BIOL 1202 - Chapter 35
Plants draw nutrients from two very different environments
- Above ground (shoot system) - Below ground (root system)
Bark
- All tissues external to vascular cambium - Includes secondary phloem and periderm
Roots
- Anchor vascular plant - Absorb minerals - Root hairs increase surface area of root - Absorption occurs near root tips - Store organic nutrients
Phloem
- Conduct organic compounds - Sieve tube members (conducting cells; alive but few organelles) Companion cells (non-conducting cells; alive and support sieve tube members)
Xylem
- Conduct water minerals from roots - Tubular cells (dead at maturity) - Tracheids (thin, tubular cells; cell wall contains pits which are thin regions with only 1 degree cell walls - Vessel elements (short, wide tubular cells)
Shoot apical meristem
- Dome shaped mass of dividing cells at the tip of terminal bud - Responsible for primary growth in young stems
Result of secondary growth
- Heartwood (older layers of secondary xylem) - Sapwood (younger layers of xylem)
Stems
- Nodes (points where leaves are attached) -Internodes (segment between nodes) - Axillary buds (potential to form lateral shoot) - Ex. branch - Terminal bud (located at shoot tip, causes elongation of a young shoot
5 types of differential plant cells:
- Parenchyma - Collenchyma - Sclerenchyma - Phloem - Xylem
Three basic organs: Organized into root and shoot system
- Roots - Stems - Leaves
3 different kinds of leaves:
- Simple - Compound - Doubly compound
Three tissue systems:
- dermal - vascular - ground tissue
Leaves
- main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants - Consist of: 1) flattened blade 2) petiole (joins leaf to a node of a stem)
Apical meristems are located at the root tips and the buds of shoots
- root cap covers and protects apical meristem - elongate shoots and roots through primary growth - primary growth produces epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue (arranged in a ring of bundles in gymnosperms and most dicots)
Lenticels
Areas the periderm where gas exchange with the outside air can occur
If you were to penetrate the epidermal layer of the root, you would next encounter the _______
Cortex
If an angiosperm plant embryo contains two seed leaves, the plant is a __________
Eudicot
Cork Cambium
Gives rise to secondary plant body's protective covering or periderm
Lateral roots arise from _______
Pericycle. Outermost cell layer in vascular cylinder
The bark of a tree contains
Phloem
Meristems generate cells for ____ and _____ growth. Two types:
Primary, secondary. - Apical -Lateral
Doubly compound
each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets
In most monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout _____ ______
ground tissue
Lateral meristems (cambia) run parallel to the long axis of _____ and _____
roots and shoots. Add thickness to woody plants through secondary growth
Simple leaf
single, undivided blade; some may have deep lobes
Secondary growth increases diameter of _____ and ______ in woody plants
stems and roots.
Parenchyma
thin, flexible 1 cell wall; alive at maturity; carry out most metabolism within plant
Collenchyma
unevenly thickened but flexible 1 cell wall; alive at maturity; supports young growing stems
Ground tissue
various functions including storage, photosynthesis, and support
Secondary plant body consists of tissues produced by the ______ and ______
vascular cambium and cork cambium
Unlike collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues, parenchyma tissue does not function in __________
Support
Sclerenchyma
Thick, rigid 2 cell walls; dead at maturity; provides support
_____ and _______ make up vascular tissue.
Xylem and Phloem
Compound leaf
blade consists of multiple leaflets
Vascular
carries out transport of materials between roots and shoots - xylem - phloem
Dermal
consists of epidermis and periderm