BIOL 228 - Chapter 19 Connect
ions
Gap junctions increase flow of ______ between cells as the muscle impulse moves along the sarcolemma
AV node
Heart rate is altered by stimulation of SA node or the ______
superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
Identify the three major vessels that empty into the right atrium:
atherosclerosis
In ______ the coronary arteries become narrowed due to plaque formation
desmosomes
In addition to gap junctions there are numerous ______ that keep cardiac cells from separating
left; right
In an atrial septal defect the postnatal heart still has an opening between the left and right atria. Thus, blood from the ______ atrium is shunted to the ______ atrium
primum; right
In fetal circulation, blood cannot flow back from left atrium to right, because the septum ______movement to the ______ is stopped when it comes against septum secundum
sarcolemma
In the heart, action potentials spread across the ______ of cardiac muscles, causing them to contract
deoxygenated; lungs
In the pulmonary circuit, ______ blood is transported from right side of heart to ______
chordae tendineae
In the right ventricle, papillary muscles anchor thin strands of collagen fibers called ______
true
Increasing systemic blood pressure would increase afterload
increasing contracility and Ca2+ levels
Inotropic agents increase stroke volume by ______
relaxation
Isovolumetric relaxation is the start of ventricular ______
filling
Late ventricular relaxation is an important time for ventricular ______
cardiomegaly
Many cases of sudden cardiac death can be attributed to ______which results from congenital defects and coronary artery abnormalities
right atrioventricular = three triangular-shaped cusps of dense connective tissue semilunar = three half-moon shaped cusps of dense connective tissue left atrioventricular = two triangular-shaped cusps of dense connective tissue
Match the valve with its structure
increasing K+ flux out of cell and causing hyperpolarization of cell membrane
Negative chronotropic agents cause a decrease in heart rate by ______
false
Neurons have pacemaker potential
depolarizing
Nodal cells in SA initiate heartbeat by spontaneously ______ to generate action potential
binding to beta1 receptor and increasing Ca2+ flux into node cells
Norepinephrine increases heart rate by ______
pulmonary veins
Openings of ______ are visible in the left atrium
chordae tendineae; everting
Papillary muscles and the ______ prevent the AV valve cusps from ______
cardioinhibitory center
Parasympathetic innervation of heart comes from ______via left and right vagus nerves
AV; diastole
Passive filling of ventricles through open ______ valves occurs at beginning of cardiac cycle while ventricles are in ______
Na+ ions enter causing depolarization depolarization causes opening of voltage-gated K+ channels slow voltage gated Ca2+ channels open causing a Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release plateau occurs voltage gated Ca2+ channels close repolarization occurs, returning cell to resting membrane potential
Place sequence of events for action potential of cardiac muscles in order
edema
Pumping of unequal amounts of blood by left and right ventricles can lead to ______
apex; ventricle
Purkinje cells begin within ______ of heart and extend through walls of ______
SA node fires action potential Action potential reaches AV node via gap junctions Action potential is delayed at AV node Action potential travels down bundle branches Action potential travels up purkinje fibers
Put sequence of events for initiation/conduction of action potential through heart
primum and secundum
The common atrium is subdivided into a left and right atrium by an interatrial septum, which consists of two parts: the septum ______ and the septum ______ that partially overlap
angina pectoris
The condition, ______, is characterized by poorly localized pain in left side of chest, left arm and shoulder. It can results from strenuous activity and it temporary
papillary muscles
The cone shaped muscular projections of right ventricular wall are called ______
right
The coronary sinus drains directly into the ______ atrium of heart
compressed; impedes
The coronary vessels are ______ when the heart contracts which ______ blood flow
simple; areolar
The endocardium is composed of a ______ squamous epithelium, called an endotherlium, and a layer of ______ connective tissue
areolar
The epicardium is composed of simple squamous epithelium and ______ connective tissue
isolate atria from ventricles provide attachment site for cardiac muscle stabilize heart valves
The fibrous skeleton of heart serves to ______
perfusion
The function of cardiovascular system is to maintain adequate ______ of all body tissues
clenched fist
The heart is a relatively small, conical organ approximately the size of a person's ______
autonomic
The heart is innervated by the ______ nervous system
mediastinum
The heart is located left of body midline posterior to sternum in the ______
endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
The heart wall consists of three distinctive layers:
true
The innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem does not initiate a heartbeat, but it can increase/decrease rate of heartbeat
anastomoses
The left and right coronary arteries share some tiny connections called ______. However, functionally, they act like end arteries, which have no connections
bicuspid
The left atrioventricular valve is also sometimes called the ______ valve because the two triangular cusps resemble headpiece worn by bishop
two
The left ventricle normally has ______ papillary muscles
P; QRS; T
The major wave forms in an ECG (EKG) are ______ wave, ______ complex, and lastly the ______ wave
purkinje
The muscle impulse from the AV bundle brances is delivered to ______ fibers in each ventricle
thickest
The myocardium is the ______ of the three heart wall layers
true
The nodal cells of the SA node are responsible for acting as the "pacemaker" of heart
right atrium
The opening for the coronary sinus is located in wall of ______
fibrous
The outer portion of pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called the ______ pericardium
pectinate muscles
The posterior atrial wall is smooth, but the auricle and anterior wall exhibit obvious muscular ridges called ______
base
The posterior-superior surface of heart is called the ______
lungs
The pulmonary circulation includes movement of blood to and from ______ for gas exchange
atria to complete their contraction
The purpose for the delay in conduction of action potential from AV node to bundle branches of ventricles is to allow ______
diastole
The relaxation phase of heart chamber is termed ______
atrioventricular
The right ______ valve is forced closed when right ventricle begins to contract, preventing blood from flowing back into right atrium
interventricular septum
The right and left ventricles are separated by the ______
tricuspid and right atrioventricular
The right atrioventricular opening is covered by the ______valve
marginal; interventricular
The right coronary artery typically branches into the right ______ artery, which supplies the lateral wall of right ventricles, and the posterior ______ artery, which supplies the posterior surface of both left and right ventricles
semilunar
The second heart sound is produced when the ______valves close, producing a "dupp" sound
S-T
The segment that is associated with ventricular contraction is ______
parietal; visceral
The serous pericardium may be subdivided into layers, the ______ layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, and the ______ layer that is attached to surface of heart
bulbous cordis, sinus venosus, primitive atrium/ventricle
The single heart tube develops into what 4 structures?
pacemaker
The sinoatrial (SA) node, or the ______, sets rate of heart's contractions by sending action potentials through specialized conduction fibers to atria and ventricles
serous fluid
The space between parietal layer and visceral layer of pericardium contains ______
pulmonary semilunar valve
The structure that marks the end of right ventricle and entrance into pulmonary trunk is ______
pulmonary trunk
The superior region of right ventricle narrows before it leads into the ______
oxygenated
The systemic circulation includes the movement of ______blood through the left side of the heart
pericardial
The thin space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium is the ______cavity
heart; blood
The three main components of cardiovascular system are ______, blood vessels, and ______
arteries; veins
The two basic types of blood vessels are ______ which carry blood away from heart, and ______ which carry blood toward heart
serous pericardium
The two layers of the ______ produced and release serous fluid into the pericardial sac
P-R; Q-T
The two major intervals in an ECG (EKG) tracing are the ______ interval and the ______ interval
auricles
The wrinkled flap-like extensions visible in the anterior view of the heart are the ______
fossa ovalis
There is an oval depression in the interatrial septum called the ______
myocardial infarction
This condition, ______, is commonly known as a heart attack and results in damage to the myocardial tissue
atria
Toward the end of ventricular filling, the left and right ______ contract simultaneously
atria; ventricles
When the ______ contract, blood is forced into the ______ through the open AV valves
closed
When the baby is born and the lungs are fully functional, the blood from the left atrium pushes the septum primum and secundum together, creating a(n) ______ interatrial septum
semilunar
When the ventricles contract, ______ valves are forced open and blood enters the pulmonary trunk and aorta
brachial artery
Which artery in upper limb is compressed by sphygmomanometer when taking a blood pressure reading?
the ventricles have reached their EDV blood flow into atria from veins is restricted SA node initiates atrial contraction
Which events occurs during atrial contraction and ventricular filling phase of cardiac cycle?
K+ leak channels, Na+/K+ pumps, and Na+ leak channels
Which options are involved in establishing and maintaining the resting membrane potential in cardiac nodal cells?
sarcolemma, t tubules, and myofibrils
Which options are part of cardiac muscle cells?
gap; sarcolemma
Within the intercalated discs, ______ junctions increase flow of ions between cells as muscle impulse moves along ______
cardiac muscle
______ cells cannot exhibit tetany
isovolumetric
______ contraction is the beginning of ventricular contraction
cardiac output
______ is a measure of how effective cardiovascular system is in fulfilling its function in transporting life supporting substances through body
cardiac reserve
______ is determined by subtracting cardiac output at rest from cardiac output during exercise
venous return
______ is the largest determinant of preload in heart
both cardiac and skeletal muscle cells
______ shorten as a result of sarcomeres shortening
ventricles
ventricular contraction (systole) increases pressure on blood within the ______
AV node
After initiation, muscle impulse travels from SA node to ______
fossa ovalis
After the septum primum and secondum fuse, the only remnant of embryonic opening is an oval-shaped depression in the interatrial septum called the ______
hardening
Afterload is fairly constant in healthy individuals but can increase and cause heart problems when a patient has diseases that cause narrowing or ______ of the arteries
false
All arteries carry oxygenated blood
ectopic pacemaker
An ______ occurs when cells outside of SA node control heart rate
anastomosis
An arterial ______ is when more than one artery is providing blood to a given tissue
increasing
An increase in heart rate without an increase in stroke volume would result in cardiac output ______
an increase in preload, stroke volume, and end diastolic volume
An increase in venous return can cause:
lower
As the cardiac cycle begins, the semilunar valves are closed because the pressure exerted by blood in ventricles is ______ than pressure the blood exerts in great arteries
atrial
The ______ reflex protects heart from overfilling
circulatory
The ______ system is responsible for transport of blood in the body
atrioventricular
The ______ valves are between atria and ventricles of heart
pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, tricuspid, and mitral
The ______ valves are closed in the isovolumetric phase of cardiac cycle
end diastolic volume
The amount of blood in the ventricles immediately prior to initiation of contraction is called ______
stroke volume
The amount of blood that leaves heart during ventricular contraction is called the ______
great vessels attached to heart two sides of heart two sets of valves within heart
The anatomic features that are significant in normal function of heart are ______
coronary; atrioventricular
The atria are separated from ventricles externally by a relatively deep ______ sulcus (or ______ sulcus) that extends around circumference of heart
semilunar
The boundary between ventricles and arterial trunks are ______ valves
trabeculated
The bulbus cordis may be further subdivided into a ______ part of right ventricle, which forms most of right ventricle
true
The cells of the cardiac conduction system do not contract
increased
The changes in the Q-T segment can results in a(n) ______ heart rate called tachyarrhythmia
right atrioventricular
The chordae tendineae attach to lower surface of cusps of ______ valve and prevent valve from flipping into atrium when right ventricle is contracting
left
The circumflex artery supplies blood to the ______ ventricle
right atrium
Blood enters the right ventricle through ______
cardiac veins
Blood from coronary circulation returns to right atrium through one of several ______
beat; folding
By day 22, the primitive heart begins to ______ and begin its process of bending and ______
glucose; ketone
Cardiac muscle can use fatty acids, ______, lactic acid, amino acids, and ______ bodies as fuel sources
outside
Cardiac muscle cells contain Ca2+ pumps that keep more Ca2+ ______ cell
liters per minute
Cardiac output is normally expressed as ______
heart failure, death, and cardiac tamponade
Complications of pericarditis include ______
slow voltage-gated Na+ channels fast voltage-gated Ca2+ channels voltage-gated K+ channels
Correct for opening of ion channels in cardiac nodal cell from resting membrane potential through active potential
third; diffusion
Development of heart commences in ______ week, when embryo becomes too large to receive its nutrients through ______ alone
atrial; AV
During ______ contraction, ______ valves are open
relaxing
During atrial contraction, the atria are contracting and the ventricles are ______
right; left
During atrial relaxation, blood is entering the ______ atrium via superior/inferior vena cava, and blood is entering the ______ atrium via the pulmonary veins
atria; AV; semilunar
During late ventricular relaxation, ______ continue passively filling with blood; ______ valves open and ventricles begin to passively fill; ______ valves remain closed
low pressure
During the cardiac cycle, blood flows from veins into the atria under ______
tricuspid and bicuspid
During the final stage of cardiac cycle as atria relax and blood returns to fill ventricle which valves reopen?
cannot be restimulated
During the refractory period, cardiac muscle ______
ejection
During ventricular ______ blood moves from ventricles into pulmonary trunk
5-8
During weeks ______, the single heart tube becomes partitioned into four chambers (two atria, two ventricles), and the main vessels entering and leaving heart form
three; half-moon
Each semilunar valve is composed of ______ thin, ______shaped, pocket like semilunar cusps
heart murmur
A ______ is an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulent blood as it passes through the heart
cardiac cycle
A ______ is the time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next
heart valves
A function of fibrous skeleton is to anchor______ by forming supportive rings at their attachment points
decrease
A large loss of blood would result in a(n) ______ in venous return to heart
lower
A trained male athlete has a larger heart than a woman who does not exercise so we would expect his heart rate to be ______
foramen ovale; left
Since it is the right side of the heart that sends blood to lungs, blood is shunted from right atrium to left atrium by traveling through ______ and pushing septum primum to the ______
70 mL
Stroke volume (SV) in a healthy adult is approximately ______
false
Sympathetic fibers arise from the cardioinhibitory center
right atrium
The AV node is located in floor of the ______
sinus venosus
The ______ and primitive atrium form parts of the left and right atria
atria; ventricles
The ______ are smaller than the ______
left
The ______ atrium and ventricle are prominent when viewing heart from posterior view
middle; posterior
The ______ cardiac vein runs alongside the ______ interventricular artery
pulmonary trunk
The ______ carries blood away from right ventricle and branches into pulmonary arteries
QRS
The ______ complex represents the electrical changes which are associated with ventricular depolarization
papillary muscles
The ______ contract and anchor the chordae tendineae to AV valve cusps
coronary arteries; coronary veins
The ______ deliver oxygen rich blood to thick heart wall while the ______ carry deoxygenated blood away from heart wall
superior/inferior vena cava
The ______ empty into the right atrium
Ca2+
The ______ ions must bind to troponin to allow cross bridge cycling to begin
pacemaker potential
The ______ is the ability to reach threshold without stimulation
fibrous skeleton
The ______ of the heart is formed from dense irregular connective tissue
semilunar valves
The ______ open when ventricles contract and blood forces its way into arterial trunks
segments
The ______ or plateaus of the cardiac ECG tracing corresponds to the periods when the sarcomeres are shortening
