Biology - Reading Quiz 5
Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____.
anaphase I
During _____ sister chromatids separate.
anaphase II
The result of the following cross indicates that genotypically the offspring _____.
are all Rr
Which of the following pairs of processes make the greatest contribution to genetic diversity between generations of a diploid insect?
independent assortment and random fertilization
Suppose that the botanist carried out the test cross described in Parts A and B and determined that the original green-pod plant was heterozygous (Gg). Which of Mendel's findings does her test cross illustrate?
law of segregation
Cells lined up two by two, what stage are they in?
meiosis I only
During which part of meiosis (meiosis I or meiosis II) do the two alleles of a gene separate? During which phase does the separation occur?
meiosis I, anaphase
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _____.
metaphase I
During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.
metaphase II
Of the two processes we learned about, which is going on in his hand ?
mitosis
Crossing over, resulting in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between _____.
nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?
random fertilization crossing over independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis
The result of the following cross indicates the orange eyes are _____ black eyes.
recessive to
The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the male parent is _____.
rr
Which of the following processes facilitates the fastest way for animal species to adapt to a changing environment?
sexual reproduction
Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that
sister chromatids separate during anaphase.
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.
telophase I
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.
telophase II
Punnett squares can be used to predict the two possible outcomes of the botanist's test cross. The Punnett square on the left shows the predicted result if the unknown plant is homozygous (GG); the Punnett square on the right shows the predicted result if the unknown plant is heterozygous (Gg). Drag the labels to the correct locations on the Punnett squares. (G is the symbol for the green-pod allele and g is the symbol for the yellow-pod allele.) You can use a label once, more than once, or not at all.
test cross of homozygous green pod plant g g on top G G on side Gg Gg Gg Gg test cross of heterozygous green pod plant g g on top Gg on side Gg Gg gg gg
what stage of the lifecycle is the cell in? two chromosomes side by side multicolored
the start of meiosis I
Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm?
two
Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
two ... haploid
If the DNA content of a diploid cell is x in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and 2x at metaphase of meiosis I, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis II will be
x
Which of these is a testcross?
A? x aa
If B represents the allele for black eyes (dominant) and b represents the allele for orange eyes (recessive), what would be the genotypic ratio of a cross between a heterozygous black-eyed MendAlien and an orange-eyed MendAlien?
0 homozygous black (BB): 1 heterozygote (black) (Bb): 1 homozygous orange (bb)
In a situation in which genes assort independently, what is the ratio of the gametes produced by an AaBB individual?
1 AB : 1 aB
If B represents the allele for black eyes (dominant) and b represents the allele for orange eyes (recessive), what would be the phenotypic ratio of a cross between a heterozygous black-eyed MendAlien and an orange-eyed MendAlien?
1 black : 1 orange
Black eyes are dominant to orange eyes, and green skin is dominant to white skin. A male MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, has a parent with orange eyes and white skin. A female MendAlien with orange eyes and white skin. If these male and female MendAliens were to mate, the predicted phenotypic ratio of their offspring would be _____.
1 black eyes, green skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin
Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?
A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.
Which of these gametes contains one or more recombinant chromosomes?
B and C
Which of the following statements describes a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?
Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
Mitosis can occur in both haploid and diploid cells, but meiosis can only occur in diploid cells. Why?
Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosome sets of the parent cell; therefore, the parent cell must be diploid.
A BbGg x bbgg cross yields a phenotypic ratio of approximately 5 black eyes, green skin : 5 orange eyes, white skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin. Which of the following best explains these results?
Mendel's law of independent assortment is being violated.
That each gamete contains a single allele of the eye color gene is an illustration of _____.
Mendel's law of segregation only
The observed distribution of alleles into gametes is an illustration of _____.
Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment
Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
four ... haploid
An individual heterozygous for eye color, skin color, and number of eyes mates with an individual who is homozygous recessive for all three characters; what would be the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes; G = green skin, g = white skin; C = two eyes, c = one eye]
1 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, white skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye
Use the figure and the following description to answer the question. In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding, dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F1 cross is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in the figure, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. D d Dd 12 34 Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with dark leaves?
1, 2 and 3
imagine you find a hypothetical organism, you examine one of its gametes and you see it contains 5 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will one of its cells contain right before mitosis begins?
10
In human gamete production there is an average of _____ crossover events per chromosome pair.
2-3
If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I will be
2x
When Mendel set up a Parental (P) cross between true breeding purple and white flowered plants to generate the F1 and then allowed the F1 to self-pollinate to generate the F2 he saw a dominant to recessive ratio of 3:1. What phenotypic ratio would be expected if he crossed the F1 with the original purple parent?
4:0
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?
8
Which of these gametes contain one or more recombinant chromosomes?
B, C, F, and G
In the following cross the genotype of the female parent is BbGg. What is the genotype of the male parent? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes, G = green skin, g = white skin]
BBGg
Albinism is a recessive trait where an individual does not produce the pigment melanin. A man and woman who both produce melanin have one child out of three who has albinism. What are the genotypes of the man and woman?
Both parents must be heterozygous.
How could the botanist best determine whether the genotype of the green-pod plant is homozygous or heterozygous?
Cross the green-pod plant with a yellow-pod plant.
Every gene is a sequence of _______________ at a specific position along a chromosome called a ________ Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent, that form ______________ The homologs of a chromosome pair contain the same genetic loci. Therefore, each genetic locus is represented _________ in a diploid cell. Variations in inherited characteristics is due to the presence of __________, which are alternative versions of _________
DNA nucleotides, locus homologous pairs twice alleles, genes
The second division of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half. Meiosis occurs in both somatic (body) cells and sex cells. Crossing over and synapsis occur after the homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I. The first division of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half. In meiosis II, the daughter cells from meiosis I undergo a very similar division to mitosis.
False False False True True
In a particular plant, green seed color is dominant to blue. If two plants with green seeds were crossed and resulted in 302 green and 98 blue seed plants, what was the most probable genotype of each parent?
Gg x Gg
A diploid animal is dihybrid at the Head shape (H) and Tail length (T) loci. Which of the following gamete genotypes can it produce?
Ht
Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis?
I
Which diagram represents prophase of mitosis?
III
A particular organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this organism?
It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.
The video compares the key similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis. Determine which events occur in mitosis, meiosis, or in both mitosis and meiosis. Sort each event to the appropriate bin.
Mitosis: Duplicated chromosomes line up individually on the metaphase plate in a diploid cell A single division occurs, separating sister chromatids End result is two diploid cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell Meiosis: Homologous chromosomes pair up and form chiasmata Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate The first division separates homologous pairs; the second division separates sister chromatids End result is four haploid cells that are genetically different from each other and the parent cell Daughter cells contain recombinant chromosomes both: Process starts with a diploid cell Chromosomes duplicate during interphase
In pea plants, the purple allele is sufficient for making purple flowers, even if one of the homologous chromosomes carries the white allele. Which of the following statements are true in this case?
One purple allele results in enough purple pigment for the flowers to be purple. The white allele is the recessive allele. The purple allele is the dominant allele.
Synapsis occurs during _____.
Prophase I
During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.
Prophase II
The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the female parent is _____.
RR
Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Which of the following statements best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution?
Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.
Which of the following statements describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?
Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
In the video, the paternal parent carries the allele for purple flowers, and the maternal parent carries the allele for white flowers. What would happen if the maternal parent carried the purple allele, and the paternal parent carried the white allele?
The F1 hybrid pea plants would still produce purple flowers.
How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I?
The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
Pea plants produce either purple or white flowers with purple showing complete dominance. A gardener was given plants with purple flowers. Which of the following types of crosses would best allow her to determine the genotype of her plant in one generation?
a testcross
Mendel crossed true breeding yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants and then allowed the offspring to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. The results were as follows: 6,022 yellow and 2,001 green (8,023 total). Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship of the allele for green seeds to the allele for yellow seeds?
The green allele is recessive to the yellow allele.
You know that alleles are alternative versions of a gene. What makes alleles different from each other?
They have different sequences of DNA nucleotides
Which diagram represents anaphase II of meiosis?
V
Which diagram represents metaphase of mitosis?
VI
In __________________ the sole parent gives rise to the ___________via mitosis without the fusion of gametes. Thus, there is ___________________ In __________________, two parents give rise to a _______________ because of _______________. Thus, there is ____________. This will confer selective advantages or disadvantages on different individuals and will drive evolution in adverse environmental changes.
asexual reproduction, genetic clone, no genetic variability sexual reproduction, unique offspring, crossing over, genetic variability
In order to determine the genotype of a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, you would cross this individual with a(n) _____ individual.
bbgg
What is the genotype of the parent with orange eyes and white skin? (Note: orange eyes are recessive.)
bbgg
A phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the offspring of a cross indicates that _____.
both parents are heterozygous for both genes
What is the spot that the chromosomes are joined?
centromere
A cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for eye and skin color would be an example of a _____ cross.
dihybrid
