BIOL 107 Study Set First 8-weeks

Place these events in the correct order for double fertilization Pollen tube enters embryo sac Mitosis of generative cell Pollination Union of sperm and polar nuclei Formation of zygote and endosperm Pollen tube growth Union of sperm and egg (Ch.31)

1 Pollination 2 Pollen tube growth 3 Mitosis of generative cell 4 Pollen tube enters embryo sac 5 Union of sperm and egg 6 Union of sperm and polar nuclei 7 Formation of zygote and endosperm

Select all of the environments where seeds would be an advantage over spores. A. Deserts B. Areas w/ unpredictable rainfall C. Wet humid swamps D. Open habitats w/ sparse vegetation E. Under a dense forest canopy (Ch.31)

A, B, D

Select the true statements concerning sperm and pollen. A. In seed plants the entire male gametophyte is dispersed. B. The pollen fertilizes the egg. C. The pollen tube facilitates the pollination of the ovule. D. Pollen transports the cells that form the sperm but only the sperm fertilizes the egg. E. Unlike mosses and ferns water is not needed for fertilization in seed plants. (Ch.31)

A, D, E

In acidic soils or in habitats subjected to prolonged acid rain, what element is often released from rocks that is toxic to many plants? (Ch.38)

Aluminum When soil pH is low, aluminum, which is toxic to plants, is released from rocks.

Categorize the following as a property of wither apical meristems or lateral meristems. Generates the protoderm, procambium and ground meristems Produces the primary plant body Adds diameter to the plant Produces bark Produces the secondary plant body Cork Cambium and vascular cambium Adds length to the plant (Ch.36)

Apical meristem -Adds length to the plant -Forms the epidermis and ground tissues -Generates the protoderm, pro cambium and ground meristems -Produces the primary plant body Lateral Meristem -Adds diameter to the plant -Produces bark -Cork Cambium and vascular cambium -Produces the secondary plant body

Through genetic engineering, you are developing a plant that will have increased tolerance to drought. Choose the traits from the list below that would be desirable in this plant. A. Increased production of stomata Increased production of stomata B. Dormancy during a dry season Dormancy during a dry season C. Production of stomatal crypts Production of stomatal crypts D. Reduced production of trichomes Reduced production of trichomes E. Enhanced aerenchyma production Enhanced aerenchyma production F. Increased production of trichomes Increased production of trichomes G. Thick, hard leaves with few stomata (Ch.37)

B, C, F, & G Plants use structural traits such as stomatal crypts, trichomes, fleshy leaves and a thick cuticle as structural traits that confer drought tolerance. Dormancy or shedding leaves are beneficial behavioral traits

One of the main distinctions between charophytes and land plants is the possession of a cuticle. Why do modern charophytes lack a cuticle? (Ch.30)

Cuticles aren't necessary when living in water.

All of the following describe functions of root hairs except which? A. increased surface area for absorption B. absorb water C. they work in concert with mycorrhizal fungi D. store sugars (Ch.37)

D Root hairs are extensions of root epidermal cells. They provide the plant with increased surface area to absorb water, but they do not store sugars. In some types of plant, mycorrhizal fungi grow in association with the roots and increase the surface area for absorption, but these plants still have root hairs. The fungi work in concert with the root hairs. Please refer to section 37.2 for more information on root hairs.

Which of the following does *not* correctly pair a modified stem with its function and features? A. Cladophylls - photosynthesis in desert species B. Tuber - underground stem for storage C. Tendrils - attachments and climbing D. Runners and stolons - horizontal underground stem that functions for vegetative growth E. Bulbs and corms - perennial, underground stem that remains dormant during unfavorable conditions (Ch.36)

D Runners and stolons are horizontal stems that draw aboveground for vegetative growth

Which of the following does *not* correctly describe an anatomical feature of leaf? A.Veins - vascular bundles containing both xylem and phloem for water and nutrient transport. B.Spongy mesophyll - area in the middle of the leaf that functions gas exchange. C.Petiole - stalk that attaches a leaf to the stem of the plant. D.Epidermis - waxy and transparent, it covers of the entire surface of the leaf. The upper surface contains many stomata. E.Palisade mesophyll - located directly beneath the eipdermis, it contains many closely packed chlorenchyma cells. These cells contain many chloroplasts for capturing sunlight energy. (Ch.36)

D The epidermis is waxy and transparent but the stomata are usually located on the bottom surface of the leaf. This keeps the stomata shaded which leads to less water loss through transpiration.

Micronutrient release from a plant root is stimulated by mycorrhizal fungi. True/False (Ch.38)

False

Most parasitic plants like other land plants have mycorrhizal symbionts True/False (Ch.38)

False

Mycorrhizae are pathogens that attack roots and inhibit water and mineral nutrients uptake from the soil. True/False (Ch.38)

False

Classify the nutrients according to whether they are typically required in relatively large amounts (macronutrients) or trace amounts (micronutrients). Carbon Chlorine Zinc Iron Magnesium Boron Manganese Hydrogen Copper Oxygen Potassium Calcium Nitrogen Sulfur Molybdenum (Ch.38)

Macronutrients Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Potassium Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus Sulfur Micronutrients Chlorine Iron Manganese Boron Copper Molybdenum Zinc

Nectar is a sugar-laden liquid that is very energetically expensive to produce. Why do plants allocate resources to produce it instead of just producing more flowers? (Ch.31)

Nectar serves as an enticement for insects

Classify the items according to whether they are transported in the xylem, phloem, or both. Proteins Organic Acids Hormones Sucrose Minerals from soil mRNA Water (Ch.37)

Phloem Sucrose Hormones mRNA Proteins Organic Acids Xylem Minerals from soil Both Water Water and dissolved minerals from the soil are transported in xylem. Sucrose, proteins, organic acids, ions, and hormones are transported by phloem in an aqueous medium. Please refer to sections 37.3 and 37.6 for more information on xylem and phloem transport.

Classify the items as being a feature or functions of roots or shoots. Scaffolding for plant organs Origin of reproductive structures Absorbs water Absorbs ions Anchorage Uptake of carbon dioxide Photosynthesis Exerts force to move matter (Ch.36)

Root -Absorbs water -Absorbs ions -Anchorage -Exerts force to move matter Shoot -Photosynthesis -Origin of reproductive structures -Uptake of carbon dioxide -Scaffolding for plant organs Roots are responsible for anchoring the plant and taking up water and nutrients. Shoots are the aboveground system that supports leaves for photosynthesis and reproductive structures.

A plant cell placed in a hypertonic medium will (Ch.37)

Shrink

Chemical X is a hydrophilic germination inhibitor. What would be the advantage of having this chemical in the seed coat? (Ch.31)

The chemical would allow for germination when there was sufficient levels of moisture in the soil.

How do a fern sporophyte and a moss sporophyte differ? (Ch.30)

The fern sporophyte contains tracheids

Your lab instructor hands you a soil sample and asks you to determine from which layer of soil the sample was taken. You analyze the sample and find traces of minerals such as hematite and magnetite, some small worms and pieces of leaf debris. You conclude: (Ch.38)

The sample comes from the topsoil layer

5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution. True/False (Ch.37)

True

Many seed plants have symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi. True/False (Ch.38)

True

Mycorrhizal fungi enhance the transfer of phosphorus to a plant. True/False (Ch.38)

True

Ferns and horsetails have roots, but whisk ferns have lost this trait since diverging from other Pterophyte lineages. True/False (Ch.30)

True, Pterophytes have roots but whisk ferns have lost them over the course of evolution

Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns produce archegonia and antheridia. True/False (Ch.30)

True, all Pterophytes produce archegonia and antheridia

Ferns produce sporangia in structures called sori. True/False (Ch.30)

True, sori are typically found on the undersurface of fronds and contain sporangia where spores are produced

The resulting increased ________ pressure moves materials through the phloem. (Ch.37)

Turgor Turgor pressure drives movement of materials in the phloem.

Classify the items according to whether they are features of xylem or phloem. Cells are dead at maturity Vessel elements Companion cells Living at maturity Sieve tube members Conducts amino acids Conducts carbohydrates Cells are hollow Tracheids Conducts water Sieve cells Comprises wood Functions in transpiration (Ch.36)

Xylem -Conducts water -Cells are dead at maturity -Cells are hollow -Tracheids -Vessel elements -Functions in transpiration -Comprises wood Phloem -Conducts carbohydrates -Conducts amino acids -Sieve cells -Sieve tube members -Companion members -Living at maturity Xylem cells are dead at maturity and function in transporting water and dissolved substances. Phloem cells are living and transport carbohydrates.

Insectivorous plants such as the Venus flytrap, pitcher plant, and bladderworts often grow in (Ch.38)

acidic soils Acidic soils lack nitrogen. Consuming insects and other small animals supplies carnivorous plants with nitrogen.

At the sink, __________ transport of solutes out of the cells also lowers pressure to further drive ________ in the phloem. (Ch.37)

active, mass flow Differences in pressure potential between source and sink drive mass flow in the phloem

If a plant did not produce axillary buds, it would likely not be able to form (Ch.36)

branches or some flowers Axillary buds give rise to branches on the stem and in some instances, flowers

The objective of food fortification research is to (Ch.38)

breed plants with better nutrient uptake and storage abilities Food fortification research attempts to use genetic technology to increase the nutrient content of food using the plant's physiology.

A deficiency in plant micronutrient (Ch.38)

can have a severe effect on plant growth.

Phloem loading is the process of: (Ch.37)

carbohydrates entering the sieve tubes at the source. Phloem loading the process where carbohydrates enter the sieve tubes at the source. Please refer to section 37.6 for more information on phloem transport

To evaluate nutritional needs of a plant, researchers grow them in a hydroponic solution. This type of experiment typically (Ch.38)

grows the plant in the absence of a nutrient being studied

The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ch.38)

have the potential to alter the nutritional status of plants If the nitrogen availability does not increase along with the carbon dioxide, the tissues of the plant will be deficient in nitrogen and other macronutrients. This means that other organisms would need to eat more plant mass to obtain adequate nutrition.

The dried pericarp that forms the peanut shell provides evidence that peanuts are (Ch.31)

legumes

Once sieve tubes are loaded with sugars, their ________ water potential draws water from neighboring _______ cells. (Ch.37)

lower, xylem Lowered water potential draws water to the phloem from the xylem.

Sugars then travel from _____________ cells to ___________ cells where it will be transferred to sieve cells. (Ch.37)

mesophyll, companion Sucrose travels from photosynthetic mesophyll cells to the vascular tissue

Although symbiotic relationships between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants are rare, many plants have symbiotic relationships with (Ch.38)

mycorrhizal fungi in the soil About 90% of all vascular plants have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi. The fungi help the plant to extract phosphorus in the soil in exchange for sugar.

Opening of stomata involves a tradeoff between the conflicting needs to (Ch.37)

open to maximize CO2 uptake for photosynthesis but close to minimize water loss through transpiration. Stomata need to be open so CO2 can enter for photosynthesis. However, opening the stomata comes at the risk of losing water via transpiration. Read section 37.4 for more information on transpiration and stomata.

A feature that is shared by pines, cycads, and gingkoes but is not found in flowering plants is (Ch.31)

partially exposed megaspore

At the site of photosynthesis, a process called _________ pumps sucrose into _____________. (Ch.37)

phloem-loading, sieve tubes Translocation requires active loading sugars into phloem

Plants can remove harmful chemicals from the soil by the process of (Ch.38)

phytoremediation Phytoremediation is the use of plants to concentrate or break down pollutants.

A plant that lacks petals and has well-developed anthers is most likely (Ch.31)

pollinated by wind

In the _____________ hypothesis, carbohydrates flow from the __________ to ___________. (Ch.37)

pressure-flow, source, sink Pressure-flow hypothesis describes movement in the phloem

In comparing primary and secondary growth, (Ch.36)

secondary growth results from activity of the lateral meristems, while primary growth results from activity of the apical meristems

Transport can be through the ___________ but much occurs through the ___________ (Ch.37)

symplast, apoplast Sucrose movement can be symplastic or apoplastic

In lab, you are given a plant sample and asked to determine the type of plant tissue. After looking in the microscope, you have a hypothesis and to test it you apply iodine to the sample. Areas of the sample turn a very blue-black. Based on this analysis, you determine that (Ch.36)

the sample contains starch and starch is stored in ground tissue.

Translocation involves (Ch.37)

the transport of carbohydrates in phloem Translocation is the movement of carbohydrates in phloem from sites of photosynthesis to other locations in the plant. Refer to section 37.6 for more information of phloem transport.

The breakdown of polar bodies (Ch.31)

would cause the endosperm to fail to develop

In plants the ____________ conducts water and dissolved minerals, while the ____________ conducts sucrose to different areas in a plant. (Ch.37)

xylem, phloem Xylem transports water and minerals and phloem transports carbohydrates (sugars). Please read sections 37.3 and 37.6 for more information on xylem and phloem.

Place the events in the correct sequence to explain the function of guard cells in opening stomata. Water potential of guard cell decreases Stoma opens Vacuoles fill Guard cells bulge and bow outward Stoma is closed Turgor pressure of guard cells increases Water flows into guard cell K+ and Cl- piped into guard cells (Ch.37)

1. Stoma is closed 2. K+ and Cl- piped into guard cells 3. Water potential of guard cell decreases 4. Water flows into guard cell 5. Vacuoles fill 6. Turgor pressure of guard cells increases 7. Guard cells bulge and bow outward 8. Stoma open Stoma open when ions reduce the water potential of guard cells causing water to move in and bow the cells outward.

Choose the items responsible for the high tensile strength of water in xylem. A. Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds B. Cohesion among water molecules C. Adhesion between water molecules and xylem cell walls D. Cohesion between water molecules and xylem cell walls E. Adhesion among water molecules Adhesion among water molecules F. Small diameter of tracheids and vessel elements (Ch.37)

A, B, C, & F Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and xylem cell walls (adhesion) and among water molecules (cohesion) create narrow streams of water with high tensile strength.

Select each type of tissue that may be found in a mature fruit or seed. A. Diploid sporophyte tissue from the previous generation B. Triploid endosperm C. Diploid embryonic tissue D. Haploid sperm cells E. Tissue from the female gametophyte (Ch.31)

A, B, C, E

Select all the advantages that seeds have over spores. A. Seeds have increased drought resistance. B. Long term dormancy is possible. C. Sexual reproduction is only possible with seeds. D. Nutrition is packaged with the embryo. E. Widespread dispersal is possible with a seed coat. (Ch.31)

A, B, D

Select the true statements relating to the colonization of land by plants. A. Desiccation is a much more common problem in terrestrial environments. B. Cuticle layers reduce gas exchange. C. Xylem tissue, seeds and stomata are found on both plants and charophytes. D. Without trachids land plant would not have been to able to grow more than just a meter or so tall. (Ch.30)

A, B, D

Select the true statements concerning seeds A. Seeds allow for dormancy until favorable conditions arise. B.The fruit provides nutrition to the developing embryo. C. The outer layer of the ovule dries and forms the seed coat. D. The seed stores all of the nutrition and water the embryo needs to germinate. E. Seeds can resist conditions that would kill a live plant. F. Seeds are key to wide dispersal of offspring. (Ch.31)

A, C, E, F

Select the following plant adaptations for the terrestrial environment that are correctly listed by their function. A. Stomata allow for gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere. B. Tracheids protect against desiccation. C. Stomata transport water around plant body. D. Tracheids transport water and minerals around the plant body. (Ch.30)

A, D Tracheids are two important adaptations to the terrestrial environment. Tracheids transport water and minerals around the plant body, thereby allowing for larger plant size. To protect against desiccation in the terrestrial environment, plants have an epidermal layer and cuticle. However, openings, stomata, are still needed for gas exchange with the environment.Tracheids are two important adaptations to the terrestrial environment. Tracheids transport water and minerals around the plant body, thereby allowing for larger plant size. To protect against desiccation in the terrestrial environment, plants have an epidermal layer and cuticle. However, openings, stomata, are still needed for gas exchange with the environment.Tracheids are two important adaptations to the terrestrial environment. Tracheids transport water and minerals around the plant body, thereby allowing for larger plant size. To protect against desiccation in the terrestrial environment, plants have an epidermal layer and cuticle. However, openings, stomata, are still needed for gas exchange with the environment.Tracheids are two important adaptations to the terrestrial environment. Tracheids transport water and minerals around the plant body, thereby allowing for larger plant size. To protect against desiccation in the terrestrial environment, plants have an epidermal layer and cuticle. However, openings, stomata, are still needed for gas exchange with the environment.

Chlorophytes are considered close relatives of land plants because A. they both contain chlorophyll a. B. they are unicellular. C. they have relatively few proteins in common with plants. D. they both contain chlorophyll b. E. they both contain carotenoids. F. some chlorophytes have a haplodiplontic life cycle like plants. (Ch.30)

A, D, E, F Chlorophytes are considered close relatives of land plants because they have similar photosynthetic pigments, many similar proteins, and some have a similar life cycle with both gametophyte and sporophyte generations. However, none of the ancestral chlorophyte lineages gave rise to land plants.Chlorophytes are considered close relatives of land plants because they have similar photosynthetic pigments, many similar proteins, and some have a similar life cycle with both gametophyte and sporophyte generations. However, none of the ancestral chlorophyte lineages gave rise to land plants.Chlorophytes are considered close relatives of land plants because they have similar photosynthetic pigments, many similar proteins, and some have a similar life cycle with both gametophyte and sporophyte generations. However, none of the ancestral chlorophyte lineages gave rise to land plants.Chlorophytes are considered close relatives of land plants because they have similar photosynthetic pigments, many similar proteins, and some have a similar life cycle with both gametophyte and sporophyte generations. However, none of the ancestral chlorophyte lineages gave rise to land plants.Chlorophytes are considered close relatives of land plants because they have similar photosynthetic pigments, many similar proteins, and some have a similar life cycle with both gametophyte and sporophyte generations. However, none of the ancestral chlorophyte lineages gave rise to land plants.Chlorophytes are considered close relatives of land plants because they have similar photosynthetic pigments, many similar proteins, and some have a similar life cycle with both gametophyte and sporophyte generations. However, none of the ancestral chlorophyte lineages gave rise to land plants.

Match the structures of tissue system with the appropriate cell types. (Ground, Dermal, or Vascular) A. Collenchyma for flexible support of the primary plant body B. Epidermis for protection C. Xylem for conducting water and dissolved minerals D. Root hairs for increased root surface area E. Guard cells for gas exchange F. Parenchyma for storage of food and water G. Phloem for conducting carbohydrates H. Sclerenchyma for strengthening tissues I. Trichomes for temperature and evaporation control (Ch.36)

A. Ground B. Dermal C. Vascular D. Dermal E. Dermal F. Ground G. Vascular H. Ground I. Dermal Dermal tissue is the outer covering of the plant body and includes guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs. Cells of the dermal system function for storage (parenchyma) or support (collenchyma and sclerenchyma). Vascular tissue includes xylem and phloem that transport water and carbohydrates, respectively.

Check which of the following are correct regarding the benefit of seeds. A. Seeds protect the young embryo by enclosing it in several layers of gametophyte tissue. B. Seeds provide a source of nourishment to the embryonic plant. C. The integument forms a seed coat that protects against desiccation. D. Seeds provide a structure in which a dormant embryo can avoid unfavorable growing conditions and germinate when conditions improve. E. Seeds are a means to transport offspring away from the parental plant. (Ch.31)

B, C, D, E Seeds are a beneficial adaptation because they provide a means to protect an embryo in tissues derived from the maternal sporophyte plant that protect and nourish the young embryo. Seeds provide a mechanism to disperse offspring spatially. Through dormancy, seeds also provide a means to disperse offspring temporally and avoid unfavorable conditions.Seeds are a beneficial adaptation because they provide a means to protect an embryo in tissues derived from the maternal sporophyte plant that protect and nourish the young embryo. Seeds provide a mechanism to disperse offspring spatially. Through dormancy, seeds also provide a means to disperse offspring temporally and avoid unfavorable conditions.Seeds are a beneficial adaptation because they provide a means to protect an embryo in tissues derived from the maternal sporophyte plant that protect and nourish the young embryo. Seeds provide a mechanism to disperse offspring spatially. Through dormancy, seeds also provide a means to disperse offspring temporally and avoid unfavorable conditions.Seeds are a beneficial adaptation because they provide a means to protect an embryo in tissues derived from the maternal sporophyte plant that protect and nourish the young embryo. Seeds provide a mechanism to disperse offspring spatially. Through dormancy, seeds also provide a means to disperse offspring temporally and avoid unfavorable conditions.Seeds are a beneficial adaptation because they provide a means to protect an embryo in tissues derived from the maternal sporophyte plant that protect and nourish the young embryo. Seeds provide a mechanism to disperse offspring spatially. Through dormancy, seeds also provide a means to disperse offspring temporally and avoid unfavorable conditions.

Damage to the protoderm could result in which of the following? (Check all that apply.) A. an increase in the amount of supportive fibers in the support tissues of the plant B. a decrease in the absorptive capabilities of the root C. an increase in damage due to ultraviolet radiation D. a decrease in nutrient flow through the plant E. dehydration (Ch.36)

B, C, E

Angiosperms are characterized by all of the following *except* A. ovules enclosed in diploid tissue at the time of pollination. B. dominant gametophyte generation. C. flowers. D. carpels that mature to form a fruit. E. pollen produced in anthers. (Ch.31)

B. dominant gametophyte generation Angiosperms are the flowering plants. They are the only group of plants that produce flowers. Flowers contain the female gametophyte with the egg in a carpel. At maturity, the carpel becomes a fruit containing the seed(s). The pollen is produced in anthers that are part of a stamen.

Classify the structures as being associated with monocot stems, eudicots stems or both. Cortex Ground Tissue Phloem Xylem Vascular Bundles Ringed organization of vascular bundles Scattered vascular bundles Pith Secondary growth (Ch.36)

Both -Vascular Bundles -Xylem -Phloem Eudicots -Pith -Cortex -Ringed organization of vascular bundles -Secondary growth Monocot -Ground tissue -Scattered vascular bundles

The following traits are characteristics of bryophytes, lycophytes, neither or both. Place them in the correct category. Dominant sporophyte Seeds Stomata Dominant gametophyte Vascular tissue in leaves Tracheids (Ch.30)

Bryophytes -Dominant gametophyte Lycophytes -Dominant sporophyte -Tracheids Neither -Seeds -Vascular tissue in leaves Both -Stomata The gametophyte is the dominant generation in bryophytes. Whereas the sporophyte is the dominant generation in lycophytes. Lycophytes has tracheids, but neither group of plants has vascular tissue in its leaves. They both have stomata but neither has seeds.

Select the attributes that would be useful for distinguishing lycophytes from bryophytes. A. Ability to produce seeds B. Haplodiplontic life cycle C. Size of the gametophyte relative to the sporophyte D. Presence of water conducting tracheids E. Overall size of the plant F. Usage of stomata G. Gamete production in archegonia and antheridia (Ch.30)

C, D, E, F

Select the true statements concerning gametophyte and sporophytes. A. Both produce gametes B. Sporophytes are always nutritionally dependent on the gametophytes C. Across all plant species, the size of the gametophyte is limited and cannot get very large D. Only sporophytes produce eggs E. Antheridia are located on the gametophyte (Ch.30)

C, E

Place the given characteristic in the correct gymnosperm category (Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta) -Vessels in wood -Represented by only one remaining species -Many species live in deserts, but one is a tropical vine -Produce large, motile sperm -Form extensive forests in Northern Hemispher -Produce foul-smelling tissue around seeds -Leaves resemble palm tree leaves -Does not occur in the wild -Tough, needle-like leaves -Some species have broad flat leaves, but scale-like leaves are produced by others -Produce small papery, male cones and large, woody female cones -Predominantly tropical and sub-tropical distribution (Ch.31)

Coniferophyta -Tough, needle-like leaves -Form extensive forests in Northern Hemisphere -Produce small papery, male cones and large, woody female cones Cycadophyta -Predominantly tropical and sub-tropical distribution -Leaves resemble palm tree eaves -Produce large, motile sperm Gnetophyta -Many species live in deserts, but one is a tropical vine -Vessels in wood -Some species have broad flat leaves, but scale-like leaves are produced by others Ginkgophyta -Represented by only one remaining species -Produce foul-smelling tissue around seeds -Does not occur in the wild

All of the following are functions or features of root hairs *except* A. root hairs increase the surface area of root B. root hairs absorb water and nutrients from the soil C. root hairs are a single cell D. root hairs are also known as lateral roots E. root hairs are part of the root epidermis (Ch.36)

D Root hairs are found in the zone of maturation

Select the true statements concerning tracheids. A. Tracheids are responsible for anchoring the plant to a substrate. B. Pterophytes lack tracheids but have euphylls. C. Without tracheids colonization of land would not have been possible. D. All of the large dominant extant land plants are tracheophytes. E. Tracheids allow for efficient transport of water over longer distances. (Ch.30)

D, E

What would be the simplest way for a non-botanist to confirm that the fern is not a small palm tree? (Ch.30)

Dots on the underside of the leaf, only ferns have sporangia under their fonds

Carbon dioxide entering a leaf moves through the air spaces and ultimately into the vascular tissue where it reacts with the products of photosynthesis and is stored within sugar molecules. True/False (Ch.36)

False Carbon dioxide enters a leaf through the stoma and then moves into the air spaces. From there, it enters the mesophyll cells and ends up in the stroma of a chloroplast. The stroma is the site of the Calvin Cycle which functions in the "synthesis" part of photosynthesis. Here is where carbon dioxide gas is fixed into a solid sugar. Please read section 36.5 for more information on leaves.

The apical meristem produces bark in eudicots. True/False (Ch.36)

False The apical meristem produces primary tissues. Bark is a secondary tissue and is a product of lateral meristems. Please read section 36.1 on meristems for more information.

The sperm of whisk ferns and horsetails have flagella but fern sperm lack flagella. True/False (Ch.30)

False, sperm cells of all Pterophytes have flagella and require water to swim to eggs

The non-photosynthetic leaves of horsetails are called fronds. True/False (Ch.30)

False, the leaves of ferns are called fronds

Where would the turgor pressure be the lowest? (Ch.36)

In the roots and meristem

Where would the turgor pressure be the lowest? (Ch.37)

In the roots and meristem

How do osmosis and diffusion differ? (Ch.37)

Osmosis occurs when water molecules cross a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration, while diffusion is the movement of any small non-polar molecule across a membrane from high to low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water from high potential to low potential across a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion applies to the movement of molecules other than water from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Classify the items according to whether they are features of parenchyma, collenchyma, or sclerenchyma cells. Lignified cell walls Thin cell walls Thick, tough cell walls Storage of cellular waste Can be star shaped Irregular wall thickening Form tough strands Many different shapes possible Flexible support Forms strands of petioles Nectar secretion Form the grit in a pear Large vacuoles (Ch.36)

Parenchyma -Large vacuoles -Thin cell walls -Many different shapes possible -Nectar secretion -Storage of cellular waste Collenchyma -Irregular wall thickening -Flexible support -Forms strands in petioles Sclerenchyma -Lignified cell walls -Thick, tough cell walls -Form tough strands -Can be star shaped -Form the grit in a pear Parenchyma cells have thin cell walls and irregular shape. Collenchyma cells have irregularly thickened cell walls and can form flexible strands. Sclerenchyma cells are lignified and have tough cell walls which strengthens the tissues where they are found.

Function of Roots (Ch.36)

Prop Roots-Produced in the lower part of the stem in monocots to brace the stem Aerial Roots-Produced by epiphytic plants to attach to their host plant Pneumatophores-Aid in oxygen uptake for plants growing in aquatic or waterlogged habitats Contractile Roots-Act to pull roots deeper into the ground Parasitic Roots-Penetrate vascular tissue of a host plant Food Storage Roots-Contain many parenchyma cells filled with carbohydrates Water Storage Roots-Contain water for plants in arid regions Buttress Roots-Provide support for large tropical trees Roots can be modified in a number of different ways for different functions such as improved support or anchorage of the plant (prop roots, contractile roots, buttress roots), attaching to a host plant (aerial roots, parasitic roots), allowing gas exchange (pneumatophores), or storage of materials (food storage roots, water storage roots).

Water potential (ΨW) is calculated using the following equation: ΨW = ΨP + ΨS. Where ΨP is the pressure potential and ΨS is the solute potential. At the point in the video when urea is shown on one side of the membrane, which side of the membrane has the lowest water potential prior to any osmotic activity? (Ch.37)

The side with the urea has the lowest water potential

Place the events in the correct order to describe cavitation. Air bubble enters cell Vessel is broken or damaged Cohesion interrupted Cavitation occurs (Ch.37)

Vessel is broken or damaged Air bubble enters cell Cohesion interrupted Cavitation occurs An air bubble introduced into a vessel can block further water movement through the xylem cell, but some plants can divert the flow of water to prevent dehydration of tissues. Refer to section 37.3 xylem transport for more information on cavitation.

Water potential (ΨW) is calculated using the following equation: ΨW = ΨP + ΨS. Where ΨP is the pressure potential and ΨS is the solute potential. What would occur if ΨP decreases in one phloem cell in comparison to the ΨP in a neighboring phloem cell? (Ch.36)

Water would flow into the phloem cell with the lower ΨW until ΨW was the same in both cells.

Water potential (ΨW) is calculated using the following equation: ΨW = ΨP + ΨS. Where ΨP is the pressure potential and ΨS is the solute potential. What would occur if ΨP decreases in one phloem cell in comparison to the ΨP in a neighboring phloem cell? (Ch.37)

Water would flow into the phloem cell with the lower ΨW until ΨW was the same in both cells.

Water potential (ΨW) is calculated using the following equation: ΨW = ΨP + ΨS. Where ΨP is the pressure potential and ΨS is the solute potential. What would occur if ΨP is equal between two neighboring phloem cells? (Ch.36)

Water would not flow into either phloem cell since the value of ΨW would is the same in the two cells.

All of the following plant adaptations for life in a terrestrial environment can be found in bryophytes *except* (Ch.30)

tracheids Bryophytes are a primitive group of plants. They have stomata and rhizoids which are adaptations to a terrestrial environment. They have primitive water conducting tissue but lack tracheids, which are found in other plants.

In plants the _______ conducts water and dissolved minerals, while the ______ conducts sucrose to different areas in a plant. (Ch.36)

xylem, phloem