

oil immersion

When preparing your experiment for a laboratory exercise, how many substances or conditions should you test at a time?

one

Which cellular structure or organelle functions in cell isolation?

plasma membrane

Define: Eukaryotic Cells

(plant, animal, fungi, protist) cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

How many sides does a choice chamber have?

2 sides

Define the term cancer

A disease resulting from uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells

outline the process of gene expression

A gene is copied into an mRNA molecule in the nucleus. An mRNA molecule is processed to remove unneeded regions. An mRNA molecule is read one codon at a time on a ribosome in the cytoplasm. A chain of amino acids (polypeptide) assembles.

Which of the following distinctive structures do all cells have?

A plasma membrane

Why are some cells in the onion root tip undergoing mitosis?

A root tip is a plant tissue that is growing

Define: Golgi apparatus (Transporation and processing of nutrients)

A system of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

What part of all cells encases the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell interior and cell exterior?

Cell membrane

In plant cells, what structure lies just outside the cell membrane and provides strength and support to the plant cell?

Cell wall

Describe how cancer is a physiological disease that occurs at the cellular level

Cells main physiological responsibility is to operate the organ system, although if the cells get affected by the disease, this will also affect the physiological organ system functions. Causing the organ system to be affected by the disease.

What structure found in plant cells is an organelle for storing water and metabolites? LATER

Central vacuole

Which organelles and cell parts are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

Chloroplasts Cell wall

What cell has membrane-bound organelles, Have a nucleus , and Relatively larger

Eukaryotic cell

Plants cells have Centrioles

FALSE only Chloroplasts Nucleus Smooth ER Cell membrane Cell wall Rough ER Mitochondria

T/F Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic cells both have a nucleus

FALSE, Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and Eukaryotic cells do

T/F A Eukaryotic Cell is small and less complex

FALSE, a eukaryotic cell is big and more complex

T/F A Prokaryotic Cell is big and more complex

FALSE, a prokaryotic cell is small and less complex

T/F Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic cells both have a membrane bound in organelles

Fasle, Prokaryotic do not have one, but Eukaryotic cells do

Identify the chances of developing cancer for a female and male

Female: 1/3 Male: 1/2

During the cell cycle, a cell spends most of its time in which phase?

Interphase

Which of the following organelles are found in both plant and animal cells?

Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Ribosomes Nucleus

In which of these ways do cancer cells and healthy cells differ?

Healthy cells are specialized based on their genetic instructions, while cancer cells disregard these instructions and lose specialization though they continue to divide.

Define: plasma membrane (Isolation)

Isolates the cell from its external environment and selectively allows for the passage of materials

Which lens has a magnification of 10×?

Low-power objective

Which of these challenges are microscopes used to overcome?

Many biological specimens are too small to see with the unaided eye.

Which statements describe the normal production of new cells?

New cells are produced because of signals to repair damaged tissue. New cells are produced under the regulation of hormones and genes. New cells are produced because of regulatory signals during growth and development or to replace old, worn out cells.

How is a control group treated in a scientific experiment?

The control group receives all the same treatments except the experimental variable.

When pillbugs are placed in a choice chamber, which of the following behaviors indicates a preference for the test substance?

Pillbug spends more time in chamber with test substance

Which of the following are features all cells have in common?

Plasma membrane Cytoplasm

Which of the following do all cells have?

RNA Ribosomes DNA Cell membrane

What are the two chromatids of a duplicated chromosome called?

Sister chromatids

Which of the following structures are common to animal cells?

Smooth ER Rough ER Mitochondria Nucleus Centrioles Cell membrane

Define: Ribosomes (Information Processing)

Structure where the genetic information is needed to manufacture proteins

Which of the following are functions of the plasma membrane?

Surrounds the cytoplasm Boundary between inside of cell and its environment Location of organelles and other contents of cell

T/F Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic cells both have DNA

TRUE

Which organ system secretes hormones, that coordinate the activity of other systems?

The endocrine system

What is the best description of the relationship among the genome, genes, and proteins?

The genome is all of the genes in a cell and the genes in the DNA code for all of the proteins in a cell.

What is genome?

The genome is the sum of all the genetic information in a cell, so it includes both the genes and the proteins they code for.

The cell in this diagram is in metaphase I of meiosis. How does this differ from metaphase of mitosis?

The homologous chromosomes are lined up across the metaphase plate in meiosis I and single file in mitosis.

A cell can be characterized as

a small, biological unit. the smallest level of biological organization that has all the characteristics of life. either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Why is it easier to locate your specimen at a lower power objective?

The lower power objective will have a greater field of view

During cytokinesis, what happens?

The organelles and cytoplasm are divided between the newly formed daughter cells. The plasma membrane pinches inward until the daughter cells are formed around their new nuclei.

What is it about an enzyme that makes it react only with certain molecules (substrates)?

The specific shape of the enzyme.

Define: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Transporation and processing of nutrients)

The transportation system of the cell. It moves materials around the cell.

Cancers are named based on...

The types of tissues or organs they originated in

Define: Organelles

They are internal compartments in the cell, that separate and regulate chemical reactions.

What is the goal of microscopy?

To create a magnified image of objects that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

In an experiment determining the effects of antibiotics on the treatment of pneumonia in mice, two groups of mice with pneumonia are compared. One group, group A, receives no antibiotic, and the other group, group B, receives 10 mg/kg of body weight of a new antibiotic. Besides the administration of the antibiotic, there are no differences between the two groups of mice. What is the purpose of group A?

To ensure that only the treatment with antibiotics has an effect on the pneumonia

An incoming substrate and an enzyme interact at a location on the enzyme called the___

active site

T/F Cancer cells can affect the physiology of the body organ system

True

T/F Cancer is a disease that is the result of an inability to regulate cell division

True

T/F Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic cells both have a cell membrane

True

T/F Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic cells both have a cytoplasm

True

T/F Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic cells both have ribosomes

True

T/F One in thee females and one in two males will develop cancer in their lives

True

How does Cancer start?

When a cell, or a group of cells start to divide uncontrollably, or lose their specialization. The cells that don't get the chance to be organized at a specific location at the tissues/organs. Those unneeded cells then group up, this would also be referred to as a tumor. Having a tumor can malfunction the operation of the organ/tissue system.

The smallest unit of life that can function independently and perform all of the activities necessary for life is called a...

cell

Centrioles generally function in ______, when they divide genetic material and the contents of a reproducing cell.

cell division

The general function of centrioles in a cell is...

cell division

The spindle is a cellular structure that functions during which part of a cell's life cycle?

cell division

Define: Lysosome (Transporation and processing of nutrients)

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down nutrients in the cell.

The region where sister chromatids are joined is called the

centromere.

What is an organizing center that is the origin of spindle fibers

centrosome

What structure is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

chloroplast

The type of cell division that is used in tissue repair is

mitosis

Which is A type of cell division that separates chromosomes and produces two daughter cells with identical nuclei

mitosis

The part of the cell cycle during which the genetic material is copied and divided into two nuclei is called

mitosis.

Define: Prokaryotic Cells

no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, bacteria.

Pillbugs detect the presence of food with a sense similar to which human sense?

smell

Protein fibers called microtubules make up a structure that coordinates and separates chromosomes during cell division. This structure is the

spindle

During the analysis phase of the scientific method,

the raw data is summarized. measurements like mean, range, and variation may be calculated. the data's significance is examined to determine how much variation is attributed to chance.

A cell is...

the smallest structural and functional unit of all living things.

The Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the lysosomes share the general function of

transporting and processing nutrients.