BIOL-124-365: Unit 1

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Which of these is not an island arc?

Hawaiian Islands

The average land elevation is approximately ____.

840 meters (2,756 feet)

About ____% of Earth's water is found in the ocean.

97

If two oceanic plates collide and one is older and cooler (and therefore, denser) than the other, what will happen?

A deep trench will form.

A cross section of Earth reveals a layered structure that has different thicknesses and densities. How do geologists know this?

from observing the transit times through Earth of seismic waves generated by earthquakes

Which statement most accurately describes how the continental rise is formed?

from the accumulation of sediments at the base of the continental slope

Which of these series is arranged from least dense to most dense?

granite, basalt, mantle, outer core, inner core

Flat-topped seamounts that once rose near or above sea level are called ____.

guyots

Which statement is true with regard to latitude and longitude?

Latitude and longitude comprise a system of imaginary lines dividing Earth's surface into a grid.

The deepest location in the ocean is the ____.

Mariana Trench

The first attempt to test the idea of biosynthesis in the laboratory was conducted by

Miller in 1953

Which of the following is true of primary (P) and secondary (S) seismic waves?

P waves travel through Earth nearly twice as fast as S waves

The Hawai'ian Islands formed as they pass over a hot spot in the middle of the ____.

Pacific Plate

Earlier than 200 million years ago, the continents were joined into one supercontinent called ____.

Pangaea

Which of the following was formed by transform faulting?

San Francisco Bay

Which of the following was the first oceanographic institution in the U.S.?

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

The idea of the supercontinent of Pangea was proposed

Wegener

The term Oceanography was officially coined by

Wyville Thompson and John Murry (Challenger)

Which statement accurately describes a turbidity current?

a fast, dense current of water and sediment that runs down slopes

The hot, partially melted, slowly flowing layer of Earth is called the ____.

asthenosphere

​Stars spend their lives changing its hydrogen and helium to ____.

carbon, oxygen, silicon, and iron

A(n) ____ is a graphic representation that depicts information about the ocean and ocean features.

chart

Which of these devices is not used by satellites to sense ocean surface conditions?

chronometer

The mid-ocean mountains, such as the ridges and rises, are ____.

constructed of volcanic basalt

The Himalayan Mountains were formed as a result of ____.

continent-continent convergence

The submerged outer edge of a continent is called the ____.

continental margin

The apron of accumulated sediment at the base of the continental slope is known as the ____.

continental rise

The transition between the shelf and the deep seafloor is the ____.

continental slope and rise

Which of the these is probably most important in driving the movement of plate tectonics?

convection cells in the asthenosphere

Submarine canyons ____.

cut into the continental shelf and slope, often terminating on the deep seafloor

Most of the matter of the known universe consists of

hydrogen

What comprises the most abundant form of matter in the universe?

hydrogen and helium

Wachtenhauser porposed the idea that life may have begun

in deep sea hydrothermal vents

Earth's inner core is primarily made of ____.

iron

Like evolutionary theory, atomic theory, and cell theory, the theory of plate tectonics is called a theory because

it is supported by a vast amount of empirical evidence and is the best scientific explanation of the large scale structure of continents and oceans

During its initial formation by the accretion of particles, the young Earth was ____.

likely chemically homogenous throughout

The rigid outer layer of Earth that comprises the continental crust, oceanic crust, and the uppermost mantle is called the ____.

lithosphere

The ____ accounts for 83 percent of Earth's volume.

mantle

New sea floor is produced and spreads out from the

mid-ocean ridges

The presence of large amounts of water on Earth's surface __ global temperatures

moderates

What are the abundant elements that make up the composition of Earth's present-day atmosphere?

nitrogen and oxygen

What process allows the sun to generate light and heat?

nuclear fusion

The deepest places in Earth's crust are ____.

ocean trenches

Active continental margins are located ____.

on the west coasts of both North and South America

Japan is located along the "Pacific Ring of Fire" and experiences many earthquakes. The majority of the earthquakes around Japan occur ____.

only on the east side of the island where the Pacific plate subducts

​Volcanic venting of substances including water vapor is called ____.

outgassing

Which of these was not present in Earth's primitive atmosphere when life arose?

oxygen

What are the primary elements in Earth's continental crust?

oxygen, silicon, and aluminum

The magnetic striping of the seafloor is considered evidence of seafloor spreading and ____.

periodic reversals in the polarity of Earth's magnetic field

Oxygen first began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere as a result of ____.

photosynthesis

Earth's strongest and deepest earthquakes are associated with

subduction zones

​The word "oceanography" was first coined in association with ____.

the Challenger expedition

Which of these was formed by convergence?

the Himalaya Mountains

The primary evidence used by Wegener to support the theory of continental drift was

the apparent fit of eastern South America with western Africa

One of the many aspects of the theory of plate tectonics, which of the following is least understood?

the mechanism of plate movement

​The field of marine science involves ____.

the scientific study of the ocean, its associated life-forms, and its bordering lands

Which of the following statements about subduction zones is false?

they are located adjacent to mid-ocean ridges

A boundary in which crustal plates slide laterally past one another is called a ____.

transform fault

California's San Andreas fault is which type of plate boundary?

transform plate boundary

Which of the following was not done on the first Challenger Expedition?

trawling and netting measurement of surface chlorophyll

​Scientists believe that answers to questions are ____.

ultimately knowable

Hydrothermal vents are located near ____.

zones of rapid seafloor spreading

​When using the scientific method, scientific theories must be ____.

​tested and consistently supported by observations or experiments

On a planetary scale, the ocean comprises about ____% of Earth's mass.

0.02

The big bang occurred about __ years ago

14 billion

Scientists believe the breakup of Pangaea occurred about ____.

200 million years ago

About how many kilometers (miles) is it from the center of Earth to the crust?

6,370 kilometers (3,980 miles)

The largest known mantle plume is located beneath ____.

Africa

Which of the thse was formed by an oceanic-continental convergence?

Andes Mountains

Who is usually acknowledged to have been the first scientific explorer

Captain James Cook

​Which individual would be most likely to receive the title of "first marine scientist"?

Captain James Cook

Which of these was formed by a divergence?

East African Rift

Which of the following first calculated the circumferance of the earth?

Eratosthenes

As early as the 1700s, scientists and observers noticed a remarkable coincidence of shape of the Atlantic coasts of Africa and ____.

South America

Where is the widest continental shelf located?

The Arctic Sea north of Siberia

What is the primary reason for the inside of Earth being hot?

The decay of radioactive elements is creating heat in Earth's inner layers.

Which statement accurately describes active continental margins?

They are areas of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes.

Roughly how fast do most lithospheric plates move?

about 5 centimeters per year

New planets formed in a cloud of dust and debris surrounding our young sun through a process known as ____.

accretion

What is the clumping of smaller particles into large masses?

accretion

The Andes mountains is an example of a(n) ____.

active margin

Even with the great advances in technology, obtaining one of the following still remains a difficult problem in deep sea research

adequate biological samples for laboratory analysis

Ocean trenches ____.

are arc-shaped depressions in the oceanic crust that occur at subduction zones

The discovery and study of ocean floor contours is called ____.

bathymetry

Background microwave radiation is important evidence in support of the ____ theory

big bang

How can a satellite sense the contours of the ocean bottom from space?

by using radar to sense the height of the sea surface over submerged features

As Earth formed in the early solar system the present layer of core, crust, and mantle started to separate by a process called

density stratification

The mid-ocean ridges are ____.

divergent plate boundaries

The origin of submarine canyons is not well understood but is most likely to be ____.

erosional, caused by a combination of stream erosion and turbidity currents

The islands bordering deep-sea trenches are ____.

eruptive volcanoes called island arcs


Kaugnay na mga set ng pag-aaral

Ch. 12 Blood Health & Nutrients (Nutrition and Health)

View Set

Chapter 16 Carbohydrates Questions

View Set

Sports Medicine: Athletic Training

View Set

Chapter 7: Underwriting and Policy Issue

View Set

Ch7: Flexible Budgets, Direct-Cost Variances, and Management Control

View Set