BIOL 1202 - Chapter 35

Plants draw nutrients from two very different environments

- Above ground (shoot system) - Below ground (root system)

Bark

- All tissues external to vascular cambium - Includes secondary phloem and periderm

Roots

- Anchor vascular plant - Absorb minerals - Root hairs increase surface area of root - Absorption occurs near root tips - Store organic nutrients

Phloem

- Conduct organic compounds - Sieve tube members (conducting cells; alive but few organelles) Companion cells (non-conducting cells; alive and support sieve tube members)

Xylem

- Conduct water minerals from roots - Tubular cells (dead at maturity) - Tracheids (thin, tubular cells; cell wall contains pits which are thin regions with only 1 degree cell walls - Vessel elements (short, wide tubular cells)

Shoot apical meristem

- Dome shaped mass of dividing cells at the tip of terminal bud - Responsible for primary growth in young stems

Result of secondary growth

- Heartwood (older layers of secondary xylem) - Sapwood (younger layers of xylem)

Stems

- Nodes (points where leaves are attached) -Internodes (segment between nodes) - Axillary buds (potential to form lateral shoot) - Ex. branch - Terminal bud (located at shoot tip, causes elongation of a young shoot

5 types of differential plant cells:

- Parenchyma - Collenchyma - Sclerenchyma - Phloem - Xylem

Three basic organs: Organized into root and shoot system

- Roots - Stems - Leaves

3 different kinds of leaves:

- Simple - Compound - Doubly compound

Three tissue systems:

- dermal - vascular - ground tissue

Leaves

- main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants - Consist of: 1) flattened blade 2) petiole (joins leaf to a node of a stem)

Apical meristems are located at the root tips and the buds of shoots

- root cap covers and protects apical meristem - elongate shoots and roots through primary growth - primary growth produces epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue (arranged in a ring of bundles in gymnosperms and most dicots)

Lenticels

Areas the periderm where gas exchange with the outside air can occur

If you were to penetrate the epidermal layer of the root, you would next encounter the _______

Cortex

If an angiosperm plant embryo contains two seed leaves, the plant is a __________

Eudicot

Cork Cambium

Gives rise to secondary plant body's protective covering or periderm

Lateral roots arise from _______

Pericycle. Outermost cell layer in vascular cylinder

The bark of a tree contains

Phloem

Meristems generate cells for ____ and _____ growth. Two types:

Primary, secondary. - Apical -Lateral

Doubly compound

each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets

In most monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout _____ ______

ground tissue

Lateral meristems (cambia) run parallel to the long axis of _____ and _____

roots and shoots. Add thickness to woody plants through secondary growth

Simple leaf

single, undivided blade; some may have deep lobes

Secondary growth increases diameter of _____ and ______ in woody plants

stems and roots.

Parenchyma

thin, flexible 1 cell wall; alive at maturity; carry out most metabolism within plant

Collenchyma

unevenly thickened but flexible 1 cell wall; alive at maturity; supports young growing stems

Ground tissue

various functions including storage, photosynthesis, and support

Secondary plant body consists of tissues produced by the ______ and ______

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Unlike collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues, parenchyma tissue does not function in __________

Support

Sclerenchyma

Thick, rigid 2 cell walls; dead at maturity; provides support

_____ and _______ make up vascular tissue.

Xylem and Phloem

Compound leaf

blade consists of multiple leaflets

Vascular

carries out transport of materials between roots and shoots - xylem - phloem

Dermal

consists of epidermis and periderm